Diabetologia

, Volume 30, Issue 8, pp 601–609 | Cite as

Endothelial cell function in diabetic microangiopathy

  • M. Porta
  • M. La Selva
  • P. Molinatti
  • G. M. Molinatti
Review Article

Conclusions

Endothelial cells are directly exposed to altered concentrations of circulating metabolites in diabetes and are likely to be involved early, if not primarily, in the natural history of the chronic complications of the disease. Thus, better understanding of the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction and of their possible pathogenetic relevance might help to establish a rationale on which to base prospective trials for the prevention or treatment of microangiopathy.

A word of caution should be made in warning that most data available today are derived from experiments in vitro or carried out under highly perturbed conditions in vivo and that virtually none of the methods employed has so far been standardised among different laboratories. Hence, it should come as no surprise if some results are in conflict with each other or will be refuted in the near future. Work on endothelium has only just begun and much still has to be done in this fascinating field of investigation.

Keywords

Public Health Endothelial Cell Internal Medicine Natural History Human Physiology 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

References

  1. 1.
    Jaffe EA, Nachman RL, Becker CG, Minick CR (1973) Culture of human endothelial cells derived from umbilical veins: identification by morphologic and immunologic criteria. J Clin Invest 52: 2745–2756Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Weibel ER, Palade GE (1964) New cytoplasmic components in arterial endothelia. J Cell Biol 23: 101–112Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Drenkhahn D (1983) Cell motility and cytoplasmic filaments in vascular endothelium. Prog Appl Microcirc 1: 53–70Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Kohner EM, Henkind P (1970) Correlation of fluorescein angiogram and retinal digest in diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 69: 403–414Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Dyck PJ, Hansen S, Karnes J, O'Brien P, Yasuda H, Windebank A, Zimmermann B (1985) Capillary number and percentage closed in human diabetic sural nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 2513–2517Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Tilton RG, Faller AM, Burkhard JK, Hoffmann PL, Kilo C, Williamson JR (1985) Pericyte degeneration and acellular capillaries are increased in the feet of human diabetic patients. Diabetologia 28: 895–900Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Blumental HT, Alex M, Goidenberg S (1960) A study of lesions of the intramural coronary artery branches in diabetes mellitus. Arch Pathol 70: 27–42Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Bloodworth JMB (1963) Diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetes 12: 99–114Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Ashton N (1974) Vascular basement membrane changes in diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 58: 344–366Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Leinonen H, Matikainen E, Juntunen J (1982) Permeability and morphology of skeletal muscle capillaries in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 22: 158–162Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Aagenaes O, Moe H (1961) Light and electron microscope study of skin capillaries of diabetics. Diabetes 10: 253–259Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Bloodworth JMB (1978) A re-evaluation of diabetic glomerulosclerosis 50 years after the discovery of insulin. Hum Pathol 9: 439–453Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Ravid M, Silman-Socher R, Ben Shaul Y, Sohar E (1976) Quantitative electron microscopic study of capillaries in diabetes mellitus. Beitr Path Bd 159: 280–291Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Østerby R, Gundersen HJG, Christensen NJ (1978) The acute effect of insulin on capillary endothelial cells. Diabetes 27: 745–749Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    Bloodworth JMB, Molitor DL (1965) Ultrastructural aspects of human and canine diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol 4: 1037–1048Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Williams SH, Howarth NL, Devenny JJ, Bitensky MW (1982) Structural and functional consequences of increased tubulin glycosylation in diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 6546–6550Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Dolgov VV, Zaukina OE, Bondarenko MF, Repin US (1982) Aortic endothelium of alloxan diabetic rabbits: a quantitative study using scanning electron microscopy. Diabetologia 22: 338–343Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Stout RW (1982) Glucose inhibits replication of cultured human endothelial cells. Diabetologia 23: 436–439Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Lorenzi M, Cagliero E, Toledo S (1985) Glucose toxicity for human endothelial cells in culture. Delayed replication, disturbed cell cycle, and accelerated death. Diabetes 34: 621–627Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Porta M, La Selva M, Bertagna A, Molinatti GM (1986) Glucose in high concentrations inhibits DNA synthesis and replication, but not migration, of cultured human endothelial cells by osmotic and non osmotic mechanisms. Diabetologia 29: 583–584 (Abstract)Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Payling Wright H (1970) Endothelial turnover. In: Brinkhous KM, Koller F, Biggs R, Rodman NF, Hinnom S (eds) Vascular factors and thrombosis. Schattauer, Stuttgart, pp 79–87Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Sholley MM, Gimbrone MA, Cotran RS (1977) Cellular migration and replication in endothelial regeneration. Lab Invest 36: 18–25Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Dobrina A, Rossi F (1983) Metabolic properties of freshly isolated bovine endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 762: 295–301Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    McCall AL, Gould JB, Ruderman NB (1984) Diabetes-induced alterations of glucose metabolism in rat cerebral microvessels. Am J Physiol 247: E462-E467Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Betz AL, Bowman PD, Goldstein GW (1983) Hexose transport in microvascular endothelial cells cultured from bovine retina. Exp Eye Res 36: 269–277Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Koh MS, Misch KJ, Yuen CT, Rhodes EL (1986) Accumulation of sorbitol in endothelial cells. A possible cause of diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetes Res 3: 217–219Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Morrison AD, Clements RS, Winegrad AI (1972) Effects of elevated glucose concentrations on the metabolism of the aortic wall. J Clin Invest 51: 3114–3123Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Ludwigson MA, Sorenson RL (1980) Immunohistochemical localization of aldose reductase. I. Enzyme purification and antibody preparation. Localization in peripheral nerve, artery and testis. Diabetes 29: 438–449Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Ludwigson MA, Sorenson RL (1980) Immunohistochemical localization of aldose reductase. II. Rat eye and kidney. Diabetes 29: 450–459Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Akagi Y, Yajima Y, Kador PF, Kuwabara T, Kinoshita JH (1984) Localization of aldose reductase in the human eye. Diabetes 33: 562–566Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Bar RS (1982) Interaction of insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) with endothelial cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 401: 150–162Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Bar RS, De Rose A, Sandra A, Peacock ML, Owen WG (1983) Insulin binding to microvascular endothelium of intact heart: a kinetic and morphometric analysis. Am J Physiol 244: E447-E452Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Bar SR, Dolash S, Dake BL, Boes M (1986) Cultured capillary endothelial cells from bovine adipose tissue: a model for insulin binding and action in microvascular endothelium. Metabolism 35: 317–322Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Frank HJL, Pardridge WM (1981) A direct in vitro demonstration of insulin binding to isolated brain microvessels. Diabetes 30: 757–761Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Van Houten M, Posner BI (1979) Insulin binds to brain blood vessels in vivo. Nature 282: 623–625Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    King GL, Buzney SM, Kahn CR, Hetu N, Buchwald S, Macdonald SG, Rand LI (1983) Differential responsiveness to insulin of endothelial and support cells from micro and macrovessels. J Clin Invest 71: 974–979Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Soda R, Tavassoli M (1983) Distribution of insulin receptors in liver cell suspensions using a minibead probe. Highest density is on endothelial cell. Exp Cell Res 145: 389–395Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Jialal I, King GL, Buchwald S, Kahn CR, Crettaz M (1984) Processing of insulin by bovine endothelial cells in culture: internalization without degradation. Diabetes 33: 794–800Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Rasio E (1982) The capillary barrier to circulating insulin. Diabetes Care 5: 158–161Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Vinters HV, Berliner JA, Beck DW, Maxwell K, Bready JV, Cancilla PA (1985) Insulin stimulates DNA synthesis in cerebral microvessel endothelium and smooth muscle. Diabetes 34: 964–969Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    Berliner JA, Frank HJL, Karasic D, Capdeville M (1984) Lipoprotein-induced insulin resistance in aortic endothelium. Diabetes 33: 1039–1044Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    King GL, Johnson SM (1985) Receptor-mediated transport of insulin across endothelial cells. Science 227: 1583–1586Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Frank HJL, Pardridge WH, Morris WL, Rosenfeld RG, Choi TB (1986) Binding and internalization of insulin and insulin-like growth factors by isolated brain microvessels. Diabetes 35: 654–661Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Maneschi F, Mashiter K, Kohner EM (1983) Insulin resistance and insulin deficiency in diabetic retinopathy of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes 32: 82–87Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Goodner JC, Berrie MA (1977) The failure of rat hypothalamic tissues to take up labeled insulin in vivo or to respond to insulin in vitro. Endocrinology 101: 605–612Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    Frank HJL, Jankovic-Vokes T, Pardridge WM, Morris WL (1985) Enhanced insulin binding to blood-brain barrier in vivo and to brain microvessels in vitro in newborn rabbits. Diabetes 34: 728–733Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    Casley-Smith JR (1980) Comparative fine structure of the microvasculature and endothelium. In: Altura BM (ed) Vascular endothelium and basement membranes. Karger, Basel, pp 1–44Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Fawcett DW (1963) Comparative observations on the fine structure of blood capillaries. In: Orbison JL, Smith DE (eds) The peripheral blood vessels. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 17–44Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Bloom W, Fawcett DW (1968) A textbook of histology. Saunders, PhiladelphiaGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Shakib M, Cunha-Vaz JG (1966) Studies on the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. 4. Junctional complexes of the retinal vessels and their role in the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. Exp Eye Res 5: 229–234Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Trap-Jensen J, Lassen NA (1968) Increased capillary diffusion capacity for small ions in skeletal muscle in long-term diabetics. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 21: 116–122Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Lorenzi M, Karam JH, McIlroy MB, Forsham PH (1980) Increased growth hormone response to dopamine infusion in insulin dependent diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 65: 146–153Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    Cunha-Vaz JG, Fonseca JR, Abreu JF, Ruas MA (1979) Detection of early retinal changes in diabetes by vitreous fluorophotometry. Diabetes 28: 16–19Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Waltman SR, Oestrick C, Krupin T, Hamish S, Ratzan S, Santiago J, Kilo C (1978) Quantitative vitreous fluorophotometry: a sensitive technique for measuring early breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier in young diabetic patients. Diabetes 27: 85–87Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Porta M, Townsend C, Clover GM, Nanson M, Alderson AR, McCraw A, Kohner EM (1981) Evidence for functional endothelial cell damage in early diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 20: 597–601Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Bollinger A, Frey J, Jäger K, Furrer J, Seglias J, Siegenthaler W (1982) Patterns of diffusion through skin capillaries in patients with long-term diabetes. N Engl J Med 307: 1305–1310Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Parving H-H (1976) Increased microvascular permeability to plasma proteins in short- and long-term juvenile diabetics. Diabetes 25 (Suppl 2): 884–889Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Fauchald P, Norseth J, Jervell J (1985) Transcapillary colloid osmotic gradient, plasma volume and interstitial fluid volume in long-term Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 28: 269–273Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    Feldt-Rasmussen B (1986) Increased transcapillary escape rate of albumin in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Diabetologia 29: 282–286Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Williams SK, Devenny JJ, Bitensky MW (1981) Micropinocytic ingestion of glycosylated albumin by isolated microvessels: possible role in pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 2393–2397Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Gundersen HJG, Christensen NJ (1977) Intravenous insulin causing loss of intravascular water and albumin and increased adrenergic nervous activity in diabetics. Diabetes 26: 551–557Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Hilsted J, Petersen F, Madsbad S, Parving H-H, Christensen NJ, Adelhøj B, Bigler D, Sjøntoft E (1985) Changes in plasma volume, in transcapillary escape rate of albumin and in subcutaneous blood flow during hypoglycaemia in man. Clin Sci 69: 273–277Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Tso MOM, Cunha-Vaz JK, Shih C-Y, Jones CW (1980) Clinicopathologic study of blood-retinal barrier in experimental diabetes mellitus. Arch Ophthalmol 98: 2032–2040Google Scholar
  64. 64.
    Kohner EM, Porta M (1980) Vascular abnormalities in diabetes and their treatment. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 100: 440–444Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Westberg NG (1976) Biochemical alterations of the human glomerular basement membrane in diabetes. Diabetes 25 (Suppl 2): 920–924Google Scholar
  66. 66.
    Chavers B, Etzwiler D, Michael AF (1981) Albumin deposition in dermal capillary basement membrane in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A preliminary report. Diabetes 30: 275–278Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    Williamson JR, Chaug K, Rowold E, Marvel J, Tomlinson M, Sherman WR, Ackermann KE, Kilo C (1985) Sorbinil prevents diabetes-induced increases in vascular permeability but does not alter collagen cross-linking. Diabetes 34: 703–705Google Scholar
  68. 68.
    Baumgartner HR (1972) Platelet interactions with vascular structures. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 51 (Suppl): 161–176Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Honour AJ, Pickering GW, Sheppard BL (1971) Ultrastructure and behaviour of platelet thrombi in injured arteries. Br J Exp Pathol 52: 482–494Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Tschopp BT, Weiss HJ, Baumgartner HR (1974) Decreased adhesion of platelets to subendothelium in von Willebrand's disease. J Lab Med 83: 296–300Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Jaffe EA, Hoyer LW, Nachman RL (1974) Synthesis of von Willebrand factor by cultured human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 71: 1906–1909Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Zetter BR (1981) The endothelial cells of large and small blood vessels. Diabetes 30 (Suppl 2): 24–28Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Wagner DD, Olmsted JB, Marder VJ (1982) Immunolocalization of von Willebrand protein in Weibel-Palade bodies of human endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 95: 355–360Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    Sussman II, Rand JH (1982) Subendothelial deposition of von Willebrand's factor requires the presence of endothelial cells. J Lab Clin Med 100: 526–532Google Scholar
  75. 75.
    Bhagwat SS, Hamann PR, Still WC, Bunting S, Fitzpatrik FA (1985) Synthesis and structure of the platelet aggregation factor thromboxane A2. Nature 315: 511–513Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Born GVR (1962) Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal. Nature 194: 927–929Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Camussi G, Arese P, Tetta C, Bussolino F, Coda R, Vercellone A (1983) Platelet activating factor. In: Bertani T, Remuzzi G (eds) Glomerular injury 300 years after Morgagni. Wichtig, Milan, pp 89–118Google Scholar
  78. 78.
    Moncada S, Vane JR (1979) Arachidonic acid metabolites and the interaction between platelets and blood-vessel walls. N Engl J Med 300: 1142–1147Google Scholar
  79. 79.
    Moncada S, Gryglewski R, Bunting S, Vane JR (1976) An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation. Nature 263: 663–665Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Weiss HJ, Turitto VT (1979) Prostacyclin (Prostaglandin I2, PGI2) inhibits platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium. Blood 53: 244–250Google Scholar
  81. 81.
    Ingerman-Wojenski C, Silver MJ, Smith JB, Macarak E (1981) Bovine endothelial cells in culture produce thromboxane as well as prostacyclin. J Clin Invest 67: 1292–1296Google Scholar
  82. 82.
    Camussi G, Pawlowski I, Bussolino F, Caldwell PRB, Brentjens J, Andres G (1983) Release of platelet activating factor in rabbits with antibody-mediated injury of the lung: the role of leukocytes and of pulmonary endothelial cells. J Immunol 131: 1802–1807Google Scholar
  83. 83.
    Prescott SM, Zimmerman GA, McIntyre TM (1984) Human endothelial cells in culture produce platelet activating factor (1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) when stimulated with thrombin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 3534–3538Google Scholar
  84. 84.
    Lieberman GE, Leake DS, Peters TJ (1982) Subcellular localization of adenosine diphosphatase in cultured pig arterial endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 47: 249–253Google Scholar
  85. 85.
    Marcum JA, McKenney JB, Rosemberg RD (1984) Acceleration of thrombin-antithrombin complex formation in rat hindquarters via heparinlike molecules bond to the endothelium. J Clin Invest 74: 341–350Google Scholar
  86. 86.
    Busch C, Owen WG (1982) Identification in vitro of an endothelial cell surface cofactor for antithrombin III. Parallel studies with isolated perfused rat hearts and microcarrier cultures of bovine endothelium. J Clin Invest 69: 726–729Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    Chan TK, Chan V (1981) Antithrombin III, the major modulator of intravascular coagulation, is synthesized by human endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 46: 504–506Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Esmon CT, Owen WG (1981) Identification of an endothelial cell cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 18: 2249–2252Google Scholar
  89. 89.
    Brox JH, Østerud B, Bjørklid E, Fenton JW (1984) Production and availability of thromboplastin in endothelial cells: the effects of thrombin, endotoxin and platelets. Br J Haematol 57: 239–246Google Scholar
  90. 90.
    Barbieri G, Balconi G, Dejana E, Donati MB (1981) Evidence that vascular endothelial cells can induce the retraction of fibrin clots. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 168: 204–207Google Scholar
  91. 91.
    Colucci M, Balconi G, Lorenzet R, Pietra A, Locati D, Donati MB, Semeraro N (1983) Cultured human endothelial cells generate tissue factor in response to endotoxin. J Clin Invest 71: 1893–1896Google Scholar
  92. 92.
    Sterm D, Nawroth P, Handley D, Kisiel W (1985) An endothelial cell-dependent pathway of coagulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 2523–2527Google Scholar
  93. 93.
    Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA (1984) Interleukin 1 (IL 1) induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells. J Exp Med 160: 618–623Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Loskutoff DJ, Edgington TS (1977) Synthesis of a fibrinolytic activator and inhibitor by endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 3903–3907Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Levin EG, Loskutoff DJ (1982) Cultured bovine endothelial cells produce both urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activators. J Cell Biol 94: 631–636Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Esnard F, Dupuy E, Dosne AM, Bodevin E (1982) Partial characterization of a fibrinolytic inhibitor produced by cultured endothelial cells derived from human umbilical vein. Thromb Haemostas 47: 128–131Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Sakata Y, Curriden S, Lawrence D, Griffin JH, Loskutoff DJ (1985) Activated protein C stimulates the fibrinolytic activity of cultured endothelial cells and decreases antiactivator activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 1121–1125Google Scholar
  98. 98.
    Bensoussan D, Levy-Toledano S, Passa P, Caen J, Canivet J (1975) Platelet hyperaggregation and increased plasma level of von Willebrand factor in diabetic patients with retinopathy. Diabetologia 11: 307–312Google Scholar
  99. 99.
    Coller BS, Frank RN, Milton RC, Gralnick HR (1978) Plasma cofactors of platelet function: correlation with diabetic retinopathy and haemoglobin. A1a–c. Studies in diabetic patients and normal persons. Ann Int Med 88: 311–316Google Scholar
  100. 100.
    Porta M, Maneschi F, White MC, Kohner EM (1981) Twenty-four hour variations of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII-related antigen in diabetic retinopathy. Metabolism 30: 695–699Google Scholar
  101. 101.
    Kohner EM, McLeod D, Marshall J (1982) Diabetic eye disease. In: Keen H, Jarret J (eds) Complications of diabetes, 2nd edn. Arnold, London, pp 19–108Google Scholar
  102. 102.
    Porta M, Kohner EM, Molinatti GM (1987) In vivo studies of endothelial cell function in diabetic microangiopathy. In: Belfiore F, Molinatti GM, Williamson JR (eds) Frontiers in diabetes, Vol 8. Vascular and neurologic complication of diabetes mellitus. Karger, Basel, pp 16–28Google Scholar
  103. 103.
    Bloom AL (1979) The biosynthesis of factor VIII. Clin Haematol 8: 53–77Google Scholar
  104. 104.
    Paton RC (1981) Haemostatic changes in diabetic coma. Diabetologia 21: 172–177Google Scholar
  105. 105.
    Trovati M, Tamponi G, Marra S, Lorenzati R, Schinco P, Bazzan M, Vitali S, Cavalot F, Pagano G, Lenti G (1983) Exercise-induced changes of factor VIII complex in healthy subjects and in type-I diabetics: relation between growth hormone and von Willebrand factor increments. Horm Metabol Res 15: 316–320Google Scholar
  106. 106.
    Sarji KE, Levine JH, Nair RMG, Sagel J, Colwell JA (1977) Relation between growth hormone levels and von Willebrand factor activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 853–856Google Scholar
  107. 107.
    Gonzalez J, Colwell JA, Sarji KE, Nair RMG, Sagel J (1980) Effect of metabolic control with insulin on plasma von Willebrand factor activity (VIII R:WF) in diabetes mellitus. Thromb Res 17: 261–266Google Scholar
  108. 108.
    Howard MA, Montgomery DC, Hardisty RM (1974) Factor-VIII-related antigen in platelets. Thromb Res 4: 617–624Google Scholar
  109. 109.
    Nachman R, Levine R, Jaffe EA (1977) Synthesis of factor VIII antigen by cultured guinea pig megakaryocytes. J Clin Invest 60: 914–921Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Giustolisi R, Musso R, Russo M, Catania N, Lombardo T, Cacciola E (1982) Possible evidence for an increased factor VIII antigen synthesis in vascular endothelium of diabetic subjects. Thromb Haemost 47: 293Google Scholar
  111. 111.
    Porta M, Ricchetti I, La Selva M, Bertagna A, Molinatti GM (1984) Quantitative and qualitative assessment of plasma von Willebrand factor variations, as induced by forearm venous stasis in patients with diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetes Res 1: 219–221Google Scholar
  112. 112.
    Porta M (1982) Availability of endothelial von Willebrand factor and platelet function in diabetic patients infused with a vasopressin analogue. Diabetologia 23: 452–455Google Scholar
  113. 113.
    Mordes DB, Lazarchick J, Colwell JA, Sens DA (1983) Elevated glucose concentrations increase factor VIII R:Ag levels in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Diabetes 32: 876–878Google Scholar
  114. 114.
    Porta M, Cagliero E, Kohner EM (1982) Is the pro-adhesive activity of plasma von Willebrand factor counteracted by a physiological inhibitor of platelet adhesiveness? Clin Sci 62: 239–242Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Porta M, McCraw A, Kohner EM (1982) Inverse relationship between ristocetin co-factor levels and platelet aggregation in insulin-dependent diabetes. Thromb Res 25: 507–512Google Scholar
  116. 116.
    Mustard JF, Packam MA (1984) Platelets and diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 311: 665–667Google Scholar
  117. 117.
    Johnson M, Harrison HE, Raftery AT, Elder JB (1979) Vascular prostacyclin may be reduced in diabetes in man. Lancet 1: 325–326Google Scholar
  118. 118.
    Silberbauer K, Schernthaner G, Sinzinger H, Piza-Katzer H, Winter M (1979) Decreased prostacyclin in juvenile onset diabetics. N Engl J Med 300: 366–367 (Letter)Google Scholar
  119. 119.
    Webster J, Lewis PJ, MacDermot, Hensby CN, Kohner EM, Porta M (1981) Forearm ischaemia as a test of prostacyclin production: studies in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus. Prostaglandins Med 6: 661–667Google Scholar
  120. 120.
    Davis TME, Bown E, Finch DR, Mitchell MD, Turner RC (1981) In vitro venous prostacyclin production, plasma 6-Keto-prostaglandin F concentrations, and diabetic retinopathy. Br Med J 282: 1259–1262Google Scholar
  121. 121.
    Brunner D, Klinger J, Weisbort J, Tuval M, Nakash J, Rosemberg CH, Nissim S (1984) Thromboxane, prostacyclin, betathromboglobulin, and diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 6: 636–642Google Scholar
  122. 122.
    Ylikorkala O, Kaila J, Viinikka L (1981) Prostacyclin and thromboxane in diabetes. Br Med J 283: 1148–1150Google Scholar
  123. 123.
    Lane LS, Jansen PD, Lahav M, Rudy C (1982) Circulating prostacyclin and thromboxane levels in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 89: 763–766Google Scholar
  124. 124.
    Paton RC, Guillot R, Passa P, Canivet J (1981) Prostacyclin production by human endothelial cells cultured in diabetic serum. Diabetologia 21: 313–314Google Scholar
  125. 125.
    Patel MKN, Evans CE, McEvoy FA (1983) 6-keto prostaglandin F production in endothelial cell cultures in response to normal and diabetic human serum. Biosci Rep 3: 53–60Google Scholar
  126. 126.
    Weimann BJ, Lorch E, Baumgartner HR (1984) High glucose concentrations do not influence replication and prostacyclin release of human endothelial cells. Diabetologia 27: 62–63Google Scholar
  127. 127.
    Ceriello A, Dello Russo P, Zuccotti C, Florio A, Nazzaro S, Pietrantuono C, Rosato GB (1983) Decreased antithrombin III activity in diabetes may be due to non-enzymatic glycosylation. A preliminary report. Thromb Haemostas 50: 633–634Google Scholar
  128. 128.
    Brownlee M, Vlassara H, Cerami A (1984) Inhibition of heparin-catalysed human antithrombin III activity by non-enzymatic glycosylation: possible role in fibrin deposition in diabetes. Diabetes 33: 532–535Google Scholar
  129. 129.
    Almèr LO, Pandolfi M (1976) Fibrinolysis and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 25 (Suppl 2): 807–810Google Scholar
  130. 130.
    Brownlee M, Vlassara H, Cerami A (1983) Nonenzymatic glycosylation reduces the susceptibility of fibrin to degradation by plasmin. Diabetes 32: 680–684Google Scholar
  131. 131.
    Caldwell PRB, Seegal BC, Hsu KC, Das M, Soffer RL (1976) Angiotensin-converting enzyme: vascular endothelial localization. Science 191: 1050–1051Google Scholar
  132. 132.
    Dorer FE, Kahn JR, Lentz KE, Levine M, Skeggs LT (1974) Hydrolysis of bradykinin by angiotensin-converting enzyme. Circ Res 34: 824–827Google Scholar
  133. 133.
    Lieberman J, Sastre A (1980) Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme: elevations in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 93: 825–826Google Scholar
  134. 134.
    Schmilz O, Römer FK, Alberti KGMM, Hreidarsson AB, Ørskov H (1985) Angiotensin-converting enzyme in diabetes mellitus. Dependence on metabolic aberration. Diabete Metab 9: 179–182Google Scholar
  135. 135.
    Porta M, Passera P, Bertagna A, La Selva M, Ricchetti I, Molinatti GM (1987) Levels of serum angiotensin-convertin enzyme before and after forearm venous stasis in diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetes Res 4: 117–120Google Scholar
  136. 136.
    Baird A, Culler F, Jones KL, Guillemin R (1985) Angiogenetic factor in human ocular fluid. Lancet 2: 563 (Letter)Google Scholar
  137. 137.
    Jacobson B, Sullivan D, Raymond L, Basu PK, Hasany SM (1983) Further studies on a vitreous inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 36: 447–449Google Scholar
  138. 138.
    Azizkhan RG, Azizkhan JC, Zetter BR, Folkman J (1980) Mast cell heparin stimulates migration of capillary endothelial cells in vitro. J Exp Med 152: 931–944Google Scholar
  139. 139.
    Gullino PM (1986) Considerations on the mechanism of the angiogenic response. Anticancer Research 6: 153–158Google Scholar
  140. 140.
    Form DM, Auerbach R (1983) PGE2 and angiogenesis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 172: 214–218Google Scholar
  141. 141.
    West DC, Hampson IN, Arnold F, Kumar S (1985) Angiogenesis induced by degradation products of hyaluronic acid. Science 228: 1324–1326Google Scholar
  142. 142.
    Fernandez LA, Twickler J, Mead A (1985) Neovascularization produced by angiotensin II. J Lab Clin Med 105: 141–145Google Scholar
  143. 143.
    Frederick JL, Shimanuki T, di Zerega GS (1984) Initiation of angiogenesis by human follicular fluid. Science 224: 389–390Google Scholar
  144. 144.
    Kumar S, West D, Shahabuddin S, Arnold F, Haboubi N, Reid H, Carr T (1983) Angiogenesis factor from human myocardial infarcts. Lancet 2: 364–368Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag 1987

Authors and Affiliations

  • M. Porta
    • 1
  • M. La Selva
    • 1
  • P. Molinatti
    • 1
  • G. M. Molinatti
    • 1
  1. 1.Cattedre di Clinica Medica 2 ed EndocrinologiaUniversity of TurinTurinItaly

Personalised recommendations