Abstract
Starting in 2007, a portable, hand-held X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to elementally analyze and determine the geological source of obsidian artifacts in the Mediterranean, effectively replacing the instruments used in my previous research studies - INAA, LA-ICP-MS, ED-XRF and an electron microprobe with WDS. Approximately 400 geological obsidian samples from the Mediterranean area, and 8500 obsidian artifacts from prehistoric sites in Italy, France, Croatia, Malta, Tunisia, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, and Egypt have been analyzed non-destructively by pXRF. Overall, the pXRF can distinguish all of the individual sources, based on the composition of Fe and trace elements Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Nb, as well as assign most artifacts to specific subsources and thus addressing archaeological research hypotheses about trade and exchange in many different time periods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.R. Cann and C. Renfrew, The characterization of obsidian and its application to the Mediterranean region, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 30, 111–33 (1964).
R.H. Tykot, Chemical fingerprinting and source-tracing of obsidian: the central Mediterranean trade in black gold, Accounts of Chemical Research 35, 618–627 (2002).
R.H. Tykot, Scientific methods and applications to archaeological provenance studies, in Physics Methods in Archaeometry. Proceedings of the International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, edited by M. Martini, M. Milazzo and M. Piacentini (Società Italiana di Fisica, Bologna, 2004) pp. 407–432.
R.H. Tykot, Obsidian in Prehistory, in Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture, edited by P. Richet (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017).
B.R. Hallam, S.E. Warren, C. Renfrew, Obsidian in the western Mediterranean: characterisation by neutron activation analysis and optical emission spectroscopy, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 42, 85–110 (1976).
R.H. Tykot, Characterization of the Monte Arci (Sardinia) obsidian sources, Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 467–479 (1997).
G.M. Crisci, M. Ricq-De Bouard, U. Lanzafame, A.M. De Francesco, Nouvelle méthode d’analyse et provenance de l’ensemble des obsidiennes neolithiques du Midi de la France, Gallia Préhistoire 36, 299–327 (1994).
V. Francaviglia, Characterization of Mediterranean obsidian sources by classical petrochemical methods, Preistoria Alpina 20, 311–332 (1986).
A.M. De Francesco, G.M. Crisci, M. Bocci, Non-destructive analytic method using XRF for determination of provenance of archaeological obsidians from the Mediterranean area: A comparison with traditional XRF methods, Archaeometry 50, 337–350 (2008).
F.-X. Le Bourdonnec, G. Poupeau, C. Luglie, SEM-EDS analysis of western Mediterranean obsidians: a new tool for Neolithic provenance studies, C. R. Geoscience 338, 1150–1157 (2006).
B. Gratuze, Obsidian characterization by laser ablation ICP-MS and its application to prehistoric trade in the Mediterranean and the Near East: Sources and distribution of obsidian with the Aegean and Anatolia, Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 869–881 (1999).
D. Barca, A.M. De Francesco, G.M. Crisci, Application of Laser Ablation ICP-MS for characterization of obsidian fragments from peri-Tyrrhenian area, Journal of Cultural Heritage 8(2), 141–150 (2007).
R.J. Speakman, M.D. Glascock, R.H. Tykot, C. Descantes, J.J. Thatcher, C.E. Skinner, K.M. Lienhop, Selected applications of laser ablation ICP-MS to archaeological research, in Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical Methods and Archaeological Interpretation, edited by M.D. Glascock, R.J. Speakman, R.S. Popelka-Filcoff (ACS Publication Series 968, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2007) pp. 275–296.
R.H. Tykot, Using non-destructive portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometers on stone, ceramics, metals, and other materials in museums: advantages and limitations. Applied Spectroscopy 70(1), 42–56 (2016).
Bruker, Tracer series pXRF spectrometer, https://www.bruker.com/products/x-ray-diffraction-and-elemental-analysis/handheld-xrf/tracer-iii/overview.html [accessed November 15, 2016].
R.H. Tykot, Sourcing of Sardinian obsidian collections in the Museo Preistorico-Etnografico ‘Luigi Pigorini’ using non-destructive portable XRF, in L’ossidiana del Monte Arci nel Mediterraneo. Nuovi apporti sulla diffusione, sui sistemi di produzione e sulla loro cronologia Atti del 5° Convegno internazionale (Pau, Italia, 27–29 Giugno 2008), edited by C. Lugliè (NUR, Ales, 2010) pp. 85–97.
R.H. Tykot, L. Lai, C. Tozzi, Intra-site obsidian subsource patterns at Contraguda, Sardinia (Italy), in Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Archaeometry, 13th–16th May 2008, Siena, Italy, edited by I. Turbanti-Memmi (Springer, 2010) pp. 321–328.
R.H. Tykot, K.P. Freund, A. Vianello, Source analysis of prehistoric obsidian artifacts in Sicily (Italy) using pXRF, in Archaeological Chemistry VIII. ACS Symposium Series 1147, 195– 210 (2013). Edited by R.A. Armitage and J.H. Burton.
R.H. Tykot, Obsidian use and trade in the Adriatic, in The Adriatic, a sea without borders: communication routes of populations in 6000 BC, edited by P. Visentini and E. Podrug (Civici Musei di Udine, Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale, 2014) pp. 171–181, 224–225.
N. Goodale, D.G. Bailey, G.T. Jones, C. Prescott, E. Scholz, N. Stagliano, C. Lewis, pXRF: a study of inter-instrument performance, Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 875–883 (2012).
N. Forster and P. Grave, Non-destructive PXRF analysis of museum-curated obsidian from the Near East, Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 728–736 (2012).
A.N. Shugar, Portable X-ray fluorescence and archaeology: Limitations of the instrument and suggested methods to achieve desired results, in Archaeological Chemistry VIII. ACS Symposium Series 1147, 173–195 (2013). Edited by R.A. Armitage and J.H. Burton.
I. Liritzis and N. Zacharias, Portable XRF of archaeological artifacts: Current research, potentials and limitations, in X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology, edited by M.S. Shackley (Springer, New York, 2013) pp. 109–142.
E. Frahm and R.C.P. Doonan, The technological versus methodological revolution of portable XRF in archaeology, Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1425–1434 (2013).
E. Frahm, R. Doonan, V. Kilikoglou, Handheld portable X-ray fluorescence of Aegean obsidians, Archaeometry 56, 228–260 (2014).
M. Milič, PXRF characterisation of obsidian from central Anatolia, the Aegean and central Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science 41, 285–296 (2014).
V. Francaviglia, Ancient obsidian sources on Pantelleria (Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science 15, 109–22 (1988).
R.H. Tykot, T. Setzer, M.D. Glascock, R.J. Speakman, Identification and characterization of the obsidian sources on the island of Palmarola, Italy, Geoarchaeological and Bioarchaeological Studies 3, 107–111 (2005).
R.H. Tykot, M.R. Iovino, M.C. Martinelli, L. Beyer, Ossidiana da Lipari: le fonti, la distribuzione, la tipologia e le tracce d’usura, in Atti del XXXIX Riunione Scientifica dell’Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria: Materie prime e scambi nella preistoria italiana, Firenze, 25–27 November 2004, 592–597 (2006).
R.H. Tykot and A.J. Ammerman, New directions in central Mediterranean obsidian studies, Antiquity 71(274), 1000–1006 (1997).
K.P. Freund and R.H. Tykot, Lithic technology and obsidian exchange networks in Bronze Age Nuragic Sardinia (Italy), Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 3, 151–164 (2011).
K.P.Freund, R.H. Tykot, A. Vianello, Blade production and the consumption of obsidian in Stentinello period Neolithic Sicily, Comptes Rendus Palevol 14, 207–217 (2015).
R.H. Tykot, Obsidian finds on the fringes of the central Mediterranean: exotic or eccentric exchange?, in Exotica in the Prehistoric Mediterranean, edited by A. Vianello (Oxbow Books, 2011) pp. 33–44.
R.H. Tykot, Obsidian procurement and distribution in the central and western Mediterranean, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 9, 39–82 (1996).
R.H. Tykot, L’esatta provenienza dell’ossidiana e i modelli di diffusione nel Mediterraneo centrale durante il Neolitico, in L’ossidiana del Monte Arci nel Mediterraneo: recupero dei valori di un territorio, a cura di P. Castelli, B. Cauli, F. Di Gregorio, C. Lugliè, G. Tanda & C. Usai (Tipografia Ghilarzese, Ghilarza, 2004) pp. 118–132.
V. Lea, The diffusion of obsidian in the northwestern Mediterranean: toward a new model of the Chassey culture? Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 25, 147–173 (2012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tykot, R.H. A Decade of Portable (Hand-Held) X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer Analysis of Obsidian in the Mediterranean: Many Advantages and Few Limitations. MRS Advances 2, 1769–1784 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.148
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.148