A factor analysis of landscape pattern and structure metrics
- 2.8k Downloads
- 630 Citations
Abstract
Fifty-five metrics of landscape pattern and structure were calculated for 85 maps of land use and land cover. A multivariate factor analysis was used to identify the common axes (or dimensions) of pattern and structure which were measured by a reduced set of 26 metrics. The first six factors explained about 87% of the variation in the 26 landscape metrics. These factors were interpreted as composite measures of average patch compaction, overall image texture, average patch shape, patch perimeter-area scaling, number of attribute classes, and large-patch density-area scaling. We suggest that these factors can be represented in a simpler way by six univariate metrics - average perimeter-area ratio, contagion, standardized patch shape, patch perimeter-area scaling, number of attribute classes, and large-patch density-area scaling.
Keywords
Land Cover Landscape Ecology Landscape Pattern Composite Measure Structure MetricsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach, J.T. and Witmer, R.E. 1976. A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. Geological Survey Professional Paper 964, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington DC.Google Scholar
- Baker, W.L. and Cai, Y. 1992. The r.le programs for multiscale analysis of landscape structure using the GRASS geographical information system. Landscape Ecology 7: 291–302.Google Scholar
- Falconer, K. 1990. Fractal Geometry. Mathematical Foundations and Applications. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester U.K.Google Scholar
- Fegeas, R.G., Claire, R.W., Guptil, S.C., Anderson, K.E. and Hallam, C.A. 1983. Land use and land cover digital data. Geological Survey Circular 895-E, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington DC.Google Scholar
- Forman, R.T.T. and Godron, M. 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York NY.Google Scholar
- Gonzalez, R.C. and Woods, R.E. 1992. Digital Image Processing. Addison-Wesley, Reading MA.Google Scholar
- Hunsaker, C.T., O'Neill, R.V., Jackson, B.L., Timmins, S.P., Levine, D.A. and Norton, D.J. 1994. Sampling to characterize landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology, in press.Google Scholar
- Johnson, R.A. and Wichern, D.W. 1982. Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs NJ.Google Scholar
- Li, H. and Reynolds, J.F. 1993. A new contagion index to quantify spatial patterns of landscapes. Landscape Ecology 8: 155–162.Google Scholar
- Lovejoy, S. 1982. Area-perimeter relation for rain and cloud areas. Science 216: 185–187.Google Scholar
- Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ.Google Scholar
- Mandelbrot, B.B. 1967. How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension. Science 155: 636–638.Google Scholar
- Mandelbrot, B.B. 1983. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York NY.Google Scholar
- McDonald, R.P. 1985. Factor Analysis and Related Methods. Lawrence Eribaum Associates, Hillsdale NJ.Google Scholar
- Milne, B.T. 1991. Lessons from applying fractal models to landscape patterns. pp. 199–235 in Turner, M.G. and Gardner, R.H. (editors), Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology, Springer-Verlag, New York NY.Google Scholar
- Morrison, D.F. 1976. Multivariate Statistical Methods. Second Edition. McGraw-Hill Inc., New York NY.Google Scholar
- Musick, H.B. and Grover, H.D. 1991. Image textural measures as indices of landscape pattern. pp. 77–103 in Turner, M.G. and Gardner, R.H. (editors). Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology, Springer-Verlag, New York NY.Google Scholar
- O'Neill, R.V., Krummel, J.R., Gardner, R.H., Sugihara, G., Jackson, B., DeAngelis, D.L., Milne, B.T., Turner, M.G., Zygmunt, B., Christensen, S.W., Dale, V.H. and R.L. Graham. 1988. Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology 1: 153–162.Google Scholar
- Pickover, C.A. 1990. Computers, Pattern, Chaos and Beauty, Graphics from an Unseen World. St. Martin's Press, New York NY.Google Scholar
- Pimentel, R.A. 1979. Morphometrics, The Multivariate Analysis of Biological Data. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque IA.Google Scholar
- Plotnick, R.E., Gardner, R.H. and O'Neill, R.V. 1993. Lacunarity indices as measures of landscape texture. Landscape Ecology 8: 201–211.Google Scholar
- Ritter, J. 1990. An efficient bounding sphere. pp. 301–303 in Glassner, A.S. (editor), Graphics Gems, Academic Press, San Diego CA.Google Scholar
- Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics, A Biometrical Approach. Second Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York NY.Google Scholar
- Turner, M.G. and Gardner, R.H. (editors). 1991. Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology, Springer-Verlag, New York NY.Google Scholar
- United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Landscape monitoring and assessment research plan. U.S. EPA 620/R-94–009. Office of Research and Development, Washington DC 20460.Google Scholar
- Voss, R.F. 1988. Fractals in nature: From characterization to simulation pp. 21–70 in Peitgen, H.-O., and Saupe, D. (editors), The Science of Fractal Images, Springer-Verlag, New York NY.Google Scholar
- Weins, J.A. and Milne, B.T. 1989. Scaling of ‘landscapes’ in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a beetle's perspective. Landscape Ecology 3: 87–96.Google Scholar