Skip to main content
Log in

Integrated hydrogel sensor-actuator for glucose sensitivity and drug elution

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
MRS Advances Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Insulin therapy has proven its effectiveness in the treatment of diabetes, but there are still several limitations, including insulin pump failure, infusion set blockage, infusion site problems, insulin stability issues, and user error, among others. In this study, we examine the fabrication of a layered hydrogel system that combines a microfluidic device with both sensing and drug delivery mechanisms. This allows for the continuous monitoring of the glucose concentration and delivers a concentration of drug that is proportional to the concentration of analyte detected in a solution. We developed a 3D-printed glucose sensitive hydrogel system where microfluidic channels would swell and de-swell in the presence of glucose. Here, we report early stage findings on hydrogel-based microfluidics and the resulting drug release kinetics of the hydrogel system.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. N. Sarwar et al., Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet 375(9733), 2215–2222 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60484-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. R. Saran et al., US renal data system 2014 annual data report: epidemiology of kidney disease in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis 66(1 Suppl 1), A7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1053/J.AJKD.2015.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Diabetes Statistics. https://www.diabetesresearch.org/diabetes-statistics. (Accessed 06, Jun, 2022).

  4. W.T. Cefalu et al., Insulin access and affordability working group: conclusions and recommendations. Diabetes Care 41(6), 1299–1311 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2337/DCI18-0019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. I.L. Valuev, L.V. Vanchugova, L.I. Valuev, Polymeric hydrogels for controlled insulin release”. Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 56(5), 505–511 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683820050154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. S. Mansoor, P.P.D. Kondiah, Y.E. Choonara, Advanced hydrogels for the controlled delivery of insulin. Pharmaceutics 13(12), 2113 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS13122113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. K.S. Vasu, S. Sridevi, S. Sampath, A.K. Sood, Non-enzymatic electronic detection of glucose using aminophenylboronic acid functionalized reduced graphene oxide. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 221, 1209–1214 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2015.07.101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Swelling properties of phenylboronic acid containing hydrogels. https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/121133. Accessed 10 May 2022

  9. X. Yang, B.L. Dargaville, D.W. Hutmacher, Elucidating the molecular mechanisms for the interaction of water with polyethylene glycol-based hydrogels: influence of ionic strength and gel network structure. Polymers (Basel) 13(6), 845 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/POLYM13060845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. G. Sennakesavan, M. Mostakhdemin, L.K. Dkhar, A. Seyfoddin, S.J. Fatihhi, Acrylic acid/acrylamide based hydrogels and its properties: a review. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 180, 109308 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.POLYMDEGRADSTAB.2020.109308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. G. Lin et al., Osmotic swelling pressure response of smart hydrogels suitable for chronically-implantable glucose sensors. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 144(1), 332 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2009.07.054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J.H. Chen, T. Michiue, O. Inamori-Kawamoto, S. Ikeda, T. Ishikawa, H. Maeda, Comprehensive investigation of postmortem glucose levels in blood and body fluids with regard to the cause of death in forensic autopsy cases. Leg. Med. 17(6), 475–482 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LEGALMED.2015.08.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R. Silbert, A. Salcido-Montenegro, R. Rodriguez-Gutierrez, A. Katabi, R.G. McCoy, Hypoglycemia among patients with type 2 diabetes: epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies. Curr. Diabetes Rep. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/S11892-018-1018-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey Bates.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the work reported in this paper.

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Velraj, A., Bates, J. Integrated hydrogel sensor-actuator for glucose sensitivity and drug elution. MRS Advances 7, 663–667 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-022-00331-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/s43580-022-00331-1

Navigation