Computer methods in quantitation of cardiac wall parameters from two dimensional echocardiograms: a survey
Research Article
Accepted:
- 27 Downloads
- 7 Citations
Abstract
With increasing use of two-dimensional echocardiograms (2DE) for diagnosis [1,2], efforts to computerize the process of quantification of cardiac parameters have increased. Visual processing of echocardiograms is time and labor intensive, and usually provides qualitative results with subjective variations [3]. In contrast, computer assisted methods are efficient and provide quantitative reproducible results. On the basis of the extent of computer usage, the 2DE processing methods are classified into three categories, namely, manual [9–30], interactive [32–49], and automatic methods [51–82]. This work is a structured survey of the published research on these three categories.
Key words
echocardiography quantitation image analysis wall motion volume ejection fractionPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Havlice F, Taenzer C. Medical ultrasonic imaging: An overview of principles and instrumentation. Proc IEEE 1979; 67(4): 620–41.Google Scholar
- 2.Feigenbaum H. Echocardiography. 3rd ed. London: Henry Kimpton Publishers, 1981.Google Scholar
- 3.Ginzton L.E. Stress echocardiography and myocardial contrast echocardiography. Cardiol Clin 1989 Aug; 7(3): 493–509.Google Scholar
- 4.Erbel R, Kenkel B, Schreiner G, Steuernagel C, Zahn B, Kopp B, et al. Reliability and accuracy of echocardiography for follow-up studies after intervention. In: Roelandt J, (ed.). Digital techniques in echocardiography. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987: 133–52.Google Scholar
- 5.Chandrasekaran K, Chu A, Greenleaf JF, Bahn RC, Edwards WD, Seward JB, et al. 2D-echo quantitative texture analysis of acutely ischemic myocardium. Cardiology 1986 Oct; 74 Suppl II: II-271.Google Scholar
- 6.Skorton DJ, Collins SM, Woskoff SD, Bean JA, Melton HE. Range- and azimuth-dependent variability of image texture in two-dimensional echocardiograms. Circulation 1983; 68(4): 834–40.Google Scholar
- 7.Collins SM, Skorton DJ, Prasad NV, Olshansky BO, Bean JA. Image texture in two dimensional echocardiography. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. Aachen: Germany, 1983: 113–6.Google Scholar
- 8.Chandrasekaran K, Aylaward PE, Fleagle SR, Burns TL, Seward JB, Tajik AJ, et al. Feasibility of identifying amyloid and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with the use of computerized quantitative texture analysis of clinical echocardiographic data. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989 Mar; 13(4): 832–40.Google Scholar
- 9.Feigenbaum H. Echocardiography 3rd ed. London: Henry Kimpton Publishers 1981: 22.Google Scholar
- 10.Jardin F, Dubourg O, Gueret P, Delorme G. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography in massive pulmonary embolism: Emphasis on ventricular interdependence and leftward septal displacement. J American Coll Cardiol 1987; Dec; 10(6): 1201–6.Google Scholar
- 11.Pryor TA, Parker DL, Ridges JD. Comparison of regional wall motion parameters between angiographic and echo-cardiographic images. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1979 Sep: 63–8.Google Scholar
- 12.Feldman CL, Jones DR, Moynihan PF, Parisi AF, Folland ED, Hubelbank M. Computerized analysis of real-time ultrasound images. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1978 Sep: 385–8.Google Scholar
- 13.Vitolo E, Castini D, Colombo A, Carini L, De Ceglia S, Tarolo GL, Boccolari S, Mana O. Two-dimensional echo-cardiographic evaluation of right ventricular ejection fraction: Comparison between three different methods. Acta Cardiol 1988; 43(4): 469–480.Google Scholar
- 14.Levine RA, Gibson TC, Artez T, Gillam LD, Guyer DE, King ME, Weyman AE. Echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular volume. Circulation 1984 Mar; 69(3): 497–505.Google Scholar
- 15.Erbel R. Krebs W, MaBberg I, Schweizer P, Richter HA, Meyer J, Effert S. New method for right ventricular volume determination by two-dimensional echocardiography. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. Aachen: Germany, 1983: 53–6.Google Scholar
- 16.Moynihan PF, Parisi AF, Feldman CL. Quantitative detection of regional left ventricular contraction abnormalities by two-dimensional echocardiography: I. analysis of methods. Circulation 1981; 63(4): 752–60.Google Scholar
- 17.Vogel M, Smallhorn JF, Stein JI, Freedom RM. Echocar-diographic analysis of regional left ventricular wall motion in normal children and neonates. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15(6): 1409–16.Google Scholar
- 18.Parisi AF, Moynihan PF, Folland ED, Feldman CL. Quantitative detection of regional left ventricular contraction abnormalities by two-dimensional echocardiography: II. accuracy in coronary artery disease. Circulation 1981; 63 (4): 761–7.Google Scholar
- 19.Nicolosi AC, Spotnitz HM. Quantitative analysis of regional systolic function with left ventricular aneurysm. Circulation 1988; 78: 856–62.Google Scholar
- 20.Ginzton LE, Conant R. Minicomputer-based quantitative segmental wall motion during maximal dynamic exercise: Variability and heterogenity in normal adults. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. Aachen: Germany, 1983; 57–62.Google Scholar
- 21.Brower RW, Meester GT. Spatial resolution and correlation between segments in regional wall motion studies of the left ventricle. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1978 Sep: 69–75.Google Scholar
- 22.Keller H, Wagner KC, Goepfrich M. Stegaru B, Buss J, Heene DL. Morphological quantification and differentiation of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease — a two dimensional echocardiography study. Eur H J 1990; 11: 65–74.Google Scholar
- 23.Catherwood E, Mintz GS, Kotler MN, Parry WR, Segal BL. Two-dimensional echocardiographic recognition of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Circulation 1980 Aug; 62(2): 294–303.Google Scholar
- 24.DeMaria AN, Bommer W, Joye J, Lee G, Bouteller J, Mason DT. Value and limitations of cross-sectional echo-cardiography of the aortic valve in the diagnosis and quantification of valvular aortic stenosis. Circulation 1980 Aug; 62(2): 304–12.Google Scholar
- 25.Force T, Kemper A, Perkins L, Gilifoil M, Cohen C, Parisi AF. Overestimation of infarct size by quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography: The role of tethering and analytic procedures. Circulation 1986 Jun; 73(6): 1360–8.Google Scholar
- 26.Linker DT, Pearlman AS. A mathematical basis for the quantitative comparison of cardiac borders: Criteria for selection of descriptors and an analysis of two methods. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. Aachen: Germany, 1983; 169–72.Google Scholar
- 27.Schnittger I, Gordon EP. Fitzgerald PJ, Popp RL. Standardized intracardiac measurements of two-dimensional echo-cardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983 Nov; 2(5): 934–8.Google Scholar
- 28.Wallerson DC, Devereux RB. Reproducibility of echocar-diographic left ventricular measurements. Suppl II Hypertension 1987 Feb 9(2): II-6–II-18.Google Scholar
- 29.Armstrong WF. Stress echocardiography. Prog Cardiol 1990; 3(1): 97–105.Google Scholar
- 30.Kinney EL. Classification of 2d-echo left atrial masses. Am Heart J 1987 Jun; 113(6): 1524–6.Google Scholar
- 31.Weszka JS. A survey of threshold selection techniques. Comput Graph Image Processing 1978; 7: 259–65.Google Scholar
- 32.Skorton DJ, McNary CA, Child JS, Newton C, Shah PM. Digital image processing of two dimensional echocardio-grams: Identification of the endocardium. Am J Cardiol 1981 Sep; 48: 479–86.Google Scholar
- 33.Hestenes JD, Heng MK, Ledbetter DC, Wyatt HL, Meerbaum S, Corday E. Quantification of circumferential segmental shortening motion from ultrasound sector scanner images in dogs after induced ischemia. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1978 Sep: 389–92.Google Scholar
- 34.Adam D. Hareuveni O, Sideman S. Semiautomated border tracking of cine echocardiographic ventricular images. IEEE Trans Med Imag 1987 Sep; 6(3): 266–71.Google Scholar
- 35.Grube E, Becher H, Bocks B. Automatic contour finding and digital subtraction technique in 2-dimensional echocar-diography. In: Roelandt J (ed.). Digital techniques in echocardiography. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987: 99–122.Google Scholar
- 36.Kuwahara M, Eiho S, Kitagawa H, Asada N, Ohtsuyama K, Ogawa H. A microcomputerized on-line image processing system for sector scan echocardiography. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. Aachen: Germany, 1983: 105–8.Google Scholar
- 37.Zhang L-F, Geiser EA. An effective algorithm for extracting serial endocardial borders from 2-dimensional echocardiograms. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1984 Jun; 31(6): 441–7.Google Scholar
- 38.Collins SM, Skorton DJ, Geiser EA, Nichols JA, Conetta DA, Pandian NG, et al. Compute-assisted edge detection in two dimensional echocardiography: Comparison with anatomic data. Am J Cardiol 1984 May; 53: 1380–7.Google Scholar
- 39.Weiss JL, McGaughey M, Guier WH. Geometric considerations in determination of left ventricular mass by two-dimensional echocardiography. Hypertension 1987 Feb; 9(2 Pt 2): II-85–II-89.Google Scholar
- 40.Tamura S, Yata K. Plan-based boundary extraction and 3-d reconstruction for orthogonal 2-d echocardiography. Pattern Recog 1987; 20(2): 155–62.Google Scholar
- 41.Hareuveni A, Adam D, Pashkoff B. Spatial and temporal processing of cine echocardiographic scan images: Automated myocardial border tracing. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1985; 73–8.Google Scholar
- 42.Zwehl W, Levy R, Garcia E, Haendchen RV, Childs W, Corday SR, Meerbaum S, Corday E. Validation of computerized edge detection algorithm for quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography. Circulation 1983 Nov; 68(5): 1127–35.Google Scholar
- 43.Zeiher AM, Wollschlager H, Solzbach U, Bonzel T, Chen C, Just H. Integrative wall motion analysis by automatic contour detection for two dimensional echocardiographic assessment of regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988: 103–6.Google Scholar
- 44.Chu CH, Delp EJ, Buda AJ. Detecting left ventricular endocardial and epicardial boundaries by digital two dimensional echocardiography. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1986: 393–6.Google Scholar
- 45.Ezekiel A, Areeda JS, Garcia EV, Corday SR. Intelligent left ventricular contour detection results from two dimensional echocardiograms. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1986: 603–6.Google Scholar
- 46.Angermann CE, Hart RJ, Spes CH, Zwehl W, Marquart M, Schmid DP, Theisen K. Computerized quantitative evaluation of the echocardiogram in serial two dimensional echocardiograms of the left ventricular short axis. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1987: 437–40.Google Scholar
- 47.Thomas JD, Hagege AA, Newell JB, Hogan RD, Choong CYP, Wilkins GT, Weyman AE. Optimal spatio temporal fourier filtration for noise reduction of echocardiographic endocardial borders. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1987: 361–4.Google Scholar
- 48.Revankar S, Sher D, WU W-C. Interactive thresholding to extract myocardium from a sequence of two dimensional echocardiograms. In: Proceedings of the northeast bioengineering conference. 1991 Apr: 197–201.Google Scholar
- 49.Revankar S, Sher D, Rosenthal S. Collaborative processing to extract myocardium from a sequence of two dimensional echocardiograms. In: Proceedings of the SPIE/SPSE conference of electronic imaging: Science and technology, 1991 Feb: 268–73.Google Scholar
- 50.Horn BKP, Schunck BG. Determining optical flow. Artif Intell 1981; 17: 185–203.Google Scholar
- 51.Mailloux GE, Bleau A, Bertand M, Petitclerc R. Computer analysis of heart motion from two-dimensional echocardiograms. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1987 May; 34(5): 356–64.Google Scholar
- 52.Mailloux GE, Langolis F, Simond P, Bertrand M. Analysis of heart motion from two dimensional echocardiograms by velocity field decomposition. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1987: 441–4.Google Scholar
- 53.Meunier J, Bertrand M, Mailloux GE, Petitclerc R. Local myocardial deformation computed from speckle motion. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988: 133–6.Google Scholar
- 54.Chu CHH, Delp EJ. Detecting heart wall boundaries by tracing features in an echocardiographic sequence. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988: 117–20.Google Scholar
- 55.Schudy RB, Ballard DH. A computer model for extracting moving heart surfaces from four dimensional cardiac ultra-sound data. In: Sixth conference on computer applications in radiology and computer/aided analysis of radiological images. IEEE Computer Society. Newport Beach (CA), 1979 Jun; 18–21.Google Scholar
- 56.Saiprasad R, Srinivasan T.M. An image processing method for cardiac image analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1987 Mar; 34(3): 244–7.Google Scholar
- 57.Glueck RM, Mottley JG, Miller JG, Sobel BE, Perez JE. Effects of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion on cardiac cycle-dependent variation of myocardial ultrasonic backscatter. Circ Res 1985 May; 56(5): 683–9.Google Scholar
- 58.Ballard DH, Brown CM. Computer vision, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 1982: 77.Google Scholar
- 59.Siler W, Cooper T, Arciniegas J, MacLean W, Papapletro S, Hess R, Stanley A, Powell V, McEachern M, Jolly P, Morrison R, Buckley J, Waldorp S. Controlled image aquisition, segmentation, feature extraction and classification of echocardiographic sector scans. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. Aachen: Germany, 1983: 117–20.Google Scholar
- 60.Geiser EA. Tutorial in echocardiogram processing. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1982.Google Scholar
- 61.Revankar S, Sher DB. Morphologically influenced adaptive threshold to extract myocardium from a sequence of two-dimensional echocardiograms. In: Proceedings: Fifth annual graduate conference in computer science. State University of New York at Buffalo, 1990 Mar; 23: 31–41.Google Scholar
- 62.Skorton DJ, Collins SM, Garcia E, Geiser EA, Hillard W, Koppes W, Linker D, Schwartz G. Digital signal and image processing in echocardiography. Am Heart J 1985; 110(6): 1266–83.Google Scholar
- 63.Skorton DJ, Collins SM, Kerber RE. Digital image processing and analysis in echocardiography. In: Collins SM, Skorton DJ, (eds). Cardiac imaging and image processing. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986; 171–205.Google Scholar
- 64.Canny JF. Finding edges and lines in images. MIT artificial intelligence laboratory; 1983 Jun. Report No.: 720.Google Scholar
- 65.Thomas JD, Higginbotham RA, Waxman AM, Popovic AD, Weyman AE. Real time echocardiographic noise reduction, border extraction and velocity derivation. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988.Google Scholar
- 66.Lancee CT, Rijsterborgh H, Bom N. Monitoring aspects of an esophageal transducer. Med Prog Technol 1988; 13(3): 131–8.Google Scholar
- 67.Verbeek PW, Lobregt S. The application of 3-d logical neighbor operations to sequences of 2-d ultrasonic images. In: Sixth conference on computer applications in radiology and computer/aided analysis of radiological images: 1979 Jun: 18–21; Newport Beach (CA): IEEE computer society: 362–4.Google Scholar
- 68.Monteiro AP, Marques deSa JP, Abreu-lima C. Automatic detection of echocardiographic Iv contours. A new image enhancement and sequential tracing method. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988; 453–6.Google Scholar
- 69.Klingler Jr JW. Vaughan CL, Fraker Jr TD, Andrews LT. Segmentation of echocardiographic images using mathematical morphology. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1988 Nov; 35(11): 925–34.Google Scholar
- 70.Feng J, Lin W-C, Chen C-T. Automatic left ventricular boundary detection in digital two-dimensional echocardiography using fuzzy reasoning techniques. In: Proceedings: SPIE biomedical image processing, 1990; 192–205.Google Scholar
- 71.Chu CH, Delp EJ, Buda AJ. Detecting left ventricular endocardial and epicardial boundaries by digital two-dimensional echocardiography. IEEE Trans Med Imag 1988 Jun; 7(2): 81–90.Google Scholar
- 72.Wolfe ER, Delp EJ, Meyer CR, Bookstein FL, Buda AJ. Accuracy of automatically determined borders in digital two dimensional echocardiography using a cardiac phantom. IEEE Trans Med Imag 1987 Dec; 6(4): 292–6.Google Scholar
- 73.Haralick RM. Digital step edges from zero crossings of second directional derivative. IEEE Trans Patt Anal Mach Intell 1984; 6: 58–68.Google Scholar
- 74.Melendo EG, Delp EJ. A technique for the visualization and analysis of cardiac wall motion by two-dimensional echocardiography. IEEE Trans Med Imag 1989 Mar; 8(1): 104–6.Google Scholar
- 75.Sitomer J, LeFree MT, Deboe SF, Simon SB, Anselmo EG, Williamson PR, Kalbfleisch SJ, Macini GBJ. Physiologically based nonlinear segmentation of Iv borders. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988: 281–4.Google Scholar
- 76.Kass M, Witkin A, Terzopoulos D. Snakes:Active contour models. In: Proceedings: IEEE 1st international conference on computer vision; 1987 Jun: 8–11; London (Eng): 259–67.Google Scholar
- 77.Staib LH, Duncan JS. Left ventricular analysis of cardiac images using deformable models. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988: 427–30.Google Scholar
- 78.Duncan JS, Smeulders A, Lee F, Zaret BL. Measurement of end-diastolic shape deformity using bending energy. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988: 277–80.Google Scholar
- 79.Bosch JG, Reiber JHC, van Brunken G, Gerbrands JJ, Gussen Loven WJ, Bom N, et al. Automated endocardial contour detection in short axis two dimensional echocardiograms: Methodology and assessment variability. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988: 137–40.Google Scholar
- 80.Dong L, Pelle G, Brun P, Unser M. Model-based boundary detection in echocardiography using dynamic programming technique. In: Proceedings of the SPIE medical imaging conference, V. San Jose, 1991.Google Scholar
- 81.van Bree RE, Pope DL, Parker DL. Improving left ventricular border recognition using probability surfaces. In: Proceedings: Computers in cardiology conference. 1988.Google Scholar
- 82.Friedland N, Adam D. Automatic ventricular cavity boundary detection from sequential ultrasound images using simulated annealing. IEEE Trans Med Imag 1989 Dec: 344–53.Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Kluwer Academic Publishers 1992