References
There are three such retrospective accounts: (a) Planck's Nobel Prize Lecture: Die Entstehung und bisherige Entwicklung der Quantentheorie (Leipzig 1920); English translation in Planck's: A Survey of Physics (New York n.d.); (b) Naturwissenschaften 31, 153–159 (1943); (c) Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie (Leipzig, 1948); English translation in Planck's Scientific Autobiography (New York, 1949). — All three are reprinted in Max Planck: Physikalische Abhandlungen und Vorträge, Bd. III. Braunschweig 1958. This collection will be referred to throughout as Phys. Abh.
Rosenfeld L.: La première phase de l'évolution de la Théorie des Quanta. Osiris 2, 149–196 (1936).
Rosenfeld, L.: Max Planck et la définition statistique de l'entropie, in Max-Planck-Festschrift 1958 (Berlin, 1958), pp. 203–211.
See E. T. Whittaker, A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity (London, 1951), vol. 1, p. 371.
Planck, M.: Ref. 1(c) English transl. pp. 34–35.
Stefan, J.: Wien. Ber. 79, 391 (1879).
Boltzmann, L.: Wied. Annalen 22, 291 (1884). See also M. Planck, The Theory of Heat Radiation (Reprinted New York, 1959), Chapter 2.
Wien, W.: Wied. Annalen 52, 132 (1894).
Wien, W.: Wied. Annalen 58, 662 (1896).
Lord Rayleigh: Phil. Mag. 49, 539 (1900). Reprinted in his Scientific Papers (Cambridge, 1903), vol. IV, pp. 483–485.
Planck, M.: S.-B. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1897), 57; — Phys. Abh. Bd. I. S. 493.
Boltzmann, L.: S.-B. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1897), 660, 1016.
Planck, M.: S.-B. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1899), 440; — Phys. Abh. Bd. I, S. 560. Especially S. 575–581. — The theorem in the form quoted in the text appears in Bd. I, S. 724.
Planck, M.: Phys. Abh. Bd. I, S. 597.
Planck, M.: Ann. Phys. 1, 69 (1900); — Phys. Abh., Bd. I, S. 614.
Lummer, O., & E. Pringsheim: Verh. dtsch. Physik. Ges. 1, 215 (1899).
Thiesen, M.: Verh. dtsch. Physik. Ges. 2, 37 (1900).
See reference 1 (b). Planck, M.: Phys. Abh., Bd. III, S. 262.
See Planck, M.: Phys. Abh., Bd. III, S. 404.
Planck, M.: Verh. dtsch. Physik. Ges. 2, 202 (1900); — Phys. Abh., Bd. I, S. 687.
Planck, M.: Reference 1(c). English translation p. 40. Phys. Abh., Bd. III, S. 394.
Lummer, O., & E. Jahnke: Ann. Phys. 3, 288 (1900).
Rubens, H., & F. Kurlbaum: S.-B. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1900), 929.
Planck, M.: Verh. dtsch. Physik. Ges. 2, 237 (1900); — Phys. Abh., Bd. I, S. 698.
Planck, M.: Reference 1 (c). English translation p. 32. Phys. Abh., Bd. III, S. 387.
Planck, M.: Wied. Ann. 30, 562 (1887); — Phys. Abh., Bd. I, S. 196.
Planck, M.: Z. phys. Chem. 8, 647 (1891); — Phys. Abh., Bd. I, S. 372.
Planck, M.: Treatise on Thermodynamics (Reprint of English translation of Seventh German Edition, New York, 1945) p. vii.
Planck, M.: Reference 1(a). English translation p. 166; — Phys. Abh., Bd. III, S. 125.
Planck, M.: Ann. Phys. 4, 553 (1901); — Phys. Abh., Bd. I, S. 717.
Planck, M.: Ann. Phys. 4, 564 (1901); — Phys. Abh., Bd. I, S. 728.
See Millikan, R.A.: The Electron (Chicago 1917).
Perrin, J.: Les Preuves de la Réalité Moléculaire, in La Théorie du Rayonnement et les Quanta, edit. by P. Langevin & M. de Broglie, pp. 153–250 (Paris 1912).
Boltzmann, L.: Wien. Ber. 76, 373 (1877). Reprinted in his Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Bd. II, S. 164 (Leipzig 1909).
See the discussion in R. Dugas, La Théorie Physique au sens de Boltzmann (Neuchâtel, 1959), especially Ch. 6 (Seconde Partie) and Ch. 4 (Troisième Partie).
Rosenfeld, L.: Reference [2],
Ehrenfest, P.: Ann. Phys. 36, 91 (1911).
Ehrenfest, P., & H. Kamerlingh Onnes: Proc. Amsterdam Acad. 17, 870 (1914). The two preceding papers are reprinted in P. Ehrenfest, Collected Scientific Papers, ed. by M. J. Klein (Amsterdam, 1959), on pages 185 and 353 respectively.
See Klein, M. J.: Proc. Amsterdam Acad. B 62, 41 (1959).
Lord Rayleigh: Nature 72, 54 (1905).
Lord Rayleigh, Nature 72, 243 (1905).
Jeans, J.: Nature 72, 293 (1905).
Ehrenfest, P.: Phys. Z. 15, 657 (1914). See also his article in Naturwissenschaften, 11, 543 (1923). Both are reprinted in his Collected Scientific Papers, pages 347 and 463.
See Dugas: Reference 35, Chap. 6–8 (Première Partie) and Chap. 5 (Troisième Partie).
Boltzmann, L.: Vorlesungen über Gastheorie, Bd. II, S. V. (Leipzig 1898).
Planck, M.: Reference 1(a). English translation p. 167. Phys. Abh., Bd. III, S. 126.
Einstein, A.: Ann. Phys. 17, 132 (1905).
Einstein, A.: Philosopher-Scientist, edit. by P. A. Schilpp, p. 45 (New York 1949).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Communicated by L. Rosenfeld
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Klein, M.J. Max Planck and the beginnings of the quantum theory. Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 1, 459–479 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00327765
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00327765