Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Porokeratoses: an update of clinical, aetiopathogenic and therapeutic features

  • Review Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Dermatology

Abstract

Porokeratoses represent a group of uncommon, acquired or hereditary dermatoses, due to a keratinization disorder whose origin is still unclear; they could be due to the expansion of a clone of abnormal epidermal keratinocytes. Several clinical forms exist, of which the most common is disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis; other forms include Mibelli, disseminated superficial, linear, palmoplantaris punctata and palmaris, plantaris et disseminata. These may coexist in the same patient or in different members of the same family. Porokeratoses manifest clinically with annular or linear, well-circumscribed keratotic plaques and share a common histological hallmark, the cornoid lamella, a vertical stack of parakeratotic corneocytes within the horny layer resting on a shallow depression of the underlying epidermis. Porokeratoses may be seen in the setting of various immunodeficiencies, namely in organtransplant recipients, in whom the course of the disease may parallel the degree of immunosuppression. The overall prognosis of porokeratoses is favourable but is shadowed by the possibility of malignant transformation of the lesions (usually into squamous cell carcinoma); this happens in less than 10% of cases but may prove fatal. Although several surgical or medical (local or systemic) treatments have been tried, none of them has shown consistent and long-term efficacy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Allegra F. The man behind the eponym: Vittorio Mibelli and the tale of porokeratosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1986; 11: 79–83.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Redondo P, Sola M, Lloret P. Porokeratosis and povidone-iodine: a new clinical diagnostic sign. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 383.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Katugampola RP, Finlay AY. Fake sun tan diagnosis of porokeratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006; 20: 224–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Sertznig P, von Felbert V, Megahed M. Porokeratosis: present concepts. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 404–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kanitakis C, Ktenides M, Tsoitis G. Porokératose de Mibelli des lèvres bilatérale et symétrique. Dermatologica 1981; 163: 1–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhou C, Jin Y, Zang D, Zhang J. Disseminated bilateral hyperkeratotic variant of porokeratosis Mibelli with pruritus. Eur J Dermatol 2011; 21: 1007–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Vergara G, Banuls J, Botella R, Silvestre JF, Belinchon I, Betlloch I. Porokeratosis of the lower lip. Eur J Dermatol 2002; 12: 500–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gotz A, Kopera D, Wach F, Hohenleutner U, Landthaler M. Porokeratosis Mibelli gigantea: case report and literature review. Hautarzt 1999; 50: 435–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sidwell RU, Seet JE, Francis N, Bunker CB. Giant actinic porokeratosis of the scalp. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149: 654.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gutierrez E, Galarza C, Ramos W, et al. Facial porokeratosis: a series of six patients. Australas J Dermatol 2010; 51: 191–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Porter W, Du Menage H, Philip G, Bunker C. Porokeratosis of the penis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 144: 643–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Robinson J, Im D, Jockle G, Rosenshein N. Vulvar porokeratosis: case report and review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1999; 18: 169–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Laino L, Pala S, Innocenzi D, Accappaticcio G, Van Steensel MA. Genital porokeratosis. Eur J Dermatol 2004; 14: 190–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mikhail G, Wertheimer F. Clinical variants of porokeratosis (Mibelli). Acta Derm Venereol 1968; 98: 124–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim DS, Roh MR, Lee JH, Lee KH. Pterygium unguis formation in porokeratosis of Mibelli. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156: 1384–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Handjani F, Shahbaz S, Aslani FS, Gheisari F, Mozaffarian K, Kasraee B. Porokeratosis of Mibelli with mutilation: a case report. Cutis 2010; 86: 77–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Patrizi A, D’Acunto C, Passarini B, Neri I. Porokeratosis in the elderly: a new subtype of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Acta Derm Venereol 2000; 80: 302–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chernosky M, Freeman R. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP): clinical studies and experimental production of lesions. Arch Dermatol 1967; 96: 611–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Allen AL, Glaser DA. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis associated with topical PUVA. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43: 720–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chernosky M, Anderson D. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Clinical studies and experimental production of lesions. Arch Dermatol 1969; 99: 401–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cockerell C. Induction of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis by phototherapy for psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 301–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Neumann R, Knobler R, Metze D, Jurecka W, Gebhart W. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: experimental induction and exacerbation of skin lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21: 1182–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Roson E, Garcia-Doval I, De La Torre C, et al. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis with mucosal involvement. Acta Derm Venereol 2001; 81: 64–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kohara Y, Takeo T, Oshima Y, Akita Y, Tamada Y, Watanabe D. Linear porokeratosis with nail dystrophy. Eur J Dermatol 2011; 21: 625–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Robati RM, Rahmati-Roosdari M, Ayatollahi A, Hejazi S. Facial and bilateral acral porokeratosis with nail dystrophy: a case report. Dermatol Online J 2011; 17: 5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Tseng SS, Levit EK, Ilarda I, et al. Linear porokeratosis with underlying bony abnormalities. Cutis 2002; 69: 309–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wei B, Liu M, Qu L, Xiao T, Chen H, He C. Congenital linear porokeratosis with pseudoainhum. Eur J Dermatol 2010; 20: 817–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhang ZH, Xiang LH, Chen LJ, et al. Congenital facial linear porokeratosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005; 30: 361–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Freyschmidt-Paul P, Hoffmann R, Konig A, Happle R. Linear porokeratosis superimposed on disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: report of two cases exemplifying the concept of type 2 segmental manifestation of autosomal dominant skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 41: 644–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Murata Y, Kumano K, Takai T. Type 2 segmental manifestation of disseminated superficial porokeratosis showing a systematized pattern of involvement and pronounced cancer proneness. Eur J Dermatol 2001; 11: 191–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Schwarz N, Stadie V, Kreft B, Happle R, Marsch W, Fiedler E. Systematized linear porokeratosis: concept of type 2 segmental manifestation implies an increased cancer risk. J Dermatol 2012; 39: 953–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lestringant G, Berge T. Porokeratosis punctata palmaris et plantaris. A new entity? Arch Dermatol 1989; 125: 816–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Guss S, Osbourn R, Lutzner M. Porokeratosis palmaris, plantaris et disseminata: a third type of porokeratosis. Arch Dermatol 1971; 104: 366–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Irisawa R, Yamazaki M, Yamamoto T, Tsuboi R. A case of porokeratosis plantaris palmaris et disseminata and literature review. Dermatol Online J 2012; 18: 5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Patrizi A, Passarini B, Minghetti G, Massina M. Porokeratosis palmaris, plantaris et disseminata: an unusual clinical presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21: 415–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lucke T, Fallowfield M, Kemmett D. A sporadic case of porokeratosis plantaris palmaris et disseminata. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 556–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Marque M, Meunier L. Les porokératoses. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2012; 139: 668–76.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Suarez-Amor O, Pereiro-Ferreiros M, Ginarte M, et al. Coexistence of linear porokeratosis and disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a type 2 segmental manifestation. Acta Derm Venereol 2007; 87: 363–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cho K, Lee Y, Park H, Cho B. Coexistence of congenital linear porokeratosis and disseminated superficial porokeratosis. Australas J Dermatol 2012; 53: e30–1.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Murase J, Gilliam A. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis co-existing with linear and verrucous porokeratosis in an elderly woman: update on the genetics and clinical expression of porokeratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63: 886–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Löhrer R, Neumann-Acikel A, Eming R, et al. A case of linear porokeratosis superimposed on disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Case Rep Dermatol 2010; 2: 130–4.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Niimi Y, Kawana S. Type 2 segmental manifestation of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis in a 7-year-old girl. Eur J Dermatol 2009; 19: 25–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kaur S, Thami G, Mohan H, Kanwar A. Co-existence of variants of porokeratosis: a case report and a review of the literature. J Dermatol 2002; 29: 305–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Commens C, Schumack S. Linear porokeratosis in two families with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Ped Dermatol 1987; 4: 209–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Helfman R, Poulos E. Reticulated porokeratosis: a unique variant of porokeratosis. Arch Dermatol 1985; 121: 1542–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. McGuigan K, Shurman D, Campanelli C, Lee J. Porokeratosis ptychotropica: a clinicaly distinct variant of porokeratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60: 501–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Yeo J, Winhoven S, Tallon B. Porokeratosis ptychotropica: a rare and evolving variant of porokeratosis. J Cutan Pathol 2013; 40: 1042–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Takiguchi R, White K, White C, Simpson E. Verrucous porokeratosis of the gluteal cleft (porokeratosis ptychotropica): a rare disorder easily misdiagosed. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 37: 802–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Stone N, Ratnavel R, Wilkinson JD. Bilateral perianal inflammatory verrucous porokeratosis (porokeratosis ptychotropica). Br J Dermatol 1999; 140: 553–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Corradin MT, Giulioni E, Forcione M, et al. Porokeratosis ptychotropica. Eur J Dermatol 2011; 21: 416–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kanzaki T, Miwa N, Kobayashi T, Ogawa S. Eruptive pruritic papular porokeratosis. J Dermatol 1992; 19: 109–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kang B, Kye Y, Kim S. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with both typical and prurigo nodularis-like lesions. J Dermatol 2001; 28: 81–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Watanabe T, Murakami T, Okochi H, Kikuchi K, Furue M. Ulcerative porokeratosis. Dermatology 1998; 196: 256–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ricci C, Rosset A, Panizzon R. Bullous and pruritic variant of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: successful treatment with grenz rays. Dermatology 1999; 199: 328–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Miller DD, Ruben BS. Pustular porokeratosis. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36: 1191–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Chen H, Chou Y, Chen C, Kuo T, Hong H. Genital porokeratosis: a series of 10 patients and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2006; 155: 325–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wang NS, Gruson LM, Kamino H. Facial follicular porokeratosis: a case report. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32: 720–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Asawanonda P, Noppakun N, Huiprasert P. Seborrheic keratosislike porokeratosis: A case report. Dermatol Online J 2005; 11: 18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Walsh S, Hurt M, Santa Cruz D. Porokeratoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 1897–901.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kanitakis J, Rival-Tringali AL, Chouvet B, Vignot E, Claudy A, Faure M. Porokeratoma (porokeratotic acanthoma): immunohistological study of a new case. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36: 804–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Batalla A, Roson E, De la Torre C. Porokeratoma: a different entity or a variant of verrucous (hyperkeratotic) porokeratosis? Indian J Dermatol 2013; 58: 158.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Du-Thanh A, Frouin E, Vignon-Pennamen MD, Debu A, Guillot B, Dereure O. Solitary plaque of the labial commissure with contiguous mucosal involvement: a distinct subset of porokeratosis? Eur J Dermatol 2013; 23: 722–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Shumack S, Commens C, Kossard S. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. A histological review of 61 cases with particular reference to lymphocytic infiltration. Am J Dermatopathol 1991; 23: 26–31.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Ginarte M, Leon A, Toribio J. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis with amyloid deposits. Eur J Dermatol 2005; 15: 298–300.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Inamoto N, Watanabe T, Nakamura K. Porokeratosis of Mibelli: benzochlorothiazide-induced new lesions accompanied by eosinophilic spongiosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11: 357–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Park BS, Moon SE, Kim JA. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis in a patient with chronic liver disease. J Dermatol 1997; 24: 485–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Raychaudhuri S, Smoller B. Porokeratosis in immunosuppressed and non-immunosuppressed patients. Int J Dermatol 1992; 31: 781–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Kanitakis J, Miséry L, Nicolas JF, et al. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis in a patient with AIDS. Br J Dermatol 1994; 131: 284–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sato A, Anton-Lamprecht I, Schnyder U. Ultrastructure of inborn errors of keratinization: Porokeratosis Mibelli and disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Arch Dermatol Res 1976; 255: 271–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gray M, Smoller B, McNutt N. Carcinogenesis in porokeratosis: evidence for a role relating to chronic growth activation of keratinocytes. Am J Dermatopathol 1991; 13: 438–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ito M, Fujiwara H, Maruyama T, Oguro K, Ishihara O, Sato Y. Morphogenesis of the cornoid lamella: histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of porokeratosis. J Cutan Pathol 1991; 18: 247–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Manganoni A, Faccheti F, Gavazzoni R. Involvement of epidermal Langerhans cells in porokeratosis of immunosuppressed renal transplant patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21: 799–801.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Wade T, Ackerman B. Cornoid lamellation: a histologic reaction pattern. Am J Dermatopathol 1980; 2: 5–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Biswas A. Cornoid lamellation revisited: apropos of porokeratosis with emphasis on unusual clinicopathologic variants. Am J Dermatopathol (published online Jan 13, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Oiso N, Kawada A. Dermoscopic features in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Eur J Dermatol 2011; 21: 439–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Moscarella E, Longo C, Zalaudek I, Argenziano G, Piana S, Lallas A. Dermoscopy and confocal microscopy clues in the diagnosis of psoriasis and porokeratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: e231–3.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Ulrich M, Forschner T, Röwert-Hüber J, et al. Differentiation between actinic keratoses and disseminated superficial actinic porokeratoses with reflectance confocal micrscopy. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156(suppl. 3): 47–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Von Felbert V, Neis M, Megahed M, Spöler F. Imaging of actinic porokeratosis by optical coherence tomography. Hautarzt 2008; 59: 877–9.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Reed R, Leone P. Porokeratosis — a mutant clonal keratosis of the epidermis. Arch Dermatol 1970; 101: 340–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Beers B, Jaszcz W, Sheetz K, Hogan D, Lynch P. Porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata. Report of a case with abnormal DNA ploidy in lesional epidermis. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 236–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Otsuka F, Shima A, Ishibashi Y. Porokeratosis as a premalignant condition of the skin. Cytologic demonstration of abnormal DNA ploidy in cells of the epidermis. Cancer 1989; 63: 891–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Otsuka F, Iwata M, Watanabe R, Chi H, Ishibashi Y. Porokeratosis: clinical and cellular characterization of its cancer-prone nature. J Dermatol 1992; 19: 702–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Chang SE, Lim Y, Lee H, Choi J, Sung K. Expression of p53, pRb, p16 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in squamous cell carcinomas arising on a giant porokeratosis. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 575–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Arranz-Salas I, Sanz-Trelles A, Ojeda D. p53 alterations in porokeratosis. J Cutan Pathol 2003; 7: 455–8.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Anderson D, Chernosky M. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Genetic aspects. Arch Dermatol 1969; 99: 408–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Sacppaticci S, Limbiase S, Orecchia G, Fraccaro M. Clonal chromosome abnormalities with preferential involvement of chromosome 3 in patients with porokeratosis of Mibelli. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1989; 43: 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Luan J, Niu Z, Zhang J, et al. A novel locus for disseminated superficial porokeratosis maps to chromosome 16q24.1-24.3. Hum Genet 2011; 129: 329–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Cao H, Wang Z, Zhang G, et al. Identification of a locus (DSP2) for disseminated superficial porokeratosis at chromosome 12q21.2- 24.21. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37: 672–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhang SQ, Jiang T, Li M, et al. Exome sequencing identifies MVK mutations in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Nat Genet 2012; 44: 1156–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhou Y, Liu J, Fu X, et al. Identification of three novel frameshift mutations of the MVK gene in four Chinese families with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169: 193–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Occella C, Bleidl D, Nozza P, et al. Identification of an interstitial 18p11.32-p11.31 duplication including the EMILIN2 gene in a family with porokeratosis of Mibelli. PLoS One 2013; 8: e61311.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kawara S, Oiso N, Kawada A. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis in a patient undergoing treatment with longterm narrowband ultraviolet B for psoriasis. J Dermatol 2011; 38: 585–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Romani J, Pujol R, Casanova J, de Moragas J. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis developing after electron beam total skin irradiation for mycosis fungoides. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996; 21: 310–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Batchelor J, Fife K, Burrows N. Localized porokeratosis secondary to ionizing radiotherapy for prostate carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 2010; 146: 1318–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. James A, Clarke L, Elenitsas R, Katz K. Segmental porokeratosis after radiation therapy for follicular lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: S49–50.

    Google Scholar 

  96. D’Errico M, Teson M, Calcagnile A, et al. Characterization of the ultraviolet B and X-ray response of primary cultured epidermal cells from patients with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150: 47–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Schwartz T, Seiser A, Gschnait F. Disseminated superficial « actinic » porokeratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984; 11: 724–30.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Bencini PL, Tarantino A, Grimalt R, Ponticelli C, Caputo R. Porokeratosis and immunosuppression. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132: 74–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Macmillan A, Roberts S. Porokeratosis of Mibelli after renal transplantation. Br J Dermatol 1974; 90: 45–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Rodriguez E, Jakubowicz S, Chinchilla D, Carril A, Viglioglia P. Porokeratosis of Mibelli and HIV infection. Int J Dermatol 1996; 35: 402–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Zenarola P, Melillo L, Lomuto M, Carotenuto M, Enzo Gomes V, Marzocchi W. Exacerbation of porokeratosis: a sign of immunodepression. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29: 1035–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Tsambaos D, Spiliopoulos T. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis: complete remission subsequent to discontinuation of immunosuppression. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: 651–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kroiss M, Stolz W, Hohenleutner U, Landthaler M. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis induced by furosemide. Acta Derm Venereol 2000; 80: 52–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Trcka J, Pettke-Rank CV, Brocker EB, Hamm H. Genitoanocrural porokeratosis following chronic exposure to benzene. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998; 23: 28–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Yazkan F, Turk BG, Dereli T, Kazandi AC. Porokeratosis of Mibelli induced by topical corticosteroid. J Cutan Pathol 2006; 33: 516–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Guarneri C, Cannavo S, Lentini M, Polimeni G. Adalimumabinduced disseminated superficial porokeratosis. Ann Pharmacother 2011 (epub Feb 8).

    Google Scholar 

  107. Stewart L, Howat A, Coulson I. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis secondary to immunosuppression induced by etanercept for extensive psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2010; 146: 1193–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Goulding J, Teoh J, Carr R, Humphreys F, Gee B. Eruptive disseminated superficial porokeratosis with rapid resolution: a drug induced phenomenon? Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34: 895–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Kanitakis J, Arbona-Vidal E, Faure M. Porokeratosis in patients with polycythemia rubra vera: a new side-effect of hydroxyurea? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26: 1040–1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Esser AC, Pittelkow MR, Randle HW. Human papillomavirus isolated from transplant-associated porokeratoses of Mibelli responsive to topical 5% imiquimod cream. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32: 858–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Mizukawa Y, Shiohara T. Onset of porokeratosis of Mibelli in organ transplant recipients: lack of a search for transmissible agents in these patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: 143–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Kono T, Kobayashi H, Ishii M, Nishiguchi S, Taniguchi S. Synchronous development of disseminated superficial porokeratosis and hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43: 966–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Mizukawa Y, Shiohara T. Porokeratosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: does hepatitis C virus infection provide a link between porokeratosis and immunosuppression? Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 163–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Nova M, Goldberg L, Mattison T, Halperin A. Porokeratosis arising in a burn scar. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25: 354–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Nakazawa A, Matsuo I, Ohkido M. Porokeratosis localized to the access region for hemodialysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 21: 338–40.

    Google Scholar 

  116. D’Errico M, Teson M, Calcagnile A, et al. Characterization of the ultraviolet B and X-ray response of primary cultured epidermal cells from patients with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150: 47–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Schena D, Papagrigoraki A, Frigo A, Girolomoni G. Eruptive disseminated porokeratosis associated with internal maignancies: a case report. Cutis 2010; 85: 156–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Torres T, Velho G, Selores M. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma: a paraneoplastic manifestation? An Bras Dermatol 2010; 85: 229–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Cannavo M, Borgia F, Adamo B, Guarneri B. Simultaneous development and parallel course of disseminated superficial porokeratosis and ovarian cancer: coincidental association or true paraneplastic syndrome? J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: 657–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Lee WJ, Kim CH, Park GH, et al. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis in a patient with esophageal cancer. J Dermatol 2010; 37: 747–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Diluvio L, Campione E, Paterno EJ, et al. Acute onset disseminated superficial porokeratosis heralding diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Eur J Dermatol 2008; 18: 349–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Breton AL, Pralong P, Trillet-Lenoir V, Balme B, Nicolas JF, Berard F. Disseminated porokeratosis transiently healed by cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Dermatol 2014; 24: 261–2.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Flanagan N, Boyadjiev SA, Harper J, et al. Familial craniosynostosis, anal anomalies, and porokeratosis: CAP syndrome. J Med Genet 1998; 35: 763–6.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Mendoza-Londono R, Lammer E, Watson R, et al. Characterization of a new syndrome that associates craniosynostosis, delayed fontanel closure, parietal foramina, imperforate anus, and skin eruption: CDAGS. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77: 161–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Chouery E, Guissart C, Mégarbané H, et al. Craniosynostosis, anal anomalies, and porokeratosis (CDAGS syndrome): case report and literature review. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56: 674–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Tanaka M, Terui T, Kudo K, Tagami H. Inflammatory disseminated superficial porokeratosis followed by regression. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132: 153–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Gilead L, Guberman D, Zlotogorski A, Vardy D, Klaus S. Immunosuppression-induced porokeratosis of Mibelli: complete regression of lesions upon cessation of immunosuppressive therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1995; 5: 170–2.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Seishima M, Izumi T, Oyama Z, Maeda M. Squamous cell carcinoma arising from lesions of porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata. Eur J Dermatol 2000; 10: 478–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Maubec E, Duvillard P, Margulis A, Bachollet B, Degois G, Avril MF. Common skin cancers in porokeratosis. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 1389–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Ehsani AH, Shakoei S, Ranjbar M. Giant porokeratosis of Mibelli with squamous cell carcinoma. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2014; 80: 96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Guenova E, Hoetzenecker W, Metzler G, et al. Multicentric Bowen disease in linear porokeratosis. Eur J Dermatol 2007; 17: 439–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Sasson M, Krain A. Porokeratosis and cutaneous malignancy. A review. Dermatol Surg 1996; 22: 339–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Otsuka F, Someya T, Ishibashi Y. Porokeratosis and malignant skin tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1991; 117: 55–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Happle R. Cancer proneness of linear porokeratosis may be explained by allelic loss. Dermatology 1997; 195: 20–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Shumack S, Commens C. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a clinical study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20: 1015–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Lee HR, Han TY, Son S, Lee JH. Squamous cell carcinoma developing within lesions of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Ann Dermatol 2011; 23: 536–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Scola N, Skrygan M, Wieland U, Kreuter A, Gambichler T. Altered gene expression in squamous cell carcinoma arising from congenital unilateral linear porokeratosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37: 781–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Sawai T, Hayakawa H, Danno K. Squamous cell carcinoma arising from giant porokeratosis: a case with extensive metastasis and hypercalcemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 34: 507–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Lozinski AZ, Fisher BK, Walter JB, Fitzpatrick PJ. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in linear porokeratosis of Mibelli. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16(2 Pt 2): 448–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Silver S, Crawford R. Fatal squamous cell carcinoma arising from transplant-associated porokeratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49: 931–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Rongioletti F, Rebora A. Disseminated porokeratosis with fatal metastatic squamous cell carcinoma: an additional case of “malignant disseminated porokeratosis”. Am J Dermatopathol 2002; 24: 144–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kanitakis J, Euvrard S, Faure M, Claudy A. Porokeratosis and immunosuppression. Eur J Dermatol 1998; 8: 459–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Herranz P, Pizarro A, De Lucas R, et al. High incidence of porokeratosis in renal transplant patients. Br J Dermatol 1997; 136: 176–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Bouman T, van de Kerkhof P, Happle R. Disseminierte Porokeratosis nach Nierentransplantation. In: Gollnick H, Stadler R, eds. Dia-Klinik Fallvorstellungen anlässlich des 17. Weltkongresses für Dermatologie. Stuttgart: Schattauer, 1987; 49–50.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Hunt S, Sharra W, Abell E. Linear and punctate porokeratosis associated with end-stage liver disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25: 937–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Perez-Crespo M, Betlloch I, Lucas-Costa A, Bauls-Roca J, Niveiro de Jaime M, Mataix J. Unusual evolution of giant porokeratosis developing in two renal transplant recipients. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47: 759–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Anzai S, Takeo N, Yamaguchi T, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma in a renal transplant recipient with linear porokeratosis. J Dermatol 1999; 26: 244–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Skupsky H, Skupsky J, Goldenberg G. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a treatment review. J Dermatol Treat 2012; 23: 52–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Tan L, Chong W. Porokeratosis in Singapore: an Asian perspective. Australas J Dermatol 2012; 53: e40–4.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Spencer J, Katz B. Successful treatment of porokeratosis of Mibelli with diamond fraise dermabrasion. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128: 1187–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Scheiba N, Enk A, Proske S, Hartschuh W. Porokeratosis ptychotropica: successful treatment with the dermatome. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36: 257–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Dereli T, Ozyurt S, Ozturk G. Porokeratosis of Mibelli: succesful treatment with cryosurgery. J Dermatol 2004; 31: 223–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Bhushan M, Craven NM, Beck MH, Chalmers RJ. Linear porokeratosis of Mibelli: successful treatment with cryotherapy. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 389.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Itoh M, Nakagawa H. Successful treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with Q-switched ruby laser. J Dermatol 2007; 34: 816–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Liu Y, Wang Y, Nie X, et al. Treatment of classic porokeratosis of Mibelli with Q-switched ruby laser. Eur J Dermatol 2012; 22: 125–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Liu H. Treatment of lichen amyloidosis and disseminated superficial porokeratosis with frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd/Yag laser. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26: 958–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Rosenblum J, Roenigk HH. Erbium laser for the treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a case report. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39: 1543–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Lolis M, Marmur E. Treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) with the Q-switched ruby laser. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2008; 10: 124–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Noborio R, Morita A. Split-face trial of CO2 laser-induced ring abrasion and high-dose tacalcitol in the treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. J Dermatol 2012; 39: 879–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Alster T, Nanni C. Successful treatment of porokeratosis with 585 nm pulsed dye laser irradiation. Cutis 1999; 63: 265–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Ashinoff R, Geronemus R. Porokeratosis of Mibelli with underlying hemangioma treated by the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. Cutis 1990; 46: 410–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Rabbin P, Baldwin H. Treatment of porokeratosis of Mibelli with CO2 laser vaporization versus surgical excision with split-thickness skin graft. A comparison. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993; 19: 199–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. McCullough TL, Lesher JL. Porokeratosis of Mibelli: rapid recurrence of a large lesion after carbon dioxide laser treatment. Ped Dermatol 1994; 11: 267–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Chrastil B, Glaich A, Goldberg L, Friedman P. Fractional photothermolysis: a novel treatment for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 1450–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Garcia-Navarro X, Garcès JR, Baselga E, Alomar A. Linear porokeratosis. Excellent response to photodynamic therapy. Arch Dermatol 2009; 145: 526–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Curkova AK, Hegyi J, Kozub P, Szep Z, D’Erme AM, Simaljakova M. A case of linear porokeratosis treated with photodynamic therapy with confocal microscopy surveillance. Dermatol Ther 2013 Oct 1. doi: 10.1111/dth.12097.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Giuliodori K, Campaati A, Ganzetti G, et al. The successful offlabel use of photodynamic therapy for classic porokeratosis of Mibelli: case report. Dermatol Ther 2011; 24: 501–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Gutiérrez Paredes E, Bella Navarro R, Montesinos Villaescusa E, Jordá Cuevas E. Porokeratosis of Mibelli: A new indication for photodynamic therapy? Actas Dermosifilogr 2013; 104: 259–61.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Cavicchini S, Tourlaki A. Successful treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with methyl aminolevulinatephotodynamic therapy. J Dermatol Treat 2006; 17: 190–1.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Nayeemuddin FA, Wong M, Yell J, Rhodes LE. Topical photodynamic therapy in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002; 27: 703–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Fernández-Guarino M, Harto A, Pérez-Garcia B, Martin-González M, Urrutia S, Jaén P. Photodynamic therapy in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 176–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Boiy A, de Witte P, Roelandts R. Topical treatment of disseminated actinic porokeratosis with hypericin-photodynamic therapy: a case report. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 7: 123–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Böhm M, Luger TA, Bonsmann G. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: treatment with topical tacalcitol. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 479–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Harrison P, Stollery N. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis responding to calcipotriol. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994; 19: 95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Abe M, Yokoyama Y, Ishikawa O. Successful treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with tacalcitol lotion. J Dermatol 2010; 37: 913–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Bakardzhiev I, Kavaklieva S, Pehlivanov G. Successful treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with calcipotriol. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51: 1139–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Almeida Gonc¸alves JC. Fluorouracil ointment treatment of porokeratosis of Mibelli. Arch Dermatol 1973; 108: 131–2.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Rahman M, Ansari N, Hadiuzzaman M, Nipa N, Mumu S, Chowdhury I. A giant porokeratosis of Mibelli: successful treatment with topical 5 percent fluorouracil. Egypt Dermatol Online J 2011; 7: 7.

    Google Scholar 

  179. McDonald SG, Peterka ES. Porokeratosis (Mibelli): treatment with topical 5-fluorouracil. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983; 8: 107–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Shelley WB, Shelley ED. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis: rapid therapeutic response to 5-fluorouracil. Cutis 1983; 32: 139–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Balato N, Di Nardo G, Boccia L, Nappa P. [Linear Mibelli’s porokeratosis. Treatment with topical 5-fluorouracil]. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 1986; 121: 147–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Teixeira S, Nascimento M, Bagatin E, Hassun K, Talarico S, Michalany N. The use of fluor-hydroxy pulse peel in actinic porokeratosis. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31: 1145–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Levitt J, Emer JJ, Emanuel PO. Treatment of porokeratosis of Mibelli with combined use of photodynamic therapy and fluorouracil cream. Arch Dermatol 2010; 146: 371–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Agarwal S, Berth-Jones J. Porokeratosis of Mibelli: successful treatment with 5% imiquimod cream. Br J Dermatol 2002; 146: 338–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Harrison S, Sinclair R. Porokeratosis of Mibelli: successful treatment with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Australas J Dermatol 2003; 44: 281–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Jain S. Successful treatment of porokeratosis of Mibelli with imiquimod 5% cream. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 31: 302–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Gajic B, Tang K, Whitfeld M. Porokeratosis of Mibelli: Involution and resolution with 5% imiquimod cream. Australas J Dermatol 2011; 52: 301–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Arun B, Pearson J, Chalmers R. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis treated effectively with topical imiquimod 5% cream. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011; 36: 509–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Riad H, Mansour K, Sada HA, Shaika SA, Ansari HA, Mohannadi HA. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis on the face treated with imiquimod 5% cream. Case Rep Dermatol 2013; 5: 283–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Ahn SJ, Lee HJ, Chang SE, et al. Case of linear porokeratosis: successful treatment with topical 5% imiquimod cream. J Dermatol 2007; 34: 146–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Jensen JM, Egberts F, Proksch E, Hauschild A. Disseminated porokeratosis palmaris and plantaris treated with imiquimod cream to prevent malignancy. Acta Derm Venereol 2005; 85: 550–1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Venkatarajan S, LeLeux TM, Yang D, Rosen T, Orengo I. Porokeratosis of Mibelli: Successful treatment with 5 percent topical imiquimod and topical 5 percent 5-fluorouracil. Dermatol Online J 2010; 16: 10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Vlachou C, Kanelleas AI, Martin-Clavijo A, Berth-Jones J. Treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with topical diclofenac gel: a case series. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22: 1343–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Marks S, Varma R, Cantrell W, et al. Diclofenac sodium 3% gel as a potential treatment for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23: 42–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Kluger N, Dereure O, Guilhou JJ, Guillot B. Genital porokeratosis: treatment with diclofenac topical gel. J Dermatol Treat 2007; 18: 188–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Naineni KK, Hohle R, Lucke T. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis of the scalp. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007; 32: 222–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Agrawal SK, Gandhi V, Madan V, Bhattacharya SN. Topical tretinoin in Indian male with zosteriform porokeratosis. Int J Dermatol 2003; 42: 919–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Levitt JO, Keeley BR, Phelps RG. Treatment of porokeratosis of Mibelli with cantharidin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69: e254–5.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Parks AC, Conner KJ, Armstrong CA. Long-term clearance of linear porokeratosis with tacrolimus 0.1% ointment. JAMA Dermatol 2014; 150: 194–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Hong JB, Hsiao CH, Chu CY. Systematized linear porokeratosis: a rare variant of diffuse porokeratosis with good response to systemic acitretin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60: 713–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Garg T, Ramchander T, Varghese B, Barara M, Nangia A. Generalized linear porokeratosis: a rare entity with excellent response to acitretin. Dermatol Online J 2011; 17: 3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Goldman G. Generalised linear porokeratosis treated with etretinate. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131: 496–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Hacham-Zadeh S, Holubar K. Etretinate in the treatment of disseminated porokeratosis of Mibelli. Int J Dermatol 1985; 24: 258–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Borroni G, Poddighe D, Zecca M, Brazzelli V. Efficacy of acitretin for porokeratosis in a child with chronic cutaneous graft versus host disease. Pediatr Dermatol 2013; 30: 148–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Skroza N, Proietti I, Bernardini N, et al. Acitretin for treatment of familial porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminate. Eur J Dermatol 2012; 22: 699–700.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Knobler R, Neumann R. Exacerbation of porokeratosis during etretinate therapy. Acta Derm Venereol 1990; 70: 319–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Dermatology, Ed. Herriot Hospital Group (Pav. R), 69437, Lyon Cx 03, France

    Jean Kanitakis

Authors
  1. Jean Kanitakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean Kanitakis.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kanitakis, J. Porokeratoses: an update of clinical, aetiopathogenic and therapeutic features. Eur J Dermatol 24, 533–544 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2014.2402

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1684/ejd.2014.2402

Key words

Search

Navigation