Introduction

Over the past few decades, obesity has become more prevalent, and this is mostly due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure (EE) [1, 2]. Numerous and intricate factors, including genes, environment, and their interactions, affect this delicate balance. But the goal of weight management techniques is to pinpoint and alter the quantity of energy consumed and introduced in order to return to normal body weight (BW) [3]. A widely used model of human nutrition states that daily energy expenditure can be broken down into three categories: thermic effect of food; thermic metabolic rate (BMR) extrapolated to 24 h, which accounts for about 25% of daily energy expenditure (DEE); and thermic effect of physical activity, which accounts for about 65% of DEE in sedentary subjects. Due to its large contribution to DEE, particularly in obese individuals, BMR has frequently been the focus of studies on the causes of and therapies for obesity [4].

The total energy expenditure (EE) of the body’s tissues and organs while fasting, at rest, and under thermoneutral conditions can be thought of as BMR [5]. The size and metabolism of the tissues and organs control it. Gender, age, physical activity, nutritional status, and body composition as determined by the fat mass and fat-free mass are only a few of the variables that affect BMR in general. Age, gender, height, weight, and body composition are the primary determinants of BMR. After taking into consideration body composition, BMR is strongly influenced by gender, with men having a higher BMR than women [5]. Additionally, BMR decreases dramatically with age in inactive individuals at a rate of 1–2% every decade after the age of 20. Due to this decrease in EE, the ability to control energy balance is expected to get worse with age. There have been various studies on the topic of whether EE reduces with age and whether females have lower EE than males, while the literature is divided on this subject regarding normal persons [6].

The Harris-Benedict formula, and many online calculators, predicts BMR based on height, weight, age, and sex and is accurate to within 10% in 90% of persons with BMIs between 18.5 and 45 kg/m2. Contrary to popular belief, muscle only makes up 25% of RMR but can account for 80–90% of energy expenditure during exercise. With only 3 kcal/kg of body fat consumed daily, adipose tissue is a modest contributor to daily energy expenditure. BMR will always be significantly higher than the reported food consumption if it is determined using a trustworthy device [7].

The present study aims to assess the BMR of healthy individuals at Garden City University, Bengaluru, and to identify the risk factors on basal metabolic rate among healthy individuals.

Objectives of the study

  • To evaluate the basal metabolic rate among healthy individuals

  • To identify the risk factors on basal metabolic rate among healthy individuals

Methodology

In total, 50 individuals were consecutively enrolled in the study during the entrepreneurship studio held at Garden City University. The inclusion criteria were age between 18 and 50 years, both males and females, students and professors of Garden City University, and healthy individuals. The exclusion criteria were subjects who had overt metabolic and/or endocrine diseases (e.g., diabetes, hypothyroidism, hypertension, amenorrhea) and those taking any drug known to influence energy metabolism.

This study is a cross-sectional study. It has been estimated that 50 subjects are included with 95% confidence and a margin of error of 5%, a population proportion of 6.5%, and a population size of 100.

A convenient sample of 50 subjects was recruited for this study. The potential participants were contacted and explained step by step about the study, the participation information, and the consent sheet. The patients were then screened for inclusion criteria requirements and also checked for any exclusion criteria. Those fulfilling the inclusion criteria were requested to participate in the study, and informed consent was taken. All participant’s doubts and concerns were addressed following which consent form. Those who did not agree to participate in the study or those who did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded from the study.

Fifty samples of subjects were from the entrepreneurship studio GCU. Anthropometry was done by measuring weight in kilogram (kg) and height with a stadiometer, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the formula kg/m2. BMR was calculated by a BMR calculator and Mifflin-St Jeor equation [8,9,10,11,12]. This BMR formula is as follows: BMR (kcal/day) = 10 × weight (kg) + 6.25 × height (cm) — 5 × age (y) + s (kcal/day).

Results

The demographic data, height, weight, BMI, and BMR were recorded by SPSS software. The mean and standard deviation of age are 25.81±8.71 and 23.95±6.67 of males and females respectively (Table 1). The mean and standard deviation of height are 1.68±0.68 and 1.63±0.07 respectively (Table 2). The mean and standard deviation for weight are 63.8±11.49 and 54.86±10.43 respectively (Table 2). The mean and standard deviation of BMI are males and females are 22.3±3.22 and 20.47±3.62 respectively (Table 3). The mean and standard deviation of BMR are males and females are 1552.41±127.3 and 1327.7±147.9 (Table 4). The graphical representation of the age between Male and Female is shown by Fig. 1. The graphical representation of the Height and Weight between Male and female is shown by Fig. 2. The graphical representation of the Body mass index is shown by Fig. 3. The graphical representation of the Basal Metabolic Rate is shown by Fig. 4 respectively.

Table 1 Sociodemographic data
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Table 2 Height and weight for both gender
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Table 3 Body mass index
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Table 4 Basal metabolic rate
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Fig. 1
figure 1

Age between male and female

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Fig. 2
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Height and weight between male and female

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Fig. 3
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Body mass index

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Fig. 4
figure 4

Basal metabolic rate

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Discussion

We evaluated the characteristics of participants, i.e., age, height, weight, BMI, and BMR in 50 healthy individuals. Gender was a major predictor of BMR in healthy individuals. In line with other research on obese children and teenagers, the greater BMR of our male patients can be mostly attributed to their higher fat-free mass (FFM) in comparison to females. FFM, the body’s metabolically active component, accounted for only around 60% of the variation in BMR in children and adolescents, indicating that BMR is influenced by other factors [13,14,15]. Particularly, despite accounting for FFM, gender remained a significant multivariable predictor of BMR in children and adolescents, which may be related to greater percentages of skeletal glycolytic fibers, higher Na + /K + ATPase activity, and altered hormonal state [3].

Age and BMR had an inverse association in every prediction model. By using a BMR-prediction model based on seven organ/tissue components [16, 17], Gallagher et al. first addressed the age-related fall in BMR in subjects of normal weight [18, 19] Wang et al. later demonstrated that the reduced BMR seen in elderly persons may be due to a decline in both the mass and the cellular percentage of organs and tissues. Other variables might help predict BMR in highly healthy people. BMR may also be affected by ponderal history, hereditary characteristics including physical activity level, variations in organ mass and metabolic rate, and hormonal condition. Further research is necessary to see whether the inclusion of these variables can increase the precision of predicting BMR in healthy individuals.

The primary BMR predictors for adults were examined in the current study. The anthropometric (height, gender, and age)-based prediction equation was used. Thus, anthropometric or body composition measurements can be used to estimate BMR in healthy individuals with the same level of accuracy. Clearly, since anthropometric equations are based on frequent measurements, they are simpler to apply in clinical practice [3].

Daily calorie needs based on activity level were also referred to the patients based on the following activities like a sedentary or little exercise, exercise 1–3 times/week, exercise 4–5 times/week, daily exercise or intense exercise 3–4 times/week, intense exercise 6–7 times/week, and very intense exercise daily or a physical job with calories of 1926, 2207, 2351, 2488, 2769, and 3050, respectively [20, 21].

Exercise 15–30 min of elevated heart rate activity, intense exercise: 45–120 min of elevated heart rate activity, and very intense exercise: 2 + h of elevated heart rate activity were taught to the subjects to all 50 subjects [22,23,24,25].

Conclusion

The energy used up while lying still at rest and being awake during the nocturnal postabsorptive state is known as the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The values can be used as a reference for comparison with the normative values, and cardiorespiratory endurance can be included in the rehabilitation program.