Abstract
Although technology is present in most classrooms and many countries have made strong recommendations for ICT integration in schools and teachers’ practices, a great number of teachers do not use ICT in their educational activities. Research has provided theories and models that explain the consistency of the relationship between attitudes and behavior. These theories converge to identify common aspects that foster technology integration.
We now propose an “ICT Skills Towards Technology Use” (ISTTU) model to evaluate the impact of “ICT Knowledge” over “Intention to Use ICT” (IUICT). Based on previously validated questionnaires, we have developed a questionnaire that was applied to a sample of teachers from the vocational stream of secondary education in Portugal. The data was tested and evaluated using Structural Equation Modeling techniques and we concluded that “ICT Knowledge” is a good predictor of the “IUICT” and that “teaching area” has an impact on “Intention to Use ICT”. We also concluded that “gender” and “Learning through ICT” have no significant impact on IUICT. The ISTTU model shows that fostering the development of ICT skills (increasing “ICT Knowledge”) will develop the “intention to use technologies with students”.
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Appendices
Appendix A.1 - Sensitivity analysis (Sk & Ku) for “ICT Knowledge”
Question | Mean | Std. Dev. | Sk | Ku |
---|---|---|---|---|
301. I know how to solve my own technical problems | 4.48 | 1.345 | -0.442 | -0.798 |
302. I can learn technology easily | 5.24 | 0.916 | -1.098 | 0.588 |
303. I keep up with important new technologies | 4.42 | 1.294 | -0.445 | -0.666 |
304. I frequently play around with technology | 4.83 | 1.208 | -0.690 | -0.582 |
305. I know about a lot of different technologies | 4.79 | 1.252 | -0.861 | -0.030 |
306. I have the technical skills I need to use technology | 4.87 | 1.172 | -0.749 | -0.473 |
Appendix A.2. - Sensitivity analysis for the “Attitude” Liaw’s questionnaire
Question | Mean | Std. Dev | Sk | Ku |
---|---|---|---|---|
201. I feel confident using a computer | 5.54 | 0.853 | -1.966 | 3.618 |
202. I feel confident using data storage devices (floppy disks, pen-drives, CDs) | 5.65 | 0.768 | -2.566 | 7.035 |
203. I feel confident using a text processor (Word, other) | 5.67 | 0.707 | -2.539 | 7.577 |
204. I feel confident acquiring new computer ICT skills | 5.51 | 0.846 | -1.854 | 3.365 |
205. I like to use computers | 5.61 | 0.759 | -2.333 | 6.374 |
206. I like to talk about computers | 4.29 | 1.556 | -0.468 | -0.877 |
207. I have (or would like to have) a computer at home | 5.94 | 0.419 | -9.431 | 99.054 |
208. The computer facilitates my daily activities | 5.87 | 0.470 | -5.053 | 34.660 |
209. Computers are necessary in my professional life | 5.94 | 0.304 | -7.193 | 72.658 |
210. Computers are useful tools | 5.92 | 0.360 | -7.695 | 86.189 |
211. In my daily activities I use computers for several purposes (text processing, email, internet surfing, etc) | 5.93 | 0.339 | -8.751 | 108.814 |
212. I can improve my professional performance by increasing my computer usage | 5.35 | 1.156 | -2.181 | 4.616 |
213. Computer usage is useful in my profession | 5.88 | 0.393 | -4.335 | 27.024 |
214. Computer usage can improve my chances of finding and keeping a job | 5.69 | 0.712 | -3.342 | 14.991 |
215. Computers can be excellent learning tools | 5.78 | 0.527 | -2.992 | 11.222 |
216. It is useful to know how to use computers | 5.90 | 0.369 | -5.112 | 36.187 |
217. I feel confident using the Internet/World Wide Web (WWW) | 5.67 | 0.658 | -2.359 | 6.186 |
218. I feel confident using E-mail | 5.73 | 0.643 | -3.147 | 12.683 |
219. I feel confident using WWW browsers (e.g. Internet Explorer, Netscape Communicator) | 5.52 | 0.886 | -2.038 | 3.772 |
220. I feel confident using search engines (e.g. Yahoo, Excite, and Lycos) | 5.65 | 0.700 | -2.526 | 8.098 |
221. I like to use E-mail to communicate with others | 5.72 | 0.627 | -3.047 | 12.661 |
222. I enjoy talking with others about the Internet | 4.53 | 1.476 | -0.746 | -0.431 |
223. I like to work with the Internet/WWW | 5.54 | 0.814 | -1.981 | 4.022 |
224. I like to use the Internet from home | 5.76 | 0.642 | -3.691 | 16.903 |
225. I believe using the Internet/WWW is worthwhile | 5.88 | 0.427 | -5.419 | 44.384 |
226. The Internet/WWW helps me to find information | 5.86 | 0.455 | -4.748 | 34.310 |
227. I believe the Internet makes communication easier | 5.70 | 0.677 | -2.931 | 10.891 |
228. The multimedia environment of WWW (e.g. text, image) is helpful to understand online information | 5.62 | 0.700 | -2.254 | 6.797 |
229. I believe the Internet/WWW has potential as a learning tool | 5.67 | 0.659 | -2.429 | 7.972 |
230. I believe that the Internet/WWW is able to offer online learning activities | 5.67 | 0.675 | -2.577 | 8.735 |
231. I believe that learning how to use the Internet/WWW is worthwhile | 5.79 | 0.577 | -3.794 | 19.272 |
232. Learning Internet/WWW skills can enhance my academic performance | 5.59 | 0.854 | -2.999 | 10.774 |
Appendix A.3 - Sensitivity analysis (Sk & Ku) for the “Use” Luzio’s Scale
Question | Mean | Std. Dev. | Sk | Ku |
---|---|---|---|---|
401. I use ICT to prepare tests and worksheets for my classes | 5.81 | 0.545 | -4.206 | 23.846 |
402. I use ICT to develop presentations for my classes (ex. Powerpoint) | 5.29 | 1.024 | -1.495 | 1.875 |
403. I use ICT to prepare handout texts to support my classes | 5.57 | 0.800 | -2.317 | 6.716 |
404. I use ICT to search the Internet for subjects for my classes | 5.56 | 0.708 | -1.632 | 2.543 |
405. I use ICT to search for bibliography | 5.32 | 0.928 | -1.507 | 2.314 |
406. I use ICT to search for non-bibliographic databases | 5.19 | 1.042 | -1.305 | 1.305 |
407. I use ICT to research scientific contents in my professional area | 5.49 | 0.707 | -1.274 | 1.078 |
408. I use ICT to research other issues that can increase my knowledge | 5.52 | 0.732 | -1.833 | 4.533 |
409. I use ICT to produce schemes (transparencies, etc.) | 4.61 | 1.728 | -1.013 | -0.357 |
410. I use ICT to produce photographs | 4.48 | 1.612 | -0.753 | -0.645 |
411. I use ICT to produce webpages | 3.52 | 2.058 | -0.005 | -1.649 |
412. I use ICT in spreadsheet applications (Excel or other) | 5.20 | 1.247 | -1.667 | 2.044 |
413. I use ICT to develop applications over databases (Access or other) | 3.64 | 2.030 | -0.079 | -1.631 |
414. I use ICT in applications for data processing (SPSS or other) | 3.27 | 1.989 | 0.194 | -1.561 |
415. I use ICT applications to scan and compose images (scanner or other) | 5.28 | 1.129 | -1.757 | 2.526 |
416. I use ICT in word processing applications (word, publisher or other) | 5.75 | 0.595 | -3.013 | 11.183 |
417. I use ICT to interact with colleagues (teachers at my school) via e-mail | 5.58 | 0.816 | -2.508 | 7.456 |
418. I use ICT to interact with students through e-mail, for tutoring activities | 5.27 | 1.098 | -1.731 | 2.764 |
419. I use ICT to interact with teachers from other schools via e-mail | 4.59 | 1.692 | -0.925 | -0.528 |
420. I use ICT to interact with students in forums | 3.27 | 1.901 | 0.161 | -1.468 |
421. I use ICT to interact with my colleagues in forums | 3.24 | 1.872 | 0.154 | -1.434 |
422. I use ICT to interact with teachers from other schools in forums | 2.98 | 1.843 | 0.399 | -1.253 |
423. I use ICT for synchronous interaction with my students (E.g.: Messenger) | 3.45 | 1.928 | 0.048 | -1.515 |
424. I use ICT for synchronous interaction with my colleagues (E.g.: Messenger) | 3.77 | 1.894 | -0.235 | -1.431 |
425. I use ICT for synchronous interaction with teachers from other schools | 3.15 | 1.906 | 0.272 | -1.415 |
Appendix B.1 - Principal Component Extraction for “Attitude” Liaw’s questionnaire.
Question | Component | h2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
201. I feel confident using a computer | 0.883 | 0.824 | ||
202. I feel confident using data storage devices (floppy disks, pen-drives, CDs) | 0.881 | 0.823 | ||
203. I feel confident using a text processor (Word, other) | 0.823 | 0.714 | ||
204. I feel confident acquiring new computer ICT skills | 0.805 | 0.744 | ||
205. I like to use computers | 0.629 | 0.640 | ||
206. I like to talk about computers | 0.818 | 0.823 | ||
208. The computer facilitates my daily activities | 0.666 | 0.527 | ||
212. I can improve my professional performance by increasing my computer usage | 0.245 | |||
215. Computers can be excellent learning tools | 0.804 | 0.695 | ||
217. I feel confident using the Internet/World Wide Web (WWW) | 0.828 | 0.739 | ||
219. I feel confident using WWW browsers (e.g. Internet Explorer, Netscape Communicator) | 0.809 | 0.708 | ||
220. I feel confident using search engines (e.g. Yahoo, Excite, and Lycos) | 0.829 | 0.753 | ||
222. I enjoy talking with others about the Internet | 0.857 | 0.860 | ||
223. I like to work with the Internet/WWW | 0.440 | 0.472 | 0.468 | 0.636 |
228. The multimedia environment of WWW (e.g. text, image) is helpful to understand online information | 0.736 | 0.653 | ||
229. I believe the Internet/WWW has potential as a learning tool | 0.869 | 0.807 | ||
230. I believe that the Internet/WWW is able to offer online learning activities | 0.829 | 0.759 | ||
% variance explained | 49.1% | 13.7% | 7.5% | |
Total Variance Explained | 70.3% | |||
Rotated Component Matrix (Rotation converged in 5 iterations). |
Appendix B.2 - Principal Component Extraction for Luzio’s “Use” scale
Question | Component | h2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
402. I use ICT to develop presentations for my classes (ex. Powerpoint) | 0.522 | 0.464 | |||
403. I use ICT to prepare handout texts to support my classes | 0.442 | 0.402 | |||
404. I use ICT to search the Internet for subjects for my classes | 0.786 | 0.692 | |||
405. I use ICT to search for bibliography | 0.781 | 0.680 | |||
406. I use ICT to search for non-bibliographic databases | 0.741 | 0.650 | |||
407. I use ICT to research scientific contents in my professional area | 0.827 | 0.750 | |||
408. I use ICT to research other issues that can increase my knowledge | 0.754 | 0.679 | |||
409. I use ICT to produce schemes (transparencies, etc.) | 0.236 | ||||
410. I use ICT to produce photographs | 0.601 | 0.571 | |||
411. I use ICT to produce webpages | 0.422 | 0.677 | 0.682 | ||
412. I use ICT in spreadsheet applications (Excel or other) | 0.646 | 0.519 | |||
413. I use ICT to develop applications over databases (Access or other) | 0.744 | 0.733 | |||
414. I use ICT in applications for data processing (SPSS or other) | 0.696 | 0.608 | |||
415. I use ICT applications to scan and compose images (scanner or other) | 0.517 | 0.568 | 0.622 | ||
417. I use ICT to interact with colleagues (teachers at my school) via e-mail | 0.757 | 0.686 | |||
418. I use ICT to interact with students through e-mail, for tutoring activities | 0.401 | 0.552 | 0.601 | ||
419. I use ICT to interact with teachers from other schools via e-mail | 0.570 | 0.402 | 0.520 | ||
420. I use ICT to interact with students in forums | 0.837 | 0.770 | |||
421. I use ICT to interact with my colleagues in forums | 0.868 | 0.813 | |||
422. I use ICT to interact with teachers from other schools in forums | 0.855 | 0.807 | |||
423. I use ICT for synchronous interaction with my students (E.g.: Messenger) | 0.797 | 0.702 | |||
424. I use ICT for synchronous interaction with my colleagues (E.g.: Messenger) | 0.760 | 0.662 | |||
425. I use ICT for synchronous interaction with teachers from other schools (E.g.: Messenger) | 0.828 | 0.737 | |||
% Variance Explained | 38.7% | 12.3% | 7.3% | 5.2% | |
Total Variance Explained | 63.5% | ||||
Rotated Component Matrix (Rotation converged in 5 iterations). |
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Brás, P., Miranda, G. & Marôco, J. Teachers and Technology: A Complicated Relationship. GSTF J Educ 2, 6 (2014). https://doi.org/10.7603/s40742-014-0006-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.7603/s40742-014-0006-6