Background

Bladder cancer (BC) is an important public health problem with an increasing incidence rate. It is the fourth most common cancer tumor in men and the eighth in women, with an estimated 356,600 new cases diagnosed annually worldwide [1]. Radical cystectomy (RC) associated with pelvic lymphadenectomy (LND) is the standard treatment for invasive BC [2] and the presence of pre-operative hydronephrosis [3], perineural, and lymphatic and vascular invasion [4, 5] influence clinical course and prognosis.

Data from the Bladder Cancer Research Consortium (BCRC) show that 20–30% of patients at the T1 and T2 stages at the time of RC will progress and many will subsequently die [6]. Lymph node (LN) metastasis is one of the main prognostic factors in BC; however, its presence cannot be properly detected by the currently available imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and PET-scan [7]. Additionally, the incidence of LN micrometastasis (define as metastasis less than 2 mm diameter) and its relevance are controversial due in part to the paucity of studies addressing the topic [8, 9].

As its name implies, cytokeratin AE1AE3 is a mixture of two different clones of anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies, AE1 and AE3. Both of these individual clones detect certain high and low molecular weight keratins. AE1 detects the low molecular weight cytokeratins such as 10, 14, 15, and 16. Clone AE3 detects the high molecular weight cytokeratins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, and the low molecular weight cytokeratins 7 and 8. By combining these two reagents, a single reagent with a broad spectrum of reactivity against both high and low molecular weight cytokeratins is obtained [10]. Due to its broad reactivity, AE1AE3 has been used as a useful marker of micrometastasis in epithelial tumors [11].

The aim of our study was to use immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses to evaluate the presence of micrometastasis and assess its prognostic role in BC pN0 patients submitted to RC.

Methods

In this retrospective study, a total of 63 patients were selected among the 300 sequentials BC patient records available at the Medical and Statistical Filing Service of the AC Camargo Cancer Center. The selected patients (with their paraffin blocks and slides archived in the tumor bank) had bladder urothelial tumors and were treated with RC + lymph node dissection (LND) at our institution between 1990 and 2009. Conventional histological evaluation indicated that these patients did not have lymph node metastasis (pN0). The same pathologist reviewed all pN0 LN slides.

Patients who underwent neoadjuvant treatment (except local/topic BCG therapy), with non-urothelial tumor, and those whose tumor slides and/or paraffin block were not available for our study, were excluded from the analysis. There was no pNx case.

The study was approved by our institution internal Research Ethics Committee.

Immunohistochemistry technique

The sections were mounted on positively charged glass slides and dried for 30 min at 37 °C. The sections were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated via a series of graded alcohols. The AE1AE3 antibody (DAKO Corporation-Denmark) was used as the immunohistochemical marker at the 1:50 dilution. All immunohistochemical procedures were performed automatically in the auto-stainer Link 48, DAKO®, using the Flex Plus visualization system according to the supplier’s specifications.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analysis was performed with the Windows Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0. The distribution of the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological variables was presented in contingency tables; the measurement of quantitative variables was expressed by averages and standard deviations.

Results

Two of the 63 patients were excluded from the analysis after lymph node metastasis was identified in their slides after hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining pathological review, measuring 0,5 mm and 3,0 mm. Another two of the 61 remaining patients had lymph nodal micrometastasis (one positive LN each patient) as revealed by the IHC analysis (Fig. 1). These 2 patients were ASA 2, had invasive tumors pT4, the average size of the lesions was 2.55 cm (2,5 and 2.6 cm, respectively), lymphatic and perineural invasion. Both had muscle invasive tumors in preview TUR without CIS, died from surgery complications and the average hospitalization time was 73 days (10 and 136, respectively).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Photomicrography of the lymph node tissue affected by BC metastasis. a and b: tissue stained by the hematoxylin-eosin method; c and d: tissue assessed by IHC using the AE1AE3 marker (original magnification = 400X). a/c and b/d are from each patient described

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The total number of removed LNs was 832, averaging 13.64 LNs per patient (total of 61 patients) (Table 1). The average follow-up time was 48 months. Hydronephrosis was present in 34.5% of the patients; 32.8% of the patients presented ASA III anesthetic risk. It was observed that nine patients (14,8%) were operated because of the disease recurrence and 31.1% of the total number of patients showed disease progression (RC tumor stage bigger than TUR tumor stage) of Urothelial carcinoma was present in 95.1% of the cases and carcinoma in situ (CIS) in 3.3%. Three patients had pT0 disease and 44.2% of the cases presented pT3-pT4 pathological stages. Vascular invasion was present in 15.4% of cases, lymphatic invasion in 36.5%, and perineural invasion in 23.6%. Cancer survival rates at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months were 82.4%, 68%, 61.8%, 50.9%, and 45.2%, respectively. At the time of the last follow-up, 41% of patients were in complete BC remission, 3.3% had BC, 13.1% had died from other causes, 41.1% had died from BC, and 1.6% was lost to follow up (Table 2).

Table 1 LN status in samples from 61 BC patients at pN0 stage
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Table 2 Patients and pathological characteristics
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The two patients with LN were ASA 2 and had pT4 stage disease, showing an average tumor lesion size of 2.55 cm and presented lymphatic and perineural invasion. An evaluation of the impact of micrometastasis on survival was not possible because both patients who presented micrometastatic disease died from surgery complications.

Discussion

Tumor staging and grade decisively influence the treatment and prognosis of invasive BC. [12]. Therefore, tumor stage must be precisely determined in order to select the best course of treatment. Radiological LN evaluations are limited because CT scans and MRI cannot identify metastases in LNs of normal size or those minimally enlarged [7]. Pelvic lymph nodes that are larger than 8 mm and abdominal LNs that are larger than 10 mm in their longest axis are considered enlarged by CT or MRI. The sensitivity of these methods for detecting lymph node metastasis varies from 48 to 87%. The specificity is also low because the enlarged LN is not necessarily a marker for further neoplastic disease [13, 14]. Currently, there is no evidence for the routine use of PET for evaluating LN staging in bladder cancer [15]. Therefore, clinical sub-staging of BC is a common problem. It is estimated that around 20–25% of T1-T4 N0M0 patients who are submitted to RC and LND present lymph nodal metastasis [16, 17], and these rates have been shown to increase with the progression of tumor staging [18]. Pelvic LND is the main LN staging method, and it has been suggested that increased lymphadenectomy extension leads to increased chances of cure [19]. LN identification can be improved by submitting the same samples in separate vials [16], by identifying specific solutions [20], and analyzing 3 mm sections [21].

LN micrometastasis is a marker of poor prognosis in tumors such as breast, lung, esophagus, stomach, uterus, and melanoma. SERAJ et al. studied 27 BC patients within Ta-T3N0 clinical stages. The biopsies of the largest tangible removed LNs were evaluated through RT-PCR for the presence of uroplakin II (UPII) mRNA. A total of 17% of the LNs from pT2N0 patients and 67% from pT3N0 patients presented lymph nodal micrometastasis [8]. RETZ et al. found 29% positivity when investigating the use of mucin 7 (MUC-7) expression in the detection of micrometastasis in histologically normal LNs [9]. The expression of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) and uroplakin II (UPII) were used in the evaluation of micrometastasis in 760 LNs from 40 patients who underwent RC with LND. Histopathological review detected 29 positive LNs in six patients; however, CK19 and UPII positive expression indicated the presence of lymph nodal metastasis in 49 LNs and 98 LNs, respectively. Patients with micrometastasis detected by these biomarkers showed poorer survival rates when compared with patients without micrometastasis, regardless of the presence of histologically positive LNs [22]. Recently, MARIN-AGUILERIA et al. analyzed the role of the expression of 5 genes in identifying LN micrometastasis using RT-PCR. The combined expression of two genes (FXYD3 and KRT20) differentiated the positive LNs from the controls (healthy) with 100% sensitivity and specificity. These authors showed that the expression of two genes identified positive LNs in 20.5% of the pN0 patients evaluated histologically [23].

YANG et al. [11] were the first to evaluate the immunohistochemical role of the AE1AE3 antibody in detecting micrometastasis in LNs in 229 LNs (pN0) from 19 invasive BC patients submitted to RC. Three sections were prepared for IHC, and one was stained by HE from each tissue block. The antibodies used in the IHC evaluation were CAM 5.2 and AE1AE3. Only one LN was positive for CAM 5.2. However, this micrometastasis could be observed through a more thorough analysis in a deeper section stained by HE. The authors concluded that LN analysis with HE method is adequate and has a better cost-benefit ratio compared to IHC for identifying metastasis in the pelvic LNs of BC patients. Conversely, ABE et al. [24] recently analyzed the role of AE1AE3 in the diagnosis of micrometastasis in LNs from patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent nephroureterectomy associated with retroperitoneal LND. Seven hundred and fourteen LNs from 51 patients were reviewed with the HE method and analyzed for AE1AE3 reaction. Micrometastasis was identified in 7 patients (13.7%). No difference in survival was observed between patients with and without micrometastasis after 45 months of follow-up. In our study, only 2 patients considered as pN0 in the conventional histological evaluation showed lymph nodal micrometastasis. Survival analysis was not possible since both patients died from surgical complications during hospitalization. We observed that since 1996, the number of surgically dissected LNs has increased substantially, reaching an average of 20 LNs per patient in the last decade. Despite the dissection of many LNs and consequently, the increased number of LN analyses, none of them were positive for AE1AE3 in the IHC evaluation.

The finding of epithelial cells in the LNs, whether by IHC or the biomolecular method, does not necessarily indicate the occurrence of metastases, and thus, the morphological evaluation remains necessary. Benign epithelial inclusions represent ectopic foci of embryonic epithelium in the Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts) that can be found in the lymph nodes, peritoneum pelvic, greater omentum, uterine ligaments, tubes, and ovaries. The exact frequency with which these inclusions are found in the pelvic and peri-aortic LNs is uncertain, ranging from 1 to 40% in the literature [25]. The importance of knowing the benign epithelial inclusions lies in the fact that they can be easily mistaken as metastatic foci.

Our data corroborate the results reported by YANG et al. [11], who concluded that a thorough histological analysis using the HE method by experienced BC pathologists is sufficient for the diagnosis of lymph nodal metastasis and, therefore, no indication for routine IHC evaluation in patients at pN0 stage is indicated. In addition, we believe that the LN analysis through a single section is sufficient for the diagnosis of lymph nodal metastasis. In conclusion, we do not recommend the indication of routine IHC evaluations of LNs of surgically treated pN0 BC patients.

Conclusions

Our study shows that histological analysis using hematoxylin eosin (HE) method by experienced pathologists is sufficient for the diagnosis of LN metastasis and, therefore, there is no indication for routine IHC evaluation in patients at histopathological pN0 stage.