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Materials, devices, and systems for high-speed single-photon counting

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Abstract

Optical communications and high-speed optoelectronics are enabling technologies for modern information networks. Driven by the need for improved bandwidth, high efficiency, and low noise, advances over the last decades have led to high-performance photodetectors operating at the quantum limit. In particular, single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) and superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) provide excellent performance in terms of high detection efficiency and low noise. In this article, we highlight materials challenges in these detectors and review recent progress on devices, and systems for high-count-rate single-photon counting with SPADs and SNSPDs. Device configurations specifically designed for high-speed optoelectronics are discussed, including active detector readout schemes. Advantages and tradeoffs of the different device technologies are summarized and compared, providing an outlook on future prospects for performance optimization and emerging applications.

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Figure 1

[Reproduced from Restelli et al., Single-Photon Workshop (2019)].

Figure 2

Reprinted with permission from Reference 56. © 2016 American Chemical Society. (b) High-speed single-photon detection with SNSPDs gated at 3.8 GHz, resulting in an average time difference td between groups of voltage pulses of 263 ps. Reprinted from Reference 71 with permission of AIP Publishing. (c) Summary of literature reports on high-count-rate SNSPDs operated in free-running and gated mode.

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Data sharing not applicable to this article as no data sets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, USA

    Joshua C. Bienfang

  2. Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE, Sweden

    Val Zwiller & Stephan Steinhauer

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Bienfang, J.C., Zwiller, V. & Steinhauer, S. Materials, devices, and systems for high-speed single-photon counting. MRS Bulletin 47, 494–501 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-022-00345-y

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