Journal of Materials Science

, Volume 13, Issue 3, pp 523–533 | Cite as

A study on titanium diffusion into LiNbO3 waveguides by electron probe analysis and X-ray diffraction methods

  • Kiyomasa Sugii
  • Masaharu Fukuma
  • Hiroshi Iwasaki
Papers
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Accepted:

Abstract

The diffusion of titanium into lithium niobate has been studied by X-ray rocking curve and topographic methods as well as electron probe microanalysis in an attempt to determine the diffusion mechanism and evaluate the crystallinity of the diffused layer. It was found that the titanium concentration along the depth in the diffused layer approximates to a Gaussian distribution, the activation energy for diffusion being 2.18 eV. We also found that the diffusion of titanium caused a marked lattice contraction along the a-axis (Δa/a ≈ −10−3) resulting in the generation of misfit dislocations and cracks in the diffused layer. The high activation energy and the lattice contraction suggest that the titanium ions diffuse substitutionally into the lithium niobate crystal. Mechanisms causing refractive index changes in the diffused layer are also discussed.

Keywords

Titanium Activation Energy Diffuse Layer Electron Probe LiNbO3 
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Copyright information

© Chapman and Hall Ltd. 1978

Authors and Affiliations

  • Kiyomasa Sugii
    • 1
  • Masaharu Fukuma
    • 1
  • Hiroshi Iwasaki
    • 1
  1. 1.Musashino Electrical Communication LaboratoryNippon Telegraph and Telephone Public CorporationTokyoJapan

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