Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

An Evaluation of Curcumin-Encapsulated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Transdermal Delivery

  • Research Article
  • Published:
AAPS PharmSciTech Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were synthesised and evaluated in vitro for enhanced transdermal delivery. Zetasizer® characterisation of three different formulations of curcumin nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) showed the size ranged from 167.3 ± 3.8 nm to 251.5 ± 5.8 nm, the polydispersity index (PDI) values were between 0.26 and 0.46 and the zeta potential values were positive (+ 18.1 to + 20.2 mV). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images supported this size data and confirmed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles. All the formulations showed excellent entrapment efficiency above 80%. FTIR results demonstrate the interaction between chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and confirm the presence of curcumin in the nanoparticle. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of Cu-NPs indicate the presence of curcumin in a disordered crystalline or amorphous state, suggesting the interaction between the drug and the polymer. Drug release studies showed an improved drug release at pH 5.0 than in pH 7.4 and followed a zero order kinetics. The in vitro permeation studies through Strat-M® membrane demonstrated an enhanced permeation of Cu-NPs compared to aqueous curcumin solution (p ˂ 0.05) having a flux of 0.54 ± 0.03 μg cm−2 h−1 and 0.44 ± 0.03 μg cm−2 h−1 corresponding to formulations 5:1 and 3:1, respectively. The cytotoxicity assay on human keratinocyte (HaCat) cells showed enhanced percentage cell viability of Cu-NPs compared to curcumin solution. Cu-NPs developed in this study exhibit superior drug release and enhanced transdermal permeation of curcumin and superior percentage cell viability. Further ex vivo and in vivo evaluations will be conducted to support these findings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ren C, Fang L, Ling L, Wang Q, Liu S, Zhao L, et al. Design and in vivo evaluation of an indapamide transdermal patch. Int J Pharm. 2009;370:129–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Zhao Y, Brown MB, Jones SA. Pharmaceutical foams: are they the answer to the dilemma of topical nanoparticles? Nanomedicine. 2010;6:227–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2009.08.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Palmer BC, DeLouise LA. Nanoparticle-enabled transdermal drug delivery systems for enhanced dose control and tissue targeting. Molecules. 2016;21:1719.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Williams AC, Barry BW. Penetration enhancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004;56:603–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Pegoraro C, MacNeil S, Battaglia G. Transdermal drug delivery: from micro to nano. Nanoscale. 2012;4:1881–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Naksuriya O, Okonogi S, Schiffelers RM, Hennink WE. Curcumin nanoformulations: a review of pharmaceutical properties and preclinical studies and clinical data related to cancer treatment. Biomaterials. 2014;35:3365–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sun M, Su X, Ding B, He X, Liu X, Yu A, et al. Advances in nanotechnology-based delivery systems for curcumin. Nanomedicine. 2012;7:1085–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang Y-J, Pan M-H, Cheng A-L, Lin L-I, Ho Y-S, Hsieh C-Y, et al. Stability of curcumin in buffer solutions and characterization of its degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 1997;15:1867–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(96)02024-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sharma RA, Gescher AJ, Steward WP. Curcumin: the story so far. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41:1955–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2005.05.009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Chaudhary H, Kohli K, Kumar V. Nano-transfersomes as a novel carrier for transdermal delivery. Int J Pharm. 2013;454:367–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jose A, Labala S, Ninave KM, Gade SK, Venuganti VVK. Effective skin cancer treatment by topical co-delivery of curcumin and STAT3 siRNA using cationic liposomes. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018;19(1):166–75. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-017-0833-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Alves TF, Chaud MV, Grotto D, Jozala AF, Pandit R, Rai M, et al. Association of silver nanoparticles and curcumin solid dispersion: antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018;19:225–31. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-017-0832-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Raju YP, N H, Chowdary VH, Nair RS, Basha DJ, N T. In vitro assessment of non-irritant microemulsified voriconazole hydrogel system. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2017;45:1539–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2016.1260579.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Rachmawati H, Yulia LY, Rahma A, Nobuyuki M. Curcumin-loaded PLA nanoparticles: formulation and physical evaluation. Sci Pharm. 2016;84(1):191–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Mangalathillam S, Rejinold NS, Nair A, Lakshmanan V-K, Nair SV, Jayakumar R. Curcumin loaded chitin nanogels for skin cancer treatment via the transdermal route. Nanoscale. 2012;4:239–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sintov AC. Transdermal delivery of curcumin via microemulsion. Int J Pharm. 2015;481(1–2):97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu CH, Chang FY, Hung DK. Terpene microemulsions for transdermal curcumin delivery: effects of terpenes and cosurfactants. Colloids Surf B. 2011;82:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.08.018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ariamoghaddam AR, Ebrahimi-Hosseinzadeh B, Hatamian-Zarmi A, Sahraeian R. In vivo anti-obesity efficacy of curcumin loaded nanofibers transdermal patches in high-fat diet induced obese rats. Mater Sci Eng C. 2018;92:161–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ravikumar R, Ganesh M, Senthil V, Ramesh YV, Jakki SL, Choi EY. Tetrahydro curcumin loaded PCL-PEG electrospun transdermal nanofiber patch: preparation, characterization, and in vitro diffusion evaluations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2018;44:342–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2018.01.016.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ravikumar R, Ganesh M, Ubaidulla U, Young Choi E, Tae Jang H. Preparation, characterization, and in vitro diffusion study of nonwoven electrospun nanofiber of curcumin-loaded cellulose acetate phthalate polymer. Saudi Pharm J. 2017;25:921–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2017.02.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Li M, Gao M, Fu Y, Chen C, Meng X, Fan A, et al. Acetal-linked polymeric prodrug micelles for enhanced curcumin delivery. Colloids Surf B. 2016;140:11–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Li H, Li M, Chen C, Fan A, Kong D, Wang Z, et al. On-demand combinational delivery of curcumin and doxorubicin via a pH-labile micellar nanocarrier. Int J Pharm. 2015;495(1):572–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cao Y, Gao M, Chen C, Fan A, Zhang J, Kong D, et al. Triggered-release polymeric conjugate micelles for on-demand intracellular drug delivery. Nanotechnology. 2015;26:115101. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/11/115101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang Z, Chen C, Zhang Q, Gao M, Zhang J, Kong D, et al. Tuning the architecture of polymeric conjugate to mediate intracellular delivery of pleiotropic curcumin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015;90:53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.11.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Pathan IB, Jaware BP, Shelke S, Ambekar W. Curcumin loaded ethosomes for transdermal application: formulation, optimization, in-vitro and in-vivo study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2018;44:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2017.11.005.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gupta NK, Dixit VK. Development and evaluation of vesicular system for curcumin delivery. Arch Dermatol Res. 2011;303:89–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-010-1096-6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Naik A, Kalia YN, Guy RH, Fessi H. Enhancement of topical delivery from biodegradable nanoparticles. Pharm Res. 2004;21:1818–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Abdel-Hafez SM, Hathout RM, Sammour OA. Tracking the transdermal penetration pathways of optimized curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;108:753–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Merisko-Liversidge EM, Liversidge GG. Drug nanoparticles: formulating poorly water-soluble compounds. Toxicol Pathol. 2008;36:43–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623307310946.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kean T, Thanou M. Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010;62:3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2009.09.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Wedmore I, McManus JG, Pusateri AE, Holcomb JB. A special report on the chitosan-based hemostatic dressing: experience in current combat operations. J Trauma. 2006;60:655–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000199392.91772.44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Gan Q, Wang T, Cochrane C, McCarron P. Modulation of surface charge, particle size and morphological properties of chitosan–TPP nanoparticles intended for gene delivery. Colloids Surf B. 2005;44:65–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Koukaras EN, Papadimitriou SA, Bikiaris DN, Froudakis GE. Insight on the formation of chitosan nanoparticles through ionotropic gelation with tripolyphosphate. Mol Pharm. 2012;9:2856–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Taveira SF, Nomizo A, Lopez RFV. Effect of the iontophoresis of a chitosan gel on doxorubicin skin penetration and cytotoxicity. J Control Release. 2009;134:35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.11.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Calvo P, Remunan-Lopez C, Vila-Jato J, Alonso M. Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles as protein carriers. J Appl Polym Sci. 1997;63:125–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Chuah LH, Billa N, Roberts CJ, Burley JC, Manickam S. Curcumin-containing chitosan nanoparticles as a potential mucoadhesive delivery system to the colon. Pharm Dev Technol. 2013;18:591–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2011.640688.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Luo Y, Zhang B, Cheng W-H, Wang Q. Preparation, characterization and evaluation of selenite-loaded chitosan/TPP nanoparticles with or without zein coating. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;82:942–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Amekyeh H, Billa N, Yuen K-H, Chin SLS. A gastrointestinal transit study on amphotericin b-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in rats. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2015;16:871–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Pawar HA, Mane SS, Attarde VB. Novel vesicular drug delivery system for topical delivery of indomethacin. Drug Deliv Lett. 2015;5:40–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ajun W, Yan S, Li G, Huili L. Preparation of aspirin and probucol in combination loaded chitosan nanoparticles and in vitro release study. Carbohydr Polym. 2009;75:566–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.08.019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Nair RS, Nair S. Permeation studies of captopril transdermal films through human cadaver skin. Curr Drug Deliv. 2015;12:517–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Chen H, Chang X, Du D, Li J, Xu H, Yang X. Microemulsion-based hydrogel formulation of ibuprofen for topical delivery. Int J Pharm. 2006;315:52–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Rajesh S, Sujith S. Permeation of flurbiprofen polymeric films through human cadaver skin. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2013;5:177–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ohya Y, Shiratani M, Kobayashi H, Ouchi T. Release behavior of 5-fluorouracil from chitosan-gel nanospheres immobilizing 5-fluorouracil coated with polysaccharides and their cell specific cytotoxicity. J Macromol Sci A. 1994;31:629–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Fan W, Yan W, Xu Z, Ni H. Formation mechanism of monodisperse, low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles by ionic gelation technique. Colloids Surf B. 2012;90:21–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Shu X, Zhu K. The influence of multivalent phosphate structure on the properties of ionically cross-linked chitosan films for controlled drug release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2002;54:235–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang QZ, Chen XG, Liu N, Wang SX, Liu CS, Meng XH, et al. Protonation constants of chitosan with different molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Carbohydr Polym. 2006;65:194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.01.001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kotze AF, Thanou MM, Luessen HL, de Boer BG, Verhoef JC, Junginger HE. Effect of the degree of quaternization of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride on the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 1999;47:269–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hamman JH, Stander M, Kotzé AF. Effect of the degree of quaternisation of N-trimethyl chitosan chloride on absorption enhancement: in vivo evaluation in rat nasal epithelia. Int J Pharm. 2002;232:235–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(01)00914-0.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. He W, Guo X, Xiao L, Feng M. Study on the mechanisms of chitosan and its derivatives used as transdermal penetration enhancers. Int J Pharm. 2009;382:234–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.07.038.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gallo RL, Hooper LV. Epithelial antimicrobial defence of the skin and intestine. Nat Rev Immunol. 2012;12:503–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri322853.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. de Pinho Neves AL, Milioli CC, Müller L, Riella HG, Kuhnen NC, Stulzer HK. Factorial design as tool in chitosan nanoparticles development by ionic gelation technique. Colloid Surf A. 2014;445:34–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Grenha A, Seijo B, Serra C, Remuñán-López C. Chitosan nanoparticle-loaded mannitol microspheres: structure and surface characterization. Biomacromolecules. 2007;8:2072–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm061131g.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wan S, Sun Y, Qi X, Tan F. Improved bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drug curcumin in cellulose acetate solid dispersion. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2012;13:159–66. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-011-9732-9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Chereddy KK, Coco R, Memvanga PB, Ucakar B, des Rieux A, Vandermeulen G, et al. Combined effect of PLGA and curcumin on wound healing activity. J Control Release. 2013;171:208–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.07.015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Naghibzadeh M, Amani A, Amini M, Esmaeilzadeh E, Mottaghi-Dastjerdi N, Faramarzi MA. An insight into the interactions between α-tocopherol and chitosan in ultrasound-prepared nanoparticles. J Nanomater. 2010;2010:44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Singh AV, Nath LK. Synthesis and evaluation of physicochemical properties of cross-linked sago starch. Int J Biol Macromol. 2012;50:14–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Paradkar A, Ambike AA, Jadhav BK, Mahadik KR. Characterization of curcumin–PVP solid dispersion obtained by spray drying. Int J Pharm. 2004;271:281–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.11.014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Sarmento B, Ferreira D, Veiga F, Ribeiro A. Characterization of insulin-loaded alginate nanoparticles produced by ionotropic pre-gelation through DSC and FTIR studies. Carbohydr Polym. 2006;66:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.02.008.61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Borges O, Borchard G, Verhoef JC, de Sousa A, Junginger HE. Preparation of coated nanoparticles for a new mucosal vaccine delivery system. Int J Pharm. 2005;299:155–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.04.037.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Parize AL, Stulzer HK, Laranjeira MCM, da Costa Brighente IM, de Souza TCR. Evaluation of chitosan microparticles containing curcumin and crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate produced by spray drying. Quim Nova. 2012;35:1127–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Dudhani AR, Kosaraju SL. Bioadhesive chitosan nanoparticles: preparation and characterization. Carbohydr Polym. 2010;81:243–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Tsai M-L, Chen R-H, Bai S-W, Chen W-Y. The storage stability of chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles in a phosphate buffer. Carbohydr Polym. 2011;84:756–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.040.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hariharan S, Bhardwaj V, Bala I, Sitterberg J, Bakowsky U, Ravi Kumar MNV. Design of estradiol loaded PLGA Nanoparticulate formulations: a potential oral delivery system for hormone therapy. Pharm Res. 2006;23:184–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-005-8418-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ko J, Park HJ, Hwang S, Park J, Lee J. Preparation and characterization of chitosan microparticles intended for controlled drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2002;249:165–74.67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Katas H, Hussain Z, Ling TC. Chitosan nanoparticles as a percutaneous drug delivery system for hydrocortisone. J Nanomater. 2012;2012:45.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Uchida T, Kadhum WR, Kanai S, Todo H, Oshizaka T, Sugibayashi K. Prediction of skin permeation by chemical compounds using the artificial membrane, Strat-M™. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2015;67:113–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2014.11.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Tiyaboonchai W, Tungpradit W, Plianbangchang P. Formulation and characterization of curcuminoids loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm. 2007;337:299–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.043.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sartorelli P, Andersen HR, Angerer J, Corish J, Drexler H, Göen T, et al. Percutaneous penetration studies for risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2000;8:133–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1382-6689(00)00035-1.71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ruela ALM, Perissinato AG, Lino MES, Mudrik PS, Pereira GR. Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal formulations. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2016;52:527–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ratanajiajaroen P, Watthanaphanit A, Tamura H, Tokura S, Rujiravanit R. Release characteristic and stability of curcumin incorporated in β-chitin non-woven fibrous sheet using Tween 20 as an emulsifier. Eur Polym J. 2012;48:512–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.11.020.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Doaa Nabih M, Sanjay RM, Lijia W, Abd-Elgawad Helmy A-E, Osama Abd-Elazeem S, Marwa Salah E-D, et al. Water-soluble complex of curcumin with cyclodextrins: enhanced physical properties for ocular drug delivery. Curr Drug Deliv. 2017;14:875–86. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201813666160808111209.74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Hasanovic A, Zehl M, Reznicek G, Valenta C. Chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles as a possible skin drug delivery system for aciclovir with enhanced stability. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009;61(12):1609–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Sun J, Han J, Zhao Y, Zhu Q, Hu J. Curcumin induces apoptosis in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-treated HaCaT cells. Int J Immunopharmacol. 2012;13:170–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2012.03.025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Scharstuhl A, Mutsaers H, Pennings S, Szarek W, Russel F, Wagener F. Curcumin-induced fibroblast apoptosis and in vitro wound contraction are regulated by antioxidants and heme oxygenase: implications for scar formation. J Cell Mol Med. 2009;13:712–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Faculty of Science at the University of Nottingham Malaysia (UNM) for the financial support of this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Rajesh Sreedharan Nair, Andrew Morris & Nashiru Billa

  2. Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, No.126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Chee-Onn Leong

Authors
  1. Rajesh Sreedharan Nair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrew Morris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nashiru Billa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chee-Onn Leong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rajesh Sreedharan Nair.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nair, R.S., Morris, A., Billa, N. et al. An Evaluation of Curcumin-Encapsulated Chitosan Nanoparticles for Transdermal Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 20, 69 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-018-1279-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-018-1279-6

KEY WORDS

Search

Navigation