Background

Five million people are HIV/HCV co-infected [1] those are at a higher risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic decompensation and death than HCV mono-infected patients [2]. The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy made HIV as a chronic disease, with significant improvement in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related mortality; however the effect of HIV co-infection on the course of HCV disease, although reduced, but still not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, liver-related mortality is the most common cause of death in HIV/HCV co-infected individuals. Therefore, treatment of HCV infection in HIV/HCV co infected individuals is a priority [2].

Treatment of HCV with interferon-based regimens in HIV/HCV co-infected patients was associated with low rates of sustained virologic response, high rates of treatment-related cytopenias, and complex interactions with concomitant antiretroviral drugs [3].

Daclatasvir and sofosbuvir co-administration has pangenotypic anti HCV effect through inhibition of both NS5A, NS5B proteins, and are safe and effective for treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 infected patients with minimal adverse events [4]. According to literature, 93% of HCV infected patients in Egypt are infected with genotype 4 [5].

Daclatasvir and sofosbuvir have limited pharmacokinetic interactions with antiretroviral drugs, and dose adjustments for daclatasvir in patients receiving moderate inducers or strong inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 3A4 are straightforward. Thus, this combination may be valuable for treating patients with HIV/HCV co-infection [6].

To our knowledge, safety and efficacy of DAA on Egyptian HIV/HCV co infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment is not well studied. So we conducted this study aiming at assessing safety and efficacy of daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir regimens in treatment of chronic HCV in HIV/HCV co-infected Egyptian patients.

Methods

A prospective cohort study has been performed on 30 HIV/HCV co-infected adult Egyptian patients receiving treatment at Abbasia Fever Hospital in the period from July 2019 to February 2020.

Included patients were adults (age > 18), HCV infected patients (fulfilling NCCVH criteria for DAA treatment protocols) and were already on anti-retroviral drugs for HIV.

The following patients were excluded from the study according to NCCVH protocol: hepatocellular carcinoma, Child C, thrombocytopenic (platelets< 50000), HBsAg positive, Advanced HIV (CD4< 200), pregnant, uncontrolled diabetic (HbA1c > 9%), end stage renal disease ( Glomerular filtration rate< 30) patients.

Subjected patients were already receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), According to Al-Abbassia Fever Hospital protocol and Egyptian national guidelines for antiretroviral therapy, December 2017: efavirenz 600 mg one tablet daily + truvada (tenofovir 300 mg + emtricitabine 200 mg) one tablet daily.

Concerning directly acting anti-viral drug regimen; 25 patients (83.30%) were easy to treat according to NCCVH criteria and received sofosbuvir (400 mg/day) + daclatasvir (90 mg/day) for 12 weeks while only 5 patients were considered to be difficult to treat (due to thrombocytopenia, PLT: 50,000–149,000) and received sofosbuvir (400 mg/day) + daclatasvir (90 mg/day) + ribavirin (800 mg/day) for 12 weeks.

All participants were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, laboratory investigations (including complete blood count (CBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum bilirubin, serum albumin, prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), alfa feto protein (AFP), serum creatinine, random blood sugar, quantitative PCR for HCV and HIV, CD4 T-lymphocyte count) and abdominal ultrasonography .

Patients were under regular follow-up during the study period (before the start of treatment, at the end of treatment and after12 weeks) by clinical examination and laboratory assessment.

Statistical analysis was conducted by using statistical SPSS Package program version 24 for Windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) including the mean and standard deviation for all quantitative variables, number and percentage for all qualitative variables, normality test of data using Shapiro-Wilk test was used, Levene’s test for testing the homogeneity of variance. Chi-square test (χ2 test) , Independent t-test to compare two groups for all quantitative variables, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA-test). Quantitative data was screened, normality test of data using Shapiro-Wilk test was used, Levene’s test for testing the homogeneity of variance. All statistical analysis was significant at 0.05 level of probability (P ≤ 0.05). Quantitative data was screened, normality test of data using Shapiro-Wilk test was used, Levene’s test for testing the homogeneity of variance.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study had been performed in accordance with the ethical standards. Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Ethical Committee approval was taken before starting the study, and the study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. A written consent was obtained from each participant.

Results

Thirty HIV/HCV co-infected patients, their ages ranged between 21 and 46 years, 80% of them were males, almost half of the patients were married and 86 % were unemployed. 50% of them were smokers and IV addicts. All enrolled patients were Child A, all of them completed the study duration without any major problems, quantitative HCV PCR was negative for all patients at the end of treatment, yet 12 weeks after ending treatment only one patient (3.33%) had HCV relapse.

With regard to route of HIV infection, the commonest was through intravenous drug abuse in 53.3%, different sexual routes in 20%, blood transfusion in 10%, and the rest was not identified.

As regard laboratory data before, after, and 12 weeks of end of treatment, there was no statistically significant differences on comparing values for CBC, coagulation profile, random blood sugar, or serum creatinine.

In addition, Ultrasonographic findings did not show any statistically significant difference throughout the study duration (liver parenchyma, portal vein diameter, spleen, ascites, hepatic focal lesions).

Table 1 Comparison of liver function tests findings before, after, and 12 weeks after end of treatment
Full size table

On pair-wise comparison, there was a significant decrease in ALT and AST levels by the end of treatment and 12 weeks after treatment in comparison with ALT and AST levels before treatment (P-value: 0.0001). Yet there was non-significant change in serum albumin, total bilirubin, alfa fetoprotein (Table 1).

Difference between CD4 lymphocytic counts before, at the end and 3 months after end of treatment was highly significant (p value = 0.0001).

With respect to adverse effects of both drug regimens, fatigue (73.33%), headache (46.67%), insomnia (33.33%), diarrhea (23.33%), nausea (20.00%), and pruritus (13.33%) were the most commonly documented adverse effects, yet there was no reported severe adverse effects requiring drug discontinuation or hospitalization.

Discussion

Although effect of HIV co-infection on the course of HCV disease is reduced but yet not eliminated by antiretroviral therapy and liver-related mortality is still considered the most common cause of death in HIV/HCV co-infected individuals [2].

Poor adherence of patients with HIV/HCV co-infection receiving HCV antiviral therapy owing to lots of ongoing challenges was reported by Grebely et al. (2012) [7].

HIV coinfection negatively impacts both sustained virological response and viral kinetics during treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirine in subjects infected with HCV genotype 1 or 4. Yet directly acting antivirals has narrowed the gap in SVR between HIV/HCV co-infected and HCV mono-infected persons for most of the used directly acting antiviral drug combinations [8].

Accordingly, treatment of HCV infection in HIV/HCV coinfected individuals is a priority.

In the current study, thirty HIV–HCV coinfected patients with mean age 33.8 years received 12 weeks of daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin. 96.67% of them had a sustained virologic response at week 12 post treatment (SVR 12). This matches with Wyles et al. (2015) [9] study that revealed SVR rate of 97% when the same combinations of DAAs were evaluated in patients co-infected with HIV and HCV. Yet our results are higher than the results of Milazzo and his colleges (2017) [10] and Hezode et al. (2016) [11] in their real life studies showing that the SVR 12 in HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving antivirals was about 91% SVR. This difference may be due to genotypic variance or patient compliance.

In the current study, all patients were receiving antiretroviral combination of truvada (tenofovir+emtricitabine) and efavirenz. As regards drug-drug interactions, there were no drug interactions between DAAs and ARVs. No patient discontinued treatment because of drug-drug interactions. No modifications in HIV therapy were needed with the receipt of daclatasvir or sofosbuvir during treatment in our study and we administered a 90 mg dose of daclatasvir with efavirenz according to Garimella et al. (2016) [12]. This agrees with Panel et al. (2015) [13] who found that both daclatasvir and sofosbuvir have limited pharmacokinetic interactions with other antiretroviral drugs.

As regards achieving SVR on CD4 count, in our study, there was a significant increase in CD4 count in treated patients; Dazley et al. (2015) [14] agreed with our study. This matches with Sarah et al. [15], who documented that the use of DAA therapy in HIV-HCV co-infected patients resulted in a significant increase in CD4 count in patients with pre-DAA CD4 < 350 cells/mm3. This can be explained by the persistent immune activation and CD4 T cell apoptosis involved with HCV infection in the co-infected patients [16], this activation decreases in response to the success of the HCV treatment (Table 2).

Table 2 CD4 lymphocytic level changes before and after treatment
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As regards efficacy, a significant decrease in ALT and AST over time in the studied patients 12 weeks after the end of treatment, this agrees with Elsharkawy et al. (2017) [17, 18]. This came in accordance with one previous study by Mehta et al. in 201 7[19] who studied safety and efficacy of the same regimen in B-Thalassemia major patients with chronic HCV, where responders showed significant improvement in AST and ALT values compared to pretreatment values after 12 weeks of treatment which indicates Sof/Dac role in improving necroinflammation in patients with chronic HCV [19].

Daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir combination regimen was well tolerated with no reported serious adverse events and no discontinuations, The majority of events observed were categorized as mild or moderate as (fatigue 73.33%, headache 46.67%, nausea 20% and GI upset by 23.33%). This was similar to what was reported by Sulkowski et al. (2014) [20,21,22] about safety of DAAs in HIV/HCV co-infected patients and what was reported by Wyles et al. (2015) [9] about the safety of daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir combination in co-infected patients.

Limitation

Our study is limited by the small sample size, short observation period, and that all cases were studied in a single center.

Conclusion

Combination of daclatasvir and sofosbuvir have showed 96.67% sustained virologic response at 12 weeks after treatment (SVR 12) among HIV/HCV co-infected patients, with a very good safety profile. Moreover, the treated patients showed a significant increase in CD4 count. Accordingly, HIV/HCV co-infected patients should be treated with sofosbuvir and daclatesvir containing regimens.