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Topical Nanotherapeutics for Treating MRSA-Associated Skin and Soft Tissue Infection (SSTIs)

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Abstract

The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) imposes a major challenge for the treatment of infectious diseases with existing antibiotics. MRSA associated with superficial skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) is one of them, affecting the skin’s superficial layers, and it includes impetigo, folliculitis, cellulitis, furuncles, abscesses, surgical site infections, etc. The efficient care of superficial SSTIs caused by MRSA necessitates local administration of antibiotics, because oral antibiotics does not produce the required concentration at the local site. The topical administration of nanocarriers has been emerging in the area of drug delivery due to its advantages over conventional topical formulation. It enhances the solubility and permeation of the antibiotics into deeper layer of the skin. Apart from this, antibiotic resistance is something that needs to be combated on multiple fronts, and antibiotics encapsulated in nanocarriers help to do so by increasing the therapeutic efficacy in a number of different ways. The current review provides an overview of the resistance mechanism in S. aureus as well as various nanocarriers reported for the effective management of MRSA-associated superficial SSTIs.

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Data Availability

All the data was provided in the manuscript.

Abbreviations

SSTIs:

Skin and soft tissue infections

MRSA:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MSSA:

Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MBC:

Minimum bactericidal concentration

CFU:

Colony-forming unit

ZP:

Zeta potential

ZI:

Zone of inhibition

PDI:

Polydispersity index

DMPC:

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

DA:

Deoxycholic acid

EE:

Encapsulation efficiency

LE:

Loading efficiency

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

TSS:

Toxic shock syndrome

PBPs:

Penicillin-binding protein

h:

Hour

RI:

Refractive index

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray

EDS:

Elemental annotation via automated EDS

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

CSLM:

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

DSC:

Differential scanning calorimetry

XRD:

X-ray powder diffraction

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

AAS:

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Department of Pharmacy, BITS-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, and the Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, NIFTEM, Kundli, for providing facilities and support.

Funding

The DST-SEED (SP/YO/385/2018), New Delhi, and BITS-Pilani, Pilani campus for providing financial support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani (BITS-Pilani), Pilani Campus, Vidyavihar, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India

    Sriravali Karnam, Anil B. Jindal & Atish T. Paul

  2. Department of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences (AES), Technology Entrepreneurship & Management (NIFTEM), National Institute of Food, Sonipat, 131028, Haryana, India

    Charu Agnihotri & Bhim Pratap Singh

Authors
  1. Sriravali Karnam
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  2. Anil B. Jindal
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  3. Charu Agnihotri
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  4. Bhim Pratap Singh
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  5. Atish T. Paul
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Contributions

Conceptualization and supervision: Atish T. Paul and Bhim Pratap Singh.

Writing — original draft: Karnam Sriravali

Review and editing: Anil B. Jindal and Charu Agnihotri

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Correspondence to Bhim Pratap Singh or Atish T. Paul.

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Karnam, S., Jindal, A.B., Agnihotri, C. et al. Topical Nanotherapeutics for Treating MRSA-Associated Skin and Soft Tissue Infection (SSTIs). AAPS PharmSciTech 24, 108 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-023-02563-2

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