Abstract
The paper presents an overview of the current marine observational systems which provide primary information for operational monitoring and predicting the variability of the main hydrophysical fields on the scales from several tens to several thousand kilometers (of the order of the Rossby baroclinic deformation radius and higher). Such systems provide the regular implementation of oceanographic and marine meteorological observations, their rapid interpretation and delivery to users; this is a subject of a relatively new discipline, operational oceanology. The active development of this discipline during the recent two decades suggests that the forecasting of the marine environment state will eventually reach the same level of accuracy and reliability as in operational meteorology, a more successful and older discipline.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
V. V. Asmus and V. A. Krovotyntsev, “Assessment of Polar Ice Conditions Based on Okean Satellite Data,” in New Information Technologies and Remote Methods of Sectorial Monitoring of World Ocean Fishery Regions (VNIRO, Moscow, 1996) [in Russian].
V. V. Asmus, O. E. Milekhin, V. A. Krovotyntsev, and A. S. Selivanov, “The Use of Okean Satellite Radar Data for Solving Problems of Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring,” Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, No. 3 (2002) [in Russian].
V. V. Asmus, P. A. Nikitin, A. E. Popov, and Yu. G. Spiridonov, “Digital Processing of Radar Images Received from Kosmos-1500 Satellite,” Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, No. 3 (1985) [in Russian].
A. I. Burtsev, V. A. Krovotyntsev, M. Nazirov, P. A. Nikitin, and Yu. G. Spiridonov, “Radar Maps of the Arctic and Antarctica Based on Kosmos-1500 Satellite Data and Preliminary Results of Their Analysis,” Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, No. 3 (1985) [in Russian].
V. G. Grigorieva and S. I. Badulin, “Wind Wave Characteristics Based on Visual Observations and Satellite Altimetry,” Okeanologiya, No. 1, 56 (2016) [Oceanology, No. 1, 56 (2016)].
D. G. Gryazin, Computation and Designing of Buoys for Sea Wave Measurements (SPbGITMO(TU), St. Petersburg, 2000) [in Russian].
V. B. Zalesny, V. I. Agoshkov, V. P. Shutyaev, F. Le Dimet, and V. O. Ivchenko, “Numerical Modeling of Ocean Hydrodynamics with Variational Assimilation of Observational Data,” Izv. Akad. Nauk, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana, No. 4, 52 (2016) [Izv., Atmos. Oceanic Phys., No. 4, 52 (2016)].
A. A. Zelenko, R. M. Vil’fand, Yu. D. Resnyanskii, B. S. Strukov, M. D. Tsyrulnikov, and P. I. Svirenko, “An Ocean Data Assimilation System and Reanalysis of the World Ocean Hydrophysical Fields,” Izv. Akad. Nauk, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana, No. 4, 52 (2016) [Izv., Atmos. Oceanic Phys., No. 4, 52 (2016)].
A. A. Zelenko, Yu. D. Resnyanskii, and B. S. Strukov, “Operational Oceanology at the Hydrometcenter of Russia: Current and Near Future Status,” Trudy GOIN, No. 216 (2015) [in Russian].
A. A. Zelenko, Yu. D. Resnyanskii, M. D. Tsyrul’nikov, B. S. Strukov, and P. I. Svirenko, “Monitoring of Largescale Structure of Ocean Hydrophysical Fields,” in Modern Problems of Ocean and Atmosphere Dynamics (Triada LTD, Moscow, 2010) [in Russian].
R. A. Ibraev, R. N. Khabeev, and K. V. Ushakov, “Eddy-Resolving 1/10° Model of the World Ocean,” Izv. Akad. Nauk, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana, No. 1, 48 (2012) [Izv., Atmos. Oceanic Phys., No. 1, 48 (2012)].
M. N. Kaurkin, R. A. Ibrayev, and K. P. Belyaev, “ARGO Data Assimilation into the Ocean Dynamics Model with High Spatial Resolution Using Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI),” Okeanologiya, No. 6, 56 (2016) [Oceanology, No. 6, 56 (2016)].
G. K. Korotaev, Yu. B. Ratner, M. V. Ivanchik, A. L. Kholod, and A. M. Ivanchik, “Operational System for Diagnosis and Forecast of Hydrophysical Characteristics of the Black Sea,” Izv. Akad. Nauk, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana, No. 5, 52 (2016) [Izv., Atmos. Oceanic Phys., No. 5, 52 (2016)].
V. A. Krovotyntsev and O. E. Milekhin, “Characteristics of Radar Backscattering of Arctic Sea Ice Derived from Okean-O1 Satellite Data,” Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, No. 2 (1988) [in Russian].
V. A. Krovotyntsev, O. E. Milekhin, V. I. Popov, and Yu. G. Spiridonov, “Space Radar Observations of Ice Coast Dynamics and Iceberg Drift in the Antarctic,” Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, No. 4 (1991) [in Russian].
O. Yu. Lavrova, A. G. Kostyanoi, S. A. Lebedev, M. I. Mityagina, A. I. Ginzburg, and N. A. Sheremet, Integrated Satellite Monitoring of Russian Seas (IKI RAN, Moscow, 2011) [in Russian].
K. V. Lebedev, “An Argo-based Model for Investigation of the Global Ocean (AMIGO),” Okeanologiya, No. 2, 56 (2016) [Oceanology, No. 2, 56 (2016)].
G. I. Marchuk, B. E. Paton, G. K. Korotaev, and V. B. Zalesny, “Data-computing Technologies: A New Stage in the Development of Operational Oceanography,” Izv. Akad. Nauk, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana, No. 6, 49 (2013) [Izv., Atmos. Oceanic Phys., No. 6, 49 (2013)].
A. S. Monin, V. M. Kamenkovich, and V. G. Kort, World Ocean Variability (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1974) [in Russian].
S. V. Motyzhev, “Creation of Drifter Technology for the Ocean and the Atmosphere Monitoring,” Morskoi Gidrophyzicheskii Zhurnal, No. 6 (2016) [Phys. Oceanogr., No. 6 (2016)].
Manual on Codes. International Codes, Vols. 1.1 and 1.2, WMO-No. 306 (WMO, 2016), https://library.wmo.int/opac.
O. P. Nikitin and S. Yu. Kas’yanov, “On Drifter Observations of Currents and Temperature in the Barents and Kara Seas,” Trudy GOIN, No. 217 (2016) [in Russian].
O. P. Nikitin and S. Yu. Kas’yanov, “Surface Currents of the Norwegian and Greenland Seas,” Trudy GOIN, No. 216 (2015) [in Russian].
Space Radiolocation of the Earth Surface, Ed. by L. M. Mitnik and S. V. Viktorov (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1990) [in Russian].
K. V. Lebedev, A. S. Sarkisyan, and O. P. Nikitin, “Comparative Analysis of the North Atlantic Surface Circulation Reproduced by Three Different Methods,” Izv. Akad. Nauk, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana, No. 4, 52 (2016) [Izv., Atmos. Oceanic Phys., No. 4, 52 (2016)].
V. I. Solov’ev, L. A. Anekeeva, I. S. Solov’eva, and A. B. Uspenskii, “World Ocean Surface Temperature Mapping Based on Geostationary Satellite Data,” Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, No. 3 (2001) [in Russian].
V. I. Solov’ev and A. B. Uspenskii, “Development of the System for Remote Determination of Water Surface Temperature from Satellite Data,” Trudy Gidromettsentra Rossii, No. 326 (1993) [in Russian].
V. I. Solov’ev and A. B. Uspenskii, “Current State and Prospects of Development of Remote Methods for Determination of Sea Surface Temperature from Space,” Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, No. 1 (1998) [in Russian].
Yu. G. Spiridonov, O. E. Milekhin, V. I. Popov, and E. A. Sizenova, “Automated Construction of Antarctica Radar Map,” Trudy GosNITsIPR, No. 33 (1989) [in Russian].
S. Abdalla, P. A. E. M. Janssen, and J.-R. Bidlot, “Jason-2 OGDR Wind and Wave Products: Monitoring, Validation and Assimilation,” Mar. Geodesy, 33 (2010).
S. Andersen, R. Tonboe, L. Kaleschke, G. Heygster, and L. T. Pedersen, “Intercomparison of Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration Retrievals over the High-concentration Arctic Sea Ice,” J. Geophys. Res., 112 (2007).
P. Bahurel, “Mercator Ocean Global to Regional Ocean Monitoring and Forecasting,” in Ocean Weather Forecasting: An Integrated View of Oceanography, Ed. by E. Chassignet and J. Verron (Springer Verlag, 2006).
M. A. Balmaseda, A. Vidard, and D. L. T. Anderson, “The ECMWF Ocean Analysis System: ORA-S3,” Mon. Wea. Rev., No. 8, 136 (2008).
V. Banzon, T. M. Smith, T. M. Chin, C. Liu, and W. Hankins, “A Long-term Record of Blended Satellite and in Situ Sea-surface Temperature for Climate Monitoring, Modeling and Environmental Studies,” Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8 (2016).
E. Bernard, C. Meinig, V. V. Titov, K. O’Neil, R. Lawson, K. Jarrott, R. Dfiley, F. Nelson, S. Tinti, C. von Hillebrandt, and P. Koltermann, “Tsunami Resilient Communities,” in Proceedings of OceanObs’ 09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 1, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
L. Boehme, K. Kovacs, C. Lydersen, O. A. Nost, M. Biuw, J.-B. Charrassin, F. Roquet, G. Guinet, M. Meredith, K. Nicholls, S. Thorpe, D. P. Costa, B. Block, M. Hammill, G. Stenson, M. Muelbert, M. N. Bester, J. Plotz, H. Bornemann, M. Hindell, S. Rintoul, P. Lovell, and M. A Fedak, “Biologging in the Global Ocean Observing System,” in Proceedings of OceanObs’ 09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 2, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
B. Bourles, R. Lumpkin, M. J. McPhaden, F. Hernandez, P. Nobre, E. Campos, L. Yu, S. Planton, A. Busalacchi, A. D. Moura, J. Servain, and J. Trotte, “The PIRATA Program: History, Accomplishments, and Future Directions,” Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 89 (2008).
L.-A. Breivik, T. Carrieres, S. Eastwood, A. Fleming, F. Girard-Ardhuin, J. Karvonen, R. Kwok, W. N. Meier, M. Makynen, L. T. Pedersen, S. Sandven, M. Simile, and R. Tonboe, “Remote Sensing of Sea Ice,” in Proceedings of OceanObs’ 09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 2, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
L.-A. Breivik, S. Eastwood, O. Godrny, H. Schyberg, S. Andersen, and R. T. Tonboe, “Sea Ice Products for EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility,” Can. J. Rem. Sens., No. 5, 27 (2001).
M. J. Carrier, H. Ngodock, S. Smith, G. Jacobs, P. Muscarella, T. Ozgokmen, B. Haus, and B. Lipphardt, “Impact of Assimilating Ocean Velocity Observations Inferred from Lagrangian Drifter Data Using the NCOM-4DVAR,” Mon. Wea. Rev., 142 (2014).
D. B. Chelton, J. C. Ries, B. J. Haines, L. L. Fu, and P. S. Callahan, “Satellite Altimetry,” in Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences, Ed. by L.-L. Fu and A. Cazenave (Academic Press, 2001).
L. Cheng, J. Abraham, G. Goni, T. Boyer, S. Wijffels, R. Cowley, V. Gouretski, F. Reseghetti, S. Kizu, S. Dong, F. Bringas, M. Goes, L. Houpert, J. Sprintall, and J. Zhu, “XBT Science: Assessment of Instrumental Biases and Errors,” Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., No. 6, 97 (2016).
R. E. Davis, “Observing the General Circulation with Floats,” Deep-Sea Res., 38 (1991).
R. E. Davis, J. T. Sherman, and J. Dufour, “Profiling ALACEs and Other Advances in Autonomous Subsurface Floats,” J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 18 (2001).
R. E. Davis, D. C. Webb, L. A. Regier, and J. Dufour, “The Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (ALACE),” J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 9 (1992).
P. Dexter, V. Determmerman, and B. Hillard, “The International Co-ordination of Ship of Opportunity Programmes for Operations and Research,” in Proceedings of Oceanology International 96: The Global Ocean— Towards Operational Oceanography, Vol. 3 (Spearhead Exhibitions, New Malden, 1996).
C. J. Donlon, M. Martin, J. Stark, J. Roberts-Jones, E. Fiedler, and W. Wimmer, “The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) System,” Rem. Sens. Environ., 116 (2012).
M. Drinkwater, H. Bonekamp, P. Bontempi, B. Chapron, C. Donlon, J.-L. Fellous, P. Digiacomo, E. Harrison, P.-Y. Letraon, and S. Wilson, “Status and Outlook for the Space Component of an Integrated Ocean Observing System,” in Proceedings of OceanObs,09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 1, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
R. E. Duerr, R. L. Weaver, and M. Kaminski, “Data Acceptance Procedures and Levels of Service at the National Snow and Ice Data Center,” in 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 25–30 July 2010, Honolulu, HI, USA (IEEE, New York, 2010).
N. Ebuchi and H. Kawamura, “Validation of Wind Speeds and Significant Wave Heights Observed by the TOPEX Altimeter around Japan,” J. Oceanogr., No. 4, 50 (1994).
E. Freeman, S. D. Woodruff, S. J. Worley, S. J. Lubker, E. C. Kent, W. E. Angel, D. I. Berry, P. Brohan, R. Eastman, L. Gates, W. Gloeden, Z. Ji, J. Lawrimore, N. A. Rayner, G. Rosenhagen, and S. R. Smith, “ICOADS Release 3.0: A Major Update to the Historical Marine Climate Record,” Int. J. Climatol., 37 (2017).
Y. Fujii, J. Cummings, Y. Xue, A. Schiller, T. Lee, M. A. Balmaseda, E. Remy, S. Masuda, G. Brassington, O. Alves, D. Cornuelle, M. Martin, P. Oke, G. Smith, and X. Yang, “Evaluation of the Tropical Pacifc Observing System from the Ocean Data Assimilation Perspective,” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 141 (2015).
F. Girard-Ardhuin, R. Ezraty, and D. Croize-Fillon, “Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Concentration and Sea Ice Drift Satellite Products at Ifremer/CERSAT,” Mercator-Ocean Quarterly Newsletter, No. 28 (2008).
G. Goni, D. Roemmich, R. Molinari, G. Meyers, C. Sun, T. Boyer, M. Baringer, V. Gouretski, P. DiNezio, F. Reseghetti, G. Vissa, S. Swart, R. Keeley, S. Garzoli, T. Rossby, C. Maes, and G. Reverdin, “The Ship of Opportunity Program,” in Proceedings of OceanObs09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Soiety, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 2, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
V. Gouretski and K. P. Koltermann, “How Much is the Ocean Really Warming?”, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 (2007).
J. F. R. Gower, “Intercalibration of Wave and Wind Data from TOPEX/POSEIDON and Moored Buoys off the West Coast of Canada,” J. Geophys. Res., No. C2, 101 (1996).
S. K. Gulev, S. A. Josey, M. Bourassa, L.-A. Breivik, M. F. Cronin, C. Fairall, S. Gille, E. C. Kent, C. M. Lee, M. J. Mcphaden, P. M. S. Monteiro, U. Schuster, S. R. Smith, K. E. Trenberth, D. Wallace, and S. D. Woodruff, “Surface Energy, CO2 Fluxes and Sea Ice,” in Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 1, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
S. K. Gulev, V. Grigorieva, A. Sterl, and D. Woolf, “Assessment of the Reliability of Wave Observations from Voluntary Observing Ships: Insights from the Validation of a Global Wind Wave Climatology Based on Voluntary Observing Ship Data,” J. Geophys. Res., No. C7, 108 (2003).
L. E. Holthuijsen, Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2007).
P. A. Hwang, W. J. Teague, G. A. Jacobs, and D. W. Wang, “A Statistical Comparison of Wind Speed, Wave Height and Wave Period Derived from Satellite Altimeters and Ocean Buoys in the Gulf of Mexico Region,” J. Geophys. Res., 103 (1998).
P. A. E. M. Janssen, S. Abdalla, H. Hersbach, and J.-R. Bidlot, “Error Estimation of Buoy, Satellite, and Model Wave Height Data,” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 24 (2007).
O. M. Johannessen, S. Sandven, L. H. Pettersson, K. Kloster, T. Hamre, J. Solhaug, A. M. Volkov, V. Asmus, O. E. Milekhin, V. A. Krovotyntsev, V. D. Grischenko, V. G. Smirnov, L. P. Bobylev, V. V. Melentyev, and V. Alexandrov, “ICEWATCH: Real-time Sea Ice Monitoring in the Northern Sea Eoute (a Cooperative Earth Observation Project between the Russian and the European Space Agencies),” Issledovanie Zemli iz Kosmosa, No. 2 (1988).
O. M. Johannessen, A. M. Volkov, L. P. Bobylev, V. D. Grischenko, S. Sandven, L. H. Pettersson, V. V. Melentyev, V. V. Asmus, O. E. Milekhin, V. A. Krovotyntsev, V. G. Smirnov, V. Alexandrov, G. Duchossois, V. Kozlov, G. Kohlhammer, and G. Solaas, “ICEWATCH: Real-time Sea-ice Monitoring in the Northern Sea Route (a Cooperative Earth Observation Project between the Russian and the European Space Agencies),” Earth Observation and Rem. Sens., 16 (2000).
G. C. Johnson and J. M. Lyman, “Oceanography: Where’s the Heat?”, Nature. Climate Change, 4 (2014).
G. C. Johnson, J. M. Lyman, and S. G. Purkey, “Informing Deep Argo Array Design Using Argo and Full-depth Hydrographic Section Data,” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 32 (2015).
E. C. Kent and D. I. Berry, “Quantifying Random Measurement Errors in Voluntary Observing Ships’ Meteorological Observations,” Int. J. Climatol., No. 7, 25 (2005).
C. Koblinsky, P. Gaspar, and G. Lagerloef, The Future of Spaceborne Altimetry: Oceans and Climate Change (Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated, Washington, D.C., 1992).
Y. Kuroda, TRITON: Present Status and Future Plan. Report for the International Workshop for Review of the Tropical Moored Buoy Network (JAMSTEC, 2002).
R. Kwok, A. Schweiger, D. A. Rothrock, S. Pang, and C. Kottmeier, “Sea Ice Motion from Satellite Passive Microwave Imagery Assessed with ERS SAR and Buoy Motions,” J. Geophys. Res., No. C4, 103 (1998).
A. K. Liu and D. J. Cavalieri, “On Sea Ice Drift from the Wavelet Analysis of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Data,” Int. J. Rem. Sens., No. 7, 19 (1998).
G. Love, “The Birth of the WMO Information System,” WMO Bull., No. 4, 55 (2006).
Manual on the Global Telecommunication System: Annex III to the WMO Technical Regulations, WMO-No. 386 (WMO, 2015 ed., updated in 2017).
M. J. Martin, A. Hines, and M. J. Bell, “Data Assimilation in the FOAM Operational Short-range Ocean Forecasting System: A Description of the Scheme and Its Impact,” Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133 (2007).
N. A. Maximenko, P. P. Niiler, M.-H. Rio, O. Melnichenko, L. Centurion, D. Chambers, V. Zlotnicki, and B. Galperin, “Mean Dynamic Topography of the Ocean Derived from Satellite and Drifting Buoy Data Using Three Different Techniques,” J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 26 (2009).
M. J. McPhaden, A. J. Busalacchi, R. Cheney, J. R. Donguy, K. S. Gage, D. Halpern, M. Ji, P. Julian, G. Meyers, G. T. Mitchum, P. P. Niiler, J. Picaut, R. W. Reynolds, N. Smith, and K. Takeuchi, “The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Observing System: A Decade of Progress,” J. Geophys. Res., 103 (1998).
M. McPhaden, K. Ando, B. Bourles, H. P. Freitag, R. Lumpkin, Y. Masumoto, V. S. N. Murty, P. Nobre, M. Ravichandran, J. Vialard, D. Vousden, and W. Yu, “The Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array,” in Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 2, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
M. J. McPhaden, G. Meyers, K. Ando, Y. Masumoto, V. S. N. Murty, M. Ravichandran, F. Syamsudin, J. Vialard, L. Yu, and W. Yu, “RAMA: The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction,” Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 90 (2009).
C. Meinig, S. E. Stalin, A. I. Nakamura, and H. B. Milburn, Real-time Deep-Ocean Tsunami Measuring, Monitoring, and Reporting System: The NOAA DART II Description and Disclosure (NOAA, 2005), http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/dart/dart_ii_description_6_4_05.pdf.
M. Merrifield, T. Aarup, A. Allen, A. Aman, P. Caldwell, E. Bradshaw, R. M. S. Fernandes, H. Hayashibara, F. Hernandez, B. Kilonsky, B. M. Miguez, G. Mitchum, B. P. Gomez, L. Rickards, D. Rosen, T. Schone, M. Szabados, L. Testut, P. Woodworth, G. W. Appelmann, and J. Zavala, “The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS),” in Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 2, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
P. Muscarella, M. J. Carrier, H. Ngodock, S. Smith, B. L. Lipphardt Jr., A. D. Kirwan Jr., and H. S. Huntley, “Do Assimilated Drifter Velocities Improve Lagrangian Predictability in an Operational Ocean Model?”, Mon. Wea. Rev., 143 (2015).
P. Oke, M. A. Balmaseda, M. Benkiran, J. A. Cummings, E. Dombrowsky, Y. Fujii, S. Guinehut, G. Larnicol, P.-Y. Le Traon, and M. J. Martin, “Observing System Evaluations Using GODAE Systems,” Oceanogr. Mag., No. 3, 22 (2009).
P. R. Oke, G. B. Brassington, D. A. Griffin, and A. Schiller, “The Bluelink Ocean Data Assimilation System (BODAS),” Ocean Model., 21 (2008).
A. Pascual, C. Boone, G. Larnicol, and P. Y. Le Traon, “On the Quality of Real-time Altimeter Gridded Fields: Comparison with in Situ Data,” J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 26 (2009).
I. Petiteville, P. Lecomte, S. Ward, G. Dyke, M. Steventon, and J. Harry, Satellite Earth Observation in Support of Climate Information Challenges. Special 2015 COP21 Edition (ESA-EOGB, 2015), http://eohandbook.com/cop21/files/CEOS_EOHB_2015_COP21.pdf.
N. Picot, K. Case, S. Desai, and P. Vincent, AVISO and PODAAC User Handbook. IGDR and GDR Jason Products, SMM-MU-M5-OP-13184-CN (AVISO), JPL D-21352 (PODAAC) (2003).
S. Pouliquen, C. Schmid, A. Wong, M. Belbeoch, and S. Guinehut, “Argo Data Management,” in Proceedings of OceanObs’ 09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 2, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
Report on the Deep Argo Implementation Workshop, Hobart, May 5–7 2015, http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/DAIW1report.pdf.
R. W. Reynolds, T. M. Smith, C. Liu, D. B. Chelton, K. S. Casey, and M. G. Schlax, “Daily High-resolutionblended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature,” J. Climate, 20 (2007).
I. S. Robinson, Measuring the Oceans from Space: The Principles and Methods of Satellite Oceanography (Springer/Praxis, Berlin, 2004).
D. Roemmich, O. Boebel, Y. Desaubies, H. Freeland, K. Kim, B. King, P.-Y. Le Traon, R. Molinari, W. B. Owens, S. Riser, U. Send, K. Takkeuchi, and S. Wijiffels, “Argo: The Global Array of Profiling Floats,” in Observing the Oceans in the 21st Century, Ed. by C. J. Koblinsky and N. R. Smith (GODAE Project Office and Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, 1998).
D. Roemmich, O. Boebel, H. Freeland, B. King, P.-Y. Le Traon, R. Molinari, W. B. Owens, S. Riser, U. Send, K. Takkeuchi, and S. Wijiffels, On the Design and Implementation of Argo: An Initial Plan for a Global Array of Profiling Floats, Int. CLIVAR Project Office Report 21, GODAE Report 5 (GODAE International Project Office, Melbourne, Australia, 1998).
C. Solvsteen and C. Hansen, Validation of the Operational Wave Models WAVEWATCH-III and Mike21-OSW against Satellite Altimetry and Coastal Buoys (Royal Danish Administration of Navigation and Hydrography NR K.4, March 2006).
K. Steffen and A. J. Schweiger, “NASA Team Algorithm for Sea Ice Concentration Retrieval from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Microwave Imager: Comparison with Landsat Satellite Imagery,” J. Geophys. Res., No. C12, 96 (1991).
V. Swail, R. Jensen, B. Lee, J. Turton, J. Thomas, S. Gulev, and M. Yelland, “Wave Measurements, Needs and Developments for the Next Decade,” in Proceedings of OceanObs’09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009, Vol. 2, Ed. by J. Hall, D. E. Harrison, and D. Stammer, ESA Publication WPP-306 (2010).
J. C. Swallow, “A Neutral-buoyancy Float for Measuring Deep Currents,” Deep-Sea Res., 3 (1955).
F. L. Sybrandy, P. P. Niiler, C. Martin, W. Scuba, E. Charpentier, and D. T. Meldrum, Barometer Drifter Design Reference, Global Drifter Program, DBCP Report No. 4, Revision 2.2 (2009), http://www.jcommops.org/doc/DBCP/svpb_design_manual.pdf.
H. L. Tolman, Validation of WAWEWATCH III Version 1.15 for a Global Domain, NOAA/NWS/NCEP/OMB Technical Note No. 213 (2002).
R. Tonboe and L. Toudal, “Classification of New-ice in the Greenland Sea Using Satellite SSM/I Radiometer and SeaWinds Scatterometer Data and Comparison with Ice Model,” Rem. Sens. Environ., 97 (2005).
G. Vernieres, C. K. R. T. Jones, and K. Ide, “Capturing Eddy Shedding in the Gulf of Mexico from Lagrangian Observations,” Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, No. 2, 240 (2011).
A. A. Zelenko, Reducing Wind Observations on the High Seas to Standard Levels, CMM-MC-V/DOC 24 (WMO, 1986).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © A.A. Zelenko, Yu.D. Resnyanskii, 2018, published in Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 2018, No. 12, pp. 5–30.
About this article
Cite this article
Zelenko, A.A., Resnyanskii, Y.D. Marine Observational Systems as an Integral Part of Operational Oceanology: A Review. Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol. 43, 797–814 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068373918120014
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068373918120014