Skip to main content
Log in

Scaleup of pressure oxidation processes

  • Special Issue on Process Development Testing
  • Published:
Minerals & Metallurgical Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The successful commercialization of a pressure oxidation (POX) process for recovering metal values, including gold, copper, zinc, nickel and molybdenum, is the result of a carefully planned development program. The initial task involves developing one or more conceptual flowsheets, including the POX autoclave and downstream purification and recovery steps. A laboratory program is completed to determine the technical viability of the flowsheets, define the operating parameters for each step and provide information for an initial economic assessment of the process. The process is then confirmed during a continuous pilot plant program, providing engineering design data and other information for the commercial design. A well-thought-out development program has been shown to be critical for reducing the risk of commercializing POX processes. Experiences developing POX processes for refractory gold ores and copper concentrates are briefly discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, M.D., van der Meulen, D.R., Lunt, D.J., and Anderson, P., 2004, “Selection of piloting parameters in pressure hydrometallurgy,” Proceedings of Metallurgical Plant Design and Operating Strategies 2004, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, pp. 543–556.

  • Barta, L.A., Buban, K.R., Stiksma, J., and Collins, M.J., 1999, “Pressure leaching of chalcopyrite concentrates by Dynatec,” Proceedings of COPPER 99-COBRE 99 International Conference, Volume IV — Hydrometallurgy of Copper, S.K. Young, D.B. Dreising, R.P. Hackl and D.G. Dixon, eds., The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, pp. 167–180.

  • Bolton, G.L., and Weir, D.R., 1994, “Autoclave Processing of Gold and Zinc,” 100th Annual Northwest Mining Association Convention.

  • Brewer, R.E., 2004, “Copper Concentrate Pressure Leaching — Plant Scale-up from Continuous Laboratory Testing,” Preprint 04-41, SME Annual Conference & Expo, Feb. 23–25, 2004, Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration Inc., Englewood, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carageorgos, T., and Monhemius, A.J., 1994, “Iron arsenic compounds formed during acidic pressure oxidation of arsenopyrite,” Proceedings of the Annual Hydrometallurgical Meeting — Hydrometallurgy Section, CIM Metallurgical Society, Vol. 24, pp. 101–124.

  • Collins, M., Buban, K., de Kock, F., Kalanchey, R., and Xue, T. 1998, “Copper processing in the Dynatec miniplant,” Proceedings of the ALTA 1998 Copper Sulphide Symposium.

  • Collins, M.J., Berezowsky, R.M.G.S., Vardill, W.D., Ketcham, V.J., and Stojsic, A., 1993, “The Lihir gold project: Pressure oxidation process development,” Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of Hydrometallurgy 1993, pp. 611–628.

  • Collins, M.J., Berezowsky, R.M.G.S., and Weir, D. Robert, 1988, “The behaviour and control of arsenic in the pressure oxidation of uranium and gold feedstocks,” Arsenic Metallurgy — Fundametals and Applications, Reddy, R.G., Hendrix, J.L., and Queneau, P.B., eds., TMS, pp. 115–133.

  • Conway, M.H., and Gale, D.C., 1990, “Sulfur’s impact on the size of pressure oxidation autoclaves,” JOM: Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Vol. 42, No. 9, pp. 19–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03221072.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreisinger, D., Marsh, J., and Dempsey, P., 2002, “The Anglo American Corporation/University of British Columbia (AAC/UBC) chalcopyrite copper hydrometal-lurgical process,” Proceedings of the ALTA 2002 Copper 7 Forum.

  • Dunn, G.M., 2009, “Increasing the capacity of existing and new exothermic autoclave circuits,” Hydrometallury Conference 2009, The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, pp. 43–55.

  • Ferron, C.J., Dymov, I., McDay-Davison, N., and Butcher, D., 2000, “Kinetics and mechanisms of high temperature pressure leaching of Guelb Moghrein chalcopyrite concentrate,” Proceedings of the EPD Congress 2000, Taylor PR., ed., The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society, pp. 579–595.

  • Fleming, C.A., 2010, “Basic iron sulfate — a potential killer in the processing of refractory gold concentrates by pressure oxidation,” Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 81–88.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Gathje, J., Oberg, K.C., and Simmons, G., 1995, “Pressure-oxidation process development: beware of lab results,” Mining Engineering, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorain, B.K., Kondos, PD., and Lakshmanan, V.I., 2016, “Innovations in gold and silver processing,” Innovative Process Development in Metallurgical Industry Concept to Commission, V.I. Lakshmanan, R. Roy and Ramachandran, eds., Springer International Publishing, pp. 413.

  • Himmelblau, D.M., and Bischoff, K.B., 1968, Process Analysis and Simulation: Deterministic Systems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp. 61–81.

  • Kettering, C.F., 1946, “Biographical Memoir of Leo Hendrik Baekeland, 1863–1944,” National Academy of Sciences.

  • King, J.A., 1998, “The economics of autoclaving chalcopyrite,” Proceedings of the ALTA 1998 Copper Sulphide Symposium.

  • King, J.A., and Dreisinger, D.B., 1995, “Autoclaving of copper concentrates,” Proceedings of COPPER 95-COBRE 95 International Conference, Vol. III — Electrorefining and Hydrometallurgy of Copper, W.C. Cooper, D.B. Dreising, J.E. Dutrizac, H. Hein and G. Ugarte, eds., The Metallurgical Society of CIM, pp. 511–533.

  • Levenspiel, O., 1972, Chemical Reaction Engineering, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp. 255–296.

  • Marsden, J.O., and Brewer, R.E., 2003, “Hydrometallurgical processing of copper concentrates by Phelps Dodge at the Bagdad Mine in Arizona,” Proceedings of ALTA 2003 Copper.

  • Marsden, J.O., and House, C.I., 2006, The Chemistry of Gold Extraction, Second Edition, Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Inc., Englewood, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, J.O., Wilmot, J.C., and Hazen, N., 2007a, “Medium-temperature pressure leaching of copper concentrates — Part I: chemistry and initial process development,” Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 193–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, J.O., Wilmot, J.C., and Hazen, N., 2007b, “Medium-temperature pressure leaching of copper concentrates — Part II: development of direct electrowinning and an acid autogenous process,” Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 205–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, J.O., Wilmot, J.C., and Mathern, D.R., 2007, “Medium-temperature pressure leaching of copper concentrates — Part III: commercial demonstration at Bagdad, Arizona,” Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 218–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, J.O., Wilmot, J.C., and Smith, R.J., 2007, “Medium-temperature pressure leaching of copper concentrates — Part IV: application at Morenci, Arizona,” Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 226–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, P.G., 1990, “Energy requirements for the pressure oxidation of gold-bearing sulfides,” JOM, Vol. 42, No. 9, pp. 15–18, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03221071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNulty, T, 1998, “Innovative technology: its development and commercialization,” Managing Innovation in the Minerals Industry, M.C. Kuhn, ed., Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Inc., Englewood, CO, pp. 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pieterse, H., and Dreisinger D., 1997, “Low, medium and high temperature autoclaving of copper ores,” Proceedings of Copper Hydromet Roundtable’ 97, Randol at Vancouver’ 97, pp. 193–196.

  • Tuller, W.N., 1954, The Sulphur Data Book, McGraw-Hill Book Company, pp. 23.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. D. Gertenbach.

Additional information

Paper number MMP-16-012.

Discussion of this peer-reviewed and approved paper is invited and must be submitted to SME Publications Dept. prior to May 31, 2017.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gertenbach, D.D. Scaleup of pressure oxidation processes. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 33, 178–186 (2016). https://doi.org/10.19150/mmp.6839

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.19150/mmp.6839

Key words

Navigation