Background

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by a dysregulated immune system and manifested by the production of excessive pathogenic autoantibodies, which have a diagnostic application and are implicated in organ involvement [1]. Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity. SLE patients with LN have about sixfold higher mortality rates than those without LN [2]. Over the recent few decades, the 10-year survival rate of LN has dramatically improved from 46 to 95% among patients who achieved disease remission [3]. Nonetheless, around 5–20% of lupus nephritis patients will develop end-stage renal disease within 10 years after being diagnosed despite receiving aggressive immunosuppressive therapy [4].

Autoantibodies for vital components including nucleic acids, phospholipids, proteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, and glycolipids are an important finding in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a group of autoantibodies that target nuclear antigens. Most patients with SLE have positive ANA but not all, ANA positive individuals have lupus as it may be present in other diseases and in elderly individuals [5]. Detection of a specific autoantibody can be beneficial in the diagnosis of certain autoimmune diseases. For instance, ANA, anti-Smith (anti-Sm), and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies are part of the American College of Rheumatology criteria for the diagnosis of SLE [6]. ANA by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) with a cutoff titer 1/80 is highly sensitive and specific for SLE [7]. Although, anti-dsDNA is suggested to be a good marker for the diagnosis of SLE and monitoring disease activity, however, anti-nucleosome is reported to provide a better indicator for disease activity [8, 9]. Also, a good association is reported between anti-nucleosome and LN [10]. Previous studies revealed conflicting results regarding anti-histone considering it as a specific marker for the diagnosis of SLE with a comparable diagnostic value to anti-dsDNA while other studies revealed that it is sensitive but not specific for SLE [11]. Among the autoantibodies which have been detected in the sera of patients with autoimmune disease are anti-Ro60 (anti-SSA) and anti-Ro52 (TRIM21) [12]. Ro52 and Ro60 are proteins with a molecular weight of 52 and 60 kDa respectively, having different biochemical and immunological functions [13]. Ro52 is involved in protein ubiquitination and apoptosis while Ro60 is a component of small cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complex, which plays a role in the degradation of misfolded noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA). Anti-Ro60 and anti-Ro52 are commonly detected in a variety of autoimmune diseases and are associated with various clinical manifestations [14].

Despite previous studies demonstrated that certain ANA is associated with a variety of clinical manifestations in SLE but little data is available showing the role of individual ANA profile in the development and progression of LN and almost no data are available showing the association between the most used antibodies: anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, anti-histone, anti-Ro-60 and anti-Ro52, and nephritis. So, we aimed to evaluate their clinical relevance on disease activity and to clarify their correlation with renal affection in SLE patients.

Methods

In this study, the data for 190 adult SLE patients were collected from the department of rheumatology, from September 2018 to February 2020. Our patients were diagnosed according to the 1982 ACR revised criteria for SLE [15]. Patients with concomitant systemic diseases and other autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjogrenʼs syndrome, polymyositis, pregnant females, and other causes of nephritis were excluded. Patients were classified into two groups based on the presence or absence of biopsy proved LN. The first group included 102 patients with LN; 93 females (91.18%) and 9 males (8.82%) and the second group included 88 patients without LN; 81 females (92.05%) and 7males (7.95%). CBC and total protein were done for all patients as a routine lab.

Renal biopsy, histopathology, and classification were determined in the department of pathology according to the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS). Renal parameters were assessed in the form of urinary sediment, casts, serum creatinine, blood urea, and protein/creatinine (P/C) ratio. Assessment of the disease activity in the patients was done using the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). No activity: 0, mild activity: 1-5, moderate activity: 6-10, high activity: 11-19, very high > 20 [16].

ANA was done using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) on HEp-2 cell. Using ANAFLUOR, DiaSorin, Stillwater, Minnesota 55082-0285, USA kit according to the manufacturing protocol. Briefly, 20 μl of diluted serum was incubated with fixed HEp-2 cell slide for 30 min. After wash, 20 μl of antihuman immunoglobulin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was added and incubated for an additional 30 min then washed and a drop of mounting media was applied, and the slides were read using a fluorescence microscope [17].

ANA profile was done using dot immunoassay by automated enzyme immunoassay EIA: A commercially available dot immunoassay was performed by using BlueDiver Quantrix ANA19 IgG kit (Code: ANA19Q-24) for BlueDiver Instrument (BDI), (both D-tek, Rue René Descartes 19, 7000 Mons-Belgium) used for the detection of IgG autoantibodies against dsDNA, nucleosome, histones, Ro52, Ro60, Smith, RNP, La, Scl-70, RNA polymerase, Ku, PM-Scl100, SmRNP, Mi-2, Jo-1, CENP-A, PCNA, and ribosome antigens in human sera. The test principle is based on a classical enzyme immunoassay (EIA), according to the manufactural protocol [18].

Statistical analysis

(SPSS), version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA) was used for the data analysis. Qualitative data were represented as numbers and percentages. We used Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to check the normal distribution of data. Data and results were expressed in mean with standard deviation in normally distributed data. The Kendallʼs tau-b correlation was used for correlation between autoantibodies in the ANA profile. Independent-sample t test was used for normally distributed variables. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare three or more groups then Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two groups for not normally distributed data. The receiver operating curve (ROC) was done by plotting sensitivity on the y-axis and 1-specificity on the x-axis. The area under the curve (AUC) is considered poor for 0.50-0.60, fair for 0.70-0.80, good for 0.8-0.9, and 0.90-1 is considered excellent [19].

Results

Our study included 190 adult SLE patients (102 with nephritis and 88 without nephritis). The demographic, clinical, laboratory findings and medication characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. Constitutional, mucocutaneous, and musculoskeletal manifestations were significantly much worse in lupus nephritis patients in comparison to patients without nephritis. Serum creatinine and P/C ratio were significantly higher in LN patients. On the other hand, hemoglobin was significantly lower in LN. In regard to disease activity, as shown in Fig. 1a, the majority of patients without nephritis were distributed in the mild and moderate disease activity groups whereas only 6.8% were in the high disease activity group. However, 23.3% of patients with nephritis showed high disease activity.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of SLE patients
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Co-positivity of the five autoantibodies in patients with nephritis and its relation to disease activity, serum creatinine, and P/C ratio. (a) Comparison of the disease activity in patients with and without nephritis. (b) Number of LN patients who are negative for all or positive for one, two, three, four, and five autoantibodies. (c and d) Are comparison of serum creatinine and P/C ratio among groups of five negative autoantibodies and one, two, three, four, and five positive autoantibodies. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns, nonsignificant difference; −ve, negative; +ve, positive

Full size image

ANA profile in SLE patients with and without nephritis

A total of eighteen autoantibodies were analyzed for their positivity in SLE patients as shown in Table 2. From these autoantibodies, anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, anti-histone, and anti-Ro60 were nearly twice more detected in patients with nephritis in comparison to those without nephritis (p < 0.001), and there was a significantly high frequency of positivity for anti-Ro52 (p = 0.018) in LN patients. Anti-MI2 was the least detected autoantibody.

Table 2 Comparison of the ANA profile in SLE patients with and without nephritis regarding autoantibody positivity
Full size table

Co-positivity of the five autoantibodies in patients with nephritis and its correlation with disease activity

As shown in Fig. 1b, out of 102 patients with nephritis, 4 were negative for the five autoantibodies, 14 were positive for only one, 25 were positive for two, 27 were positive for three, 17 were positive for four, and 15 were positive for the five autoantibodies. The effect of co-positivity of the five autoantibodies, on kidney function is shown in Fig. 1c. By comparing the serum creatinine level in positive and negative groups, we found a high significant difference between all studied groups. The same pattern was found in the P/C ratio as shown in Fig. 1d. As listed in Table 3, by comparing the mean rank of SLEDAI in relation to the autoantibody positivity, it was more significantly higher (p = 0.027) in patients with one positive autoantibody than patients with five negative autoantibodies. By increasing the number of positivity, the mean rank of SLEDAI increased in most of the groups except in one positive when compared to two positive, also in four positive when compared to five positive patients. In Table 4, the anti-dsDNA showed a significant positive correlation with anti-nucleosome, anti-histone, and anti-Ro60 autoantibodies (r = 0.491, p < 0.001), (r = 0.245, p = 0.014), and (r = 0.221, p = 0.026) respectively, however, negatively correlated with anti-RO52 but this correlation was not significant (r = −0.123, p = 0.216). Anti-nucleosome showed a significant positive correlation with anti-histone (r = 0.257, p = 0.010); however, it is negatively correlated with anti-RO52 but this correlation was also not significant (r = −0.099, p = 0.318). Anti-histone showed a significant positive correlation with anti-RO52 (r = 0.205, p = 0.039). The anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, anti-histone, and anti-Ro60 were significantly correlated with SLEDAI; however, antiRo52 was not correlated with SLEDAI as shown in Table 4.

Table 3 Effect of the co-positivity of the five autoantibodies on SLEDAI
Full size table
Table 4 Correlation between autoantibodies and disease activity. Kendall’s tau-b was used for calculation of the correlation, where the number of LN patients was 102
Full size table

Distribution of the five autoantibodies and their relationship with histopathological classification in LN patients

To test whether there is an association between the positivity of the five autoantibodies and histopathological classification of LN, as shown in Fig. 2, data for all positive patients revealed that patients with class-IV nephritis showed the highest frequency of positivity for the five autoantibodies followed by class-III. Class-IV had 40.9%, 38.98%, 45.65%, 38.09%, and 28.94% of the positive patients for anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, anti-histone, anti-R060, and anti-Ro52 respectively, while it was 25.75%, 22.03%, 21.73%, 14.28%, and 15.78% for class-III. In class-III LN, we found that both of anti-Ro52 and anti-Ro60 showed a significant (p < 0.05) lower frequency in comparison to anti-dsDNA, while in class-IV only anti-Ro52 showed a significantly (p < 0.01) lower frequency in comparison to anti-dsDNA.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Percentage of the positivity of the five autoantibodies in each class of LN. The highest percentage for all autoantibodies was found in class-IV followed by class-III. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ns, nonsignificant difference

Full size image

Receiver operating characteristic curve for detection of sensitivity and specificity of autoantibodies

Data of ROC curve analysis as shown in Fig. 3 exhibited that anti-nucleosome had the highest area under the curve (AUC), 0.943 with 91.5% sensitivity and 93% specificity at cutoff 13 U/ml followed by anti-dsDNA with AUC was 0.939 with 83.3% sensitivity and 94.4% specificity at cut off 15 U/ml then anti-histone with AUC was 0.824 with 73.8% sensitivity and 80% specificity at a cutoff 10 U/ml, while AUC was 0.796 for the anti-Ro60 with a 69.2% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity at cutoff 13 U/ml. On the other hand, anti-Ro52 had the lowest AUC 0.740 with 65.7% sensitivity and 73.1% specificity at a cut off 14 U/ml.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Receiver operating curve. (a) anti-dsDNA, (b) anti-nucleosome, (c) anti-histone, (d) anti-Ro60, (e) anti-Ro52

Full size image

Discussion

The presence of autoantibodies is one of SLE features and more than 200 autoantibodies were detected in SLE patients; however, less than 10% of these autoantibodies are commonly used nowadays [20, 21]. Recently, there is a huge attention to the use of autoantibodies as a predictor of disease progression in early SLE, hoping to limit the morbidity and mortality [22]. Guthridge et al. concluded that studying the ANA profile may have a prognostic value in SLE patients [23]. On studying the ANA profile in our patients, we found that anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, anti-histone, anti-Ro60, and anti-Ro52 autoantibodies were implicated with the highest frequency, so we evaluated the alleged role for their use as biomarkers for SLE and their relationship with disease activity and renal affection. On comparing the frequency of anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, anti-histone, anti-Ro60, and anti-Ro52 autoantibodies between patients with nephritis and those without nephritis, we found a very high significant difference regarding, anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, and anti-histones and this agrees with Sui et al. and Yang et al. [24, 25], and a high significant difference regarding anti-Ro60 and anti-Ro52, this in agreement with Kerboua et al. and Mahmoudi et al. [26, 27]. It is reported that anti-Ro60 is detected in SLE and Sjogrenʼs syndrome with a much higher percentage in cutaneous lupus erythematosus while anti-Ro52 is associated with more diseases as interstitial lung disease, congenital heart block, neoplastic diseases and infections [28,29,30].

Our findings confirmed that increased number of autoantibody positivity was accompanied with increased mean rank of the SLEDAI and this was clear when we compared the mean rank of patients who are positive for only one autoantibody with that of patients who are negative for the five antibodies and also when we compared all other groups. Despite the elevated mean rank of SLEDA in the group of patients who were positive for the five autoantibodies, there is no significant difference between four positive and five positive groups. Our finding agrees with the data previously reported by Van der Vlag and Waldman that autoantibodies have a marked role in disease manifestation and are implicated in the active stage of the disease [31, 32], Mahmoudi et al. found that anti-dsDNA and anti-histone were correlated positively with disease activity [27], also Gheita et al. reported that anti-dsDNA level is found to be significantly higher in active patients [33], Suleiman et al. reported that anti-nucleosome has a strong association with the disease activity [34]. Our finding revealed that anti-Ro60 was correlated with anti-dsDNA and SLEDAI while anti-Ro52 was negatively correlated with anti-dsDNA that agrees with Menendez et al. [35] and negatively correlated with anti-nucleosome, and also there was no correlation between anti-Ro52 and SLEDAI. This may reinforce the previous studies on anti-Ro52 which reported that its role was more manifested in other diseases such as interstitial lung disease, congenital heart block, neoplastic diseases, and infections [28, 36]. Our finding is in contrast with Robbin et al. who found that patients with isolated anti-Ro52 antibodies had more manifested clinical manifestations and renal affection [37].

Autoantibodies are known to increase the risk of organ involvement, and have an essential role in the pathogenesis of renal involvement in SLE [38, 39]. Anti-nucleosome antibody can bind the glomerular basement membrane in vivo and induce proteinuria [40, 41]. Anti-dsDNA is playing an important role in the initial events involved in the pathogenesis of the disease [32]. Nawata et al. and Wang et al. reported that high titer of anti-dsDNA is associated with hematuria, proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine, nephrotic syndrome, and hypertension [42, 43]. Rasten et al. reported that anti-dsDNA significantly increased in male patients with lupus nephritis [44]. Despite several previous studies pointed to the importance of anti-dsDNA in SLE, little data showed the combined effect of anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, and anti-histone antibodies on kidney affection. According to our knowledge, no studies have been reported showing the combined impact of the five autoantibodies on renal affection and their correlation with histopathological classification. From ROC curve analysis, we found that both anti nucleosome and anti-dsDNA had high sensitivity and specificity for LN with anti-nucleosome had a higher sensitivity than anti-dsDNA, and this in agreement with Abdel Gawad et al. and Gutiérrez-Adrianzén et al. [45, 46]. While anti-histone, anti-Ro60, and anti-Ro52 showed low sensitivity and specificity for LN. Sui et al. studied the simultaneous positivity of anti-DNA, anti-nucleosome, and anti-histone antibodies, and they found a strong association between the positivity and renal disease activity [24]. Despite the studies on the association between anti-Ro52 and anti-Ro60 with certain diseases, the results of these studies are contradicting. Our finding revealed that the impact of the co-positivity of the five autoantibodies on the renal function was obvious since we found a significant increase in serum creatinine level and P/C ratio in co-positive LN patients as a marker for the severity of the renal affection, similar results were reported by Yang et al. [25].

Autoantibodies induce immune-mediated kidney diseases [47]. Pathology of lupus nephritis involves antibody binding to several intrarenal autoantigens rather than immune complexes deposition [48], so the production of autoantibodies may play a role in the development of nephropathy as reported by Sui et al. and Yang et al. [24, 25]. According to our findings, class-III and class-IV (focal and diffuse lupus nephritis) had the highest frequency of positivity for the five autoantibodies, where 66.6% of the positive cases for anti-dsDNA, 61% for anti-nucleosome, 67.38% for anti-histone, 52.37% for anti-Ro60, and 44.72% for anti-Ro52 located in class-III and IV collectively. Our finding for anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, and anti-histone agrees with Sui et al. [24], but Ahmed et al. reported that renal involvements were found in 66.1% of patients and class-III was the dominant histological lesion [49]. Our results for anti-Ro52 and anti-Ro60 agree with Kerboua et al. who reported that LN patients have increased circulating immune complexes associated with anti-SSA, anti-SSB, anti-Sm, and anti-C1q [26]. Despite the humble frequency of both anti-Ro60 and anti-Ro52 in class-III LN, however, 38% of the anti-Ro60 positive cases and 28.94% of the anti-Ro52 positive cases were found in class-IV LN.

Autoantibodies against dsDNA, histone and nucleosome have been reported to be linked to the development of nephritis in SLE patients [20]. We supposed that the co-positivity of the five autoantibodies may play a role in the development of LN and may predict more severe disease activity and renal affection; however, our data revealed that despite the considerable high frequency of anti-Ro52 in LN patients but it seems that its effect on disease activity, renal parameters, and pathological changes was not manifested, and it has a low specificity; this may explain the insignificant difference on comparing the mean rank of SLEDAI between one positive vs two positive, two positive vs three, and four positive vs five positive groups. Our hypothesis was confirmed by finding that the reactivity of these five autoantibodies was correlated with each other and also with SLEDAI except for anti-Ro52 which had no correlation with SLEDAI and negatively but not significantly correlated with anti-dsDNA and anti-nucleosome. Our data, supposed the implication of the co-positivity of anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, anti-histone, and anti-Ro60 as risk factors for the development of proliferative nephritis and for more active disease, so their detection may be considered as a prognostic marker for disease progression.

Conclusion

Detection of anti-dsDNA, anti-nucleosome, anti-histone, and anti-Ro60 in SLE patients may be important for predicting disease progression and kidney affection. Moreover, anti-nucleosome and anti-dsDNA show high sensitivity and specificity for lupus nephritis, thus patients with four to five positive autoantibody panels should be kept under close monitoring as they may warrant, considering aggressive therapy to control their disease and prevent renal damage.