Advertisement

Pharmacy World and Science

, Volume 18, Issue 6, pp 233–235 | Cite as

Pharmaceutical care

  • Charles D. Hepler
Articles

Abstract

Drug-treatment failures can be prevented by applying a Pharmaceutical Care system. Therapeutic outcome monitoring is such a system, which can be applied to the (drug)treatment of several diseases like asthma, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Pharmaceutical Care is an outcome oriented, cooperative systematic approach to providing drug therapy directed at the improvement of all dimensions of health related quality of life.

Keywords

Pharmaceutical Care Pharmaceutical Care Cycle TOM Drug Therapy Medicine use process 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    BurnumJF. Preventability of adverse drug reactions. Ann Intern Med 1976;85:80–81.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    McKenneyJM, HarrisonWL. Drug-related hospital admissions. Am J Hosp Pharm 197633:792–795.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    tewartRB, SpringerP., AdamsJ. Drug related hospitalizations to an impatient psychiatry unit. Am J Psychiat 1980; 37:1093–1095.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Hindi AlexanderMC, MiddletonEJr.. Asthma deaths: are they preventable? N Engl Reg Allergy Proc 1986; 7: 462–466.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    LakshmananMC,HersheyCO, BreslauD. Hospital admissions caused by iatrogenic disease. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 1931–1934.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    IvesTJ BentzEJ, GwytherRE. Drug-related admissions to a family medicine service. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1117–1120.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    FletcherHJ, IbrahimSA, SpeightN.. Survey of asthma deaths in the Northern region, 1970–85 [see comments]. Arch Dis Child 1990;65:163–167.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    HallasJ, HarvaldB, GramLF, et al. Drug related hospital admissions: the role of definitions and intensity of data collection, and the possibility of prevention. J Intern Med 1990;228:83–90.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    HallasJ, HaghfeltT, GramLF, GrodumE, DamsboN. Drug related admissions to a cardiology department;frequency and avoidability. J Intern Med 1990; 228:379–384.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    BeroLA, LiptonHL, BirdJA. Characterization of geriatric drug-related hospital readmissions. Med Care 1991; 29:989–1003.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    HallasJ, JensenKB, GrodumE, DamsboN, GramLF. Drugrelated admissions to a department of medical gastroenterology. The role of self-medicated and prescribed drugs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; 26;174–180.Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    SchiffGD, HegdeHK, LaClocheL, HryhorozukDO. Inpatient theophylline toxicity: preventable factors [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114;748–753.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    HallasJ, GramLF, GrodumE, et al. Drug related admissions to medical wards: a population based survey. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;33:61–68.Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    HallasJ, DavidsenO, GrodumE, DamsboN, GramLF. Drugrelated illness as a cause of admission to a department of respiratory medicine. Respiration 1992;59:30–34.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    LindleyCM, TullyMP, ParamsothyV, TallisRC. Inappropriate medication is a major cause of adverse drug reactions in elderly patients. Age and Ageing 1992;21:294–300.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    LipGY, BrodieMJ. Sudden death in epilepsy: an avoidable outcome? J R Soc Med 1992;85:609–611.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    NikolausT, Specht LeibleN, KruseW, OsterP, SchlierfG. [The early rehospitalization of elderly patients. Causes and prevention] Fiuhe Rehospitalisierung hochbetagter Patienten. Ursachen und Pravention. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1992;117:403–407.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    SpreuxA, ChichmanianRM, CastotA. [Economic impact of adverse drug effects. Some reflections] Impact economique des effets indesirables des medicaments. Quelques reflexions. Therapie 1992;47:385–388.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    RyanCA, DowlingG. Drowning deaths in people with epitepsy. Can Med Assoc J 1993;148:781–784.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    WagdiP, VuilliomenetA, KaufmannU, RichterM, BertelO. [Inadequate treatment compliance, patient information and drug prescription as causes for emergency hospitalization of patients with chronic heart failure] Ungenugende Behandlungsdisziplin, Patienteninformation und Medikamentenverschreibung als Ursachen fur die Notfallhospitalisation bei chronisch herzinsuffizienten patienten. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1993;123:108–112.Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    HeplerCD. Clozapine and the outmoded drug use process. Am Pharmacy 1990;NS30:39–40.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    ParishPA. What future for pharmacy practice? Pharmaceutical J 1985;234:209–211.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    BrodieDC, ParishPA, PostonJW. Societal needs for drugs and drug related services. Am J Pharm Ed 1980;44:276–278.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    HeplerCD. Unresolved issues in the future of pharmacy. AMJ Hosp Pharm 1988;45:1071–1081.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    HeplerCD, StrandLM. Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care. AM J Hosp Pharm 1990;47:533–543.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    HallasJ, WormJ, Beck NielsenJ, et al. Drug related events and drug utilization in patients admitted to a geriatric hospital department. Dan Med Bull 1991;38:417–420.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    StrandLM, CipolleRJ, MorleyPC, PerrierDG. Levels of pharmaceutical care: a needs-based approach. Am J Hosp Pharm 1991;48:547–550.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    StrandLM, CipolleRJ, MorleyPC. Pharmaceutical Care: an introduction. Kalamazoo, Ml: The Upjohn Company, 1992.Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    SoumeraiSB, McLaughlinTJ, AvornJ. Improving drug prescribing in primary care: a critical analysis of the experimental literature. Milbank Quarterly 1989;67:268–317.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    CipolleRJ, Drugs don't have doses — people have doses. Ann Pharmacother 1986;20:881–882.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    WulffHR. Rational diagnosis and treatment. J Med Phil 1986;11:123–134.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    ThomasmaDC. Philosophical reflections on a rational treatment plan. J Med Phil 1986;11:157–165.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Gatens-RobinsonE. Clinical judgement and the rationality of the human sciences. J Med Phil 1986;11:167–178.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    StrandLM, CipolleRJ, MorleyPC. Drug related problems: their structure and function. Ann Pharmacother 1990;24:1093–1097.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    StrandLM, CipolleRJ, MorleyPC. Documenting the clinical pharmacist's activities: back to basics. Ann Pharmacother 1988;22:63–66.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    SpitzerWO, SuissaS, ErnstP, et al. The use of beta-agonists and the risk of death and near death from asthma. N Engl J Med 1992;326:501–506.Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    BorgsdorfLR, KnappKK, MianoJS. Pharmacist-managed medication review in a managed care system. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994;51:772–777.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    BjornsonDC, HinerWO, PotykRP, NelsonSA, CammarataFA et al.. Effect of pharmacists on health care outcomes in hospitalized patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1993;50:1875–1884.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    HatoumHT, AkhrasK. 1993 Bibliography: A 32-year literature review on the value and acceptance of ambulatory care provided by pharmacists. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:1106–1119.Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    HatoumHT, WitteKW, HutchinsonRA. Patient care contributors of clinical pharmacists in four ambulatory care clinics. Hosp Pharm 1992;27:203–209.Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    HeplerCD. Issues and outcomes in pharmaceutical program evaluation. J Soc Admin Pharm 1991;8:141–149.Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    ChrischillesEA, HellingDK, AschoffCR. Effect of clinical pharmacy services on the quality of family practice physician prescribing and medication costs. Ann Pharmacother 1989;23:417–421.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    ClaphamCE, HeplerCD, ReindersTP, LehmanME, PeskoL. Economic consequences of two drug-use control systems in a teaching hospital. Am J Hosp Pharm 1988;45:2379–2340.Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    KidderSW. Cost-benefit of pharmacist-conducted drug-regimen reviews. Cons Pharm 1987;2:394–398.Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    IvesTJ, FreyJJ, FurrS, BentzEJ. Effect of an educational intervention on oral cephalosporin use in primary care. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:44–47.Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    ConteRR, KehoeWA, NielsenN, LodhiaH. Nine-year experience with a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm 1986;43:2460–2464.Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    LittlefieldLC. Therapeutic drug monitoring in ambulatory pediatrics. J Pediatr Health Care 1987;1:113–116.Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    HatoumHT, CatizoneC, HutchinsonRA, PurohitA. An eleven-year review of the pharmacy literature: documentation of the value and acceptance of clinical pharmacy. Ann Pharmacother 1986;20:33–48.Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    ChrischillesEA, HellingDK, RowlandCR. Cost benefit analysis of clinical pharmacy services in three lowa family practice offices. J Clin Hosp Pharm 1985;10:59–66.Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    GrayDR, Garabedian-RuffaloSM, ChretienSD. Cost justification of a clinical pharmacist managed anticoagulation clinic. Ann Pharmacother 1985;19:575–580.Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    McKenneyJM, WitherspoonJM. Impact of outpatient hospital pharmacists on patients receiving antihypertensive and anticoagulant therapy. Hosp Pharm 1985;20:406,409–411,415.Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    ChrischillesEA, HellingDK, RowlandCR. Clinical pharmacy services in family practice: cost-benefit analysis. Part 1. Physician time and quality of care. Ann Pharmacother 1984;18:333–341.Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    ChrischillesEA, HellingDK, RowlandCR. Clinical pharmacy serices in family practice: cost-benefit analysis. Part 2. Referrals, appointment compliance and costs. Ann Pharmacother 1984;18:436–441.Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    CummingsDM, CorsonM, SeamanJJ. Effect of clinical pharmacy services provided to ambulatory patients on hospitalization. Am J Pharm 1984;156:44–50.Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    ThompsonJF, McGhanWF, RuffaloRL, CohenDA, AdamcikBA, SegalJL. Clinical pharmacists prescribing drug therapy in a geriatric setting: outcome of a trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984;32:154–159.Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    KellyKL, CovinskyJO, FendlerKJ, BaumanJL. Impact of clinical pharmacist activity on intravenous fluid and medication administration. Ann Pharmacother 1980;14:516–520.Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    HawkinsDW, FiedlerFP, DouglasHL, EschbachRC. Evaluation of a clinical pharmacist in caring for hypertensive and diabetic patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979;36:1312–1325.Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    HellingDK, HeplerCD, JonesME. Effect of direct clinical pharmaceutical services on patients' perceptions of health care quality. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979;36:325–329.Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    McKenneyJM, SliningJM, HendersonHR et al.. The effect of clinical pharmacy services on patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 1979;48:1104–1111.Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    SczupakCA, ConradWF. Relationship between patient oriented pharmaceutical services and therapeutic outcomes of ambulatory patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Hosp Pharm 1977;34:1238–1242.Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    BrownP. Are pharmacists necessary? Scrip 1994;#24 (May):3–4.Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    MichelNE. Projects study pharmaceutical care outcomes in ambulatory patients. Am J Hosp Pharm 1993;50:1527–1535.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Kluwer Academic Publishers 1996

Authors and Affiliations

  • Charles D. Hepler
    • 1
    • 2
  1. 1.Department of Pharmacy Health Care AdministrationCollege of Pharmacy, The University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA
  2. 2.Co-Director, Dubow Family Center for Research in Pharmaceutical CareCollege of Pharmacy, The University of FloridaGainesvilleUSA

Personalised recommendations

Cite article

Buy options