Abstract
We present results on approximate solutions to variational inequality problems for an injective inverse strongly monotone operator. Our results are based on Edelstein’s theorem (Edelstein in J. Lond. Math. Soc. 37:74-79, 1962).
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1 Introduction
In this paper, we consider iterative algorithms for solving the variational inequality problem for a monotone operator A over a nonempty closed convex subset C of a real Hilbert space H with the inner product \(\langle \cdot , \cdot \rangle\) and its induced norm \(\Vert \cdot \Vert \),
We denote the set of solutions of Problem (1) by \(VI(C, A)\). This sort of problem was first studied by Lions and Stampacchia [1] and is central to the study of nonlinear analysis. Problem (1) can be solved by using convex optimization techniques. A typical iterative procedure for doing so is the projected gradient method (PGM) [2, 3], expressed as follows.
Theorem 1.1
([2])
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H and A be an L-Lipschitz continuous and β-strongly monotone operator sending C into H. Furthermore, let \(\{x_{n}\}\) be a sequence in C defined by \(x_{1}\in C\) and
for \(n=1, 2, \ldots \) , where \(P_{C}\) is the metric projection onto C, I is the identity mapping on H, and \(a\in(0, 2\beta/L^{2})\). Then \(\{x_{n}\}\) converges strongly to a unique \(v\in VI(C,A)\).
As (PGM) requires repetitive use of \(P_{C}\), it works only when the explicit form of \(P_{C}\) is known (e.g., C is a closed ball or a closed cone). The following method, called the hybrid steepest descent method (HSDM) [4], enables us to consider the case in which C has a more complicated form.
Theorem 1.2
([4])
Let H be a Hilbert space and S be a nonexpansive mapping on H with \(\operatorname{Fix}(S):=\{x\in H: Sx=x\}\neq\emptyset\). Furthermore, let A be an L-Lipschitz continuous and β-strongly monotone operator on H. In addition, let \(a\in(0,2\beta/L^{2} )\) and \(\{c_{n}\}\) be a sequence in \((0,1]\) with \(\lim_{n\to\infty}c_{n}=0\), and let \(\{ u_{n}\} \) be a sequence in H defined by \(u_{1}\in H\) and
for \(n=1, 2, \ldots \) . Then \(\{u_{n}\}\) converges strongly to a unique \(v\in VI(\operatorname{Fix}(S), A)\).
Theorem 1.3
(HSDM [4])
Let H be a Hilbert space and S be a nonexpansive mapping on H with \(\operatorname{Fix}(S)\neq\emptyset\). Furthermore, let A be an L-Lipschitz continuous and β-strongly monotone operator on H, \(a\in(0,2\beta/L^{2} )\), and \(\{c_{n}\}\) be a sequence in \((0,1]\) that satisfies
Let \(\{x_{n}\}\) be a sequence in H defined by \(x_{1}\in H\) and
for \(n=1, 2, \ldots \) . Then \(\{x_{n}\}\) converges strongly to a unique \(v\in VI(\operatorname{Fix}(S), A)\).
In 2003, Xu and Kim [5] replaced condition (iii) in Theorem 1.3 with \(\lim_{n\to\infty}(c_{n}/ c_{n+1})=1\), which includes the case of \(c_{n}=1/n\). The proofs of Theorems 1.2, 1.3 are based on the Banach contraction mapping principle [6]. In the Hilbert space setting, the Banach contraction mapping principle is as follows.
Theorem 1.4
([6])
Let C be a closed subset of a Hilbert space H and S be a strictly contractive mapping of C into H; that is, there exists \(r\in[0,1)\) such that
for any \(x, y\in C\). Let \(\{x_{n}\}\) be a sequence in C defined by \(x_{1}\in C\) and \(x_{n+1}=Sx_{n}\) for \(n=1, 2, \ldots \) . Then \(\{x_{n}\}\) converges strongly to a unique fixed point \(v\in C\) of S.
Motivated by the above theorems, we present some results on approximate solutions of variational inequality problems for an injective inverse strongly monotone operator. Our approach is as follows: Theorems 1.1-1.3 deal with the case in which A is L-Lipschitz continuous and β-strongly monotone; that is, there exist \(L\in(1, \infty)\) and \(\beta\in(0, 1)\) such that
for all x, y in the domain of A. Accordingly, we know that A is injective and \(\beta/L^{2}\)-inverse strongly monotone, that is,
for all x, y in the domain of A, and that \(A^{-1}\) is also injective and β-inverse strongly monotone; see Section 2 for more details. Therefore, to find solutions to the variational inequality problem, we only need assume that A is injective and inverse strongly monotone. Our results are based on the following theorem, which is known as Edelstein’s theorem [7].
Theorem 1.5
([7])
Let C be a compact subset of a Hilbert space H and S be a contractive mapping of C into H, that is,
for \(x, y\in C\) with \(x\neq y\). Furthermore, let \(\{x_{n}\}\) be a sequence in C defined by \(u_{1}\in C\) and \(x_{n+1}=Sx_{n}\) for \(n=1, 2, \ldots \) . Then \(\{x_{n}\}\) converges strongly to a unique fixed point \(v\in C\) of S.
2 Preliminaries
We denote the set of real numbers by \(\mathbb{R}\) and the set of positive integers by \(\mathbb{N}\). Furthermore, we denote a real Hilbert space by H, its inner product by \(\langle\cdot, \cdot \rangle\), and the norm derived from the inner product by \(\|\cdot\|\). Let C be a subset of a Hilbert space H. We denote the identity mapping on H by I. Let T be a mapping of C into H. Then T is said to be
-
(i)
firmly nonexpansive if for any \(x, y\in C\),
$$\Vert Tx-Ty\Vert ^{2}\le \langle x-y, Tx-Ty \rangle; $$ -
(ii)
nonexpansive if for any \(x, y\in C\),
$$\Vert Tx-Ty\Vert \le \Vert x-y\Vert ; $$ -
(iii)
L-Lipschitz continuous if there exists \(L\in(1, \infty )\) such that for any \(x, y\in C\),
$$\Vert Tx-Ty\Vert \le L\Vert x-y\Vert ; $$ -
(iv)
strictly contractive if there exists \(r\in[0, 1)\) such that for any \(x, y\in C\),
$$\Vert Tx-Ty\Vert \le r\Vert x-y\Vert ; $$ -
(v)
contractive if for any \(x, y\in C\) with \(x\neq y\),
$$\Vert Tx-Ty\Vert < \Vert x-y\Vert . $$
Obviously, a firmly nonexpansive mapping is also nonexpansive, and strict contractivity implies contractivity. We denote by \(R(T)\) the range of T and by \(\operatorname{Fix}(T)\) the set of fixed points of T, that is, \(\operatorname{Fix}(T)=\{ x\in C: Tx=x\}\). \(\operatorname{Fix}(T)\) is closed and convex when T is nonexpansive [8–10]. In the Hilbert space setting, there is a fixed point existence result for nonexpansive mappings, which was proved by Browder [11, 12], Göhde [13] and Kirk [14].
Theorem 2.1
Let C be a bounded closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H and S be a nonexpansive self-mapping on C. Then \(\operatorname{Fix}(S)\neq\emptyset\).
Let C be a closed and convex subset of H. Then, for every point \(x\in H\), there exists a unique nearest point in C, denoted by \(P_{C}(x)\), such that \(\Vert x-P_{C}(x)\Vert \le \Vert x-y\Vert \) for all \(y\in C\). \(P_{C}\) is called the metric projection of H onto C. We know that \(P_{C}\) is a firmly nonexpansive mapping of H onto C.
Let \(a \in(0,\infty)\). Let A be an operator sending C into H. Then A is said to be
-
(i)
monotone if for any \(x,y\in C\),
$$\langle x-y, Ax-Ay \rangle\geq0; $$ -
(ii)
β-strongly monotone if there exists \(\beta\in(0, 1)\) such that for any \(x, y\in C\),
$$\beta \Vert x-y\Vert ^{2}\le \langle x-y, Ax-Ay \rangle; $$ -
(iii)
β-inverse strongly monotone if there exists \(\beta \in(0, 1)\) such that for any \(x, y\in C\),
$$\beta \Vert Ax-Ay\Vert ^{2}\le \langle x-y, Ax-Ay \rangle. $$
We know that if A is β-inverse strongly monotone, for any \(a\in (0, 2\beta)\), \(I-aA\) is a nonexpansive mapping of C into H.
Let A be an injective mapping of C into H. Then there is an inverse mapping \(A^{-1}\) of A such that, for \(x\in C\) and \(y\in R(A)\), \(A^{-1}y=x\) if \(Ax=y\). It is obvious that \(A^{-1}\) is also injective. Let A be β-strongly monotone of C into H. Then A is injective. To see this, let us assume that \(Ax=Ay\) for \(x, y\in C\) with \(x\neq y\). Then, from the strong monotonicity of A, we have
and hence \(x=y\). This is a contradiction. So, \(Ax\neq Ay\). This means that A is injective. If A is also L-Lipschitz continuous, A is \(\beta/L^{2}\)-inverse strongly monotone because
Many methods for solving the variational inequality problem are based on the following (see [8, 10] for instance).
Lemma 2.1
Let C be a closed and convex subset of a Hilbert space H and A be a mapping of C into H and \(a\in(0,\infty)\). Then \(\operatorname {Fix}(P_{C}(I-aA))=VI(C,A)\).
The following lemmas are presented without proof. The first lemma is known as Browder’s demiclosedness principle [11, 15] (see also [8, 10]).
Lemma 2.2
Let C be a closed and convex subset of a Hilbert space H and S be a nonexpansive mapping of C into itself. Let \(\{x_{n}\}\) be a sequence in C which converges weakly to \(u\in C\) and satisfies \(\lim_{n}\|Sx_{n}-x_{n}\|=0\). Then \(u\in\operatorname{Fix}(S)\).
The next lemma is also well known.
Lemma 2.3
([10])
Let \(\{x_{n}\}\) be a sequence in a Hilbert space H. Assume that there is a point \(z\in H\) such that any subsequence \(\{x_{n_{j}}\}\) of \(\{x_{n}\}\) has a subsequence which converges strongly (resp. weakly) to z. Then \(\{x_{n}\}\) itself converges strongly (resp. weakly) to z.
3 Injective β-inverse strongly monotone operators
As preparation for the next section, here we study the properties of injective β-inverse strongly monotone operators.
Lemma 3.1
Let C be a subset of a Hilbert space H and A be a β-inverse strongly monotone operator sending C into H. Then, for \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\),
for \(x, y\in C\), where \(A_{a}=I-aA\). If A is also injective, then \(A_{a}\) is contractive.
Proof
We have that for any \(x,y\in C\),
When A is injective, we have from \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\) that for \(x,y\in C\) with \(x\neq y\),
and hence \(A_{a}\) is contractive. □
Corollary 3.1
Let C be a subset of a Hilbert space H. Furthermore, S be a nonexpansive mapping of H into C and A be a β-inverse strongly monotone operator sending \(R(S)\) into H. Then, for \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\),
for \(x, y\in H\), where \(U_{a}=(I-aA)S\). If A is also injective, then \(U_{a}\) is contractive.
Proof
Putting \(A_{a}=I-aA\), we have from Lemma 3.1 and the nonexpansivity of S that for any \(x, y\in H\),
If A is injective, it is sufficient to check for \(x, y\in H\) with \(x\neq y\), as follows:
-
(a)
If \(Sx=Sy\), it follows that \(\Vert U_{a}x-U_{a}y\Vert =0\). So, \(\Vert U_{a}x-U_{a}y\Vert <\Vert x-y\Vert \) for \(x, y\in H\) with \(x\neq y\).
-
(b)
If \(Sx\neq Sy\), \(ASx\neq ASy\). So, it follows from (2) and \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\) that
$$\Vert U_{a}x-U_{a}y\Vert ^{2}\le \Vert x-y \Vert ^{2}-a(2\beta -a)\Vert ASx-ASy\Vert < \Vert x-y\Vert ^{2}. $$
□
Lemma 3.2
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H. Furthermore, let A be an injective β-inverse strongly monotone operator sending C into H and \(P_{C}\) be the metric projection of H onto C. Then, for \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\), \(P_{C}(I-aA)\) is contractive on C.
Proof
Putting \(A_{a}=I-aA\), we have from Lemma 3.1 and the nonexpansivity of \(P_{C}\) that for \(x, y\in C\) with \(x\neq y\),
Thus, \(P_{C}(I-aA)\) is contractive. □
Lemma 3.3
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H and A be an injective β-inverse strongly monotone operator sending C into H with \(VI(C, A)\neq\emptyset\). Then \(VI(C, A)\) is a singleton.
Proof
Assume that there exist \(x, y\in VI(C,A)\) with \(x\neq y\). Let \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\). Then it follows from Lemma 2.1 that \(x, y\in\operatorname {Fix}(P_{C}A_{a})\), where \(A_{a}=I-aA\). Moreover, since A is injective, we can easily verify from Lemma 3.2 that
This is a contradiction. Accordingly, we have the desired result. □
Finally, we give an example of an injective inverse strongly monotone operator in \(\mathbb {R}\) which is not strongly monotone.
Example 1
Let \(\{a_{n}\}\subset(1, 2]\) be a monotone decreasing sequence such that \(a_{1}=2\) and \(a_{n}\to1\), and let \(\{b_{n}\}\subset[0, 1)\) be a monotone increasing sequence such that \(b_{1}=0\) and \(b_{n}\to1\). Put \(r_{n}:=a_{n}-a_{n+1}\) and \(s_{n}:=b_{n+1}-b_{n}\) for each \(n\in \mathbb {N}\). Define a function \(f:[0, 2]\to \mathbb {R}\) by
Obviously, f is continuous and inverse strongly monotone, but not differentiable at \(a_{n}\) and \(b_{n}\) for all \(n \geq1\). Furthermore, \(f^{-1}\) is not Lipschitz continuous; that is, f is not strongly monotone.
In the above example, it is difficult to apply Newton’s method and (HSDM), which are valid for continuous and differentiable mappings, or strongly monotone and Lipschitz continuous operators. Hence, there will be many injective inverse strongly monotone operators which are not strongly monotone. Our main results in the next section are effective for such operators.
4 Main results
In this section, we present iterative algorithms for solving the variational inequality problem for an injective inverse strongly monotone operator and their convergence analyses.
Theorem 4.1
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H and A be an injective β-inverse strongly monotone operator sending C into H with \(VI(C,A)\neq\emptyset\). Let \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\). Let \(\{u_{n}\}\) be a sequence generated by \(u_{1}\in C\) and
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Then \(\{Au_{n}\}\) converges strongly to \(x_{0}\in H\) such that \(A^{-1}x_{0}\) is the unique point in \(VI(C, A)\).
Proof
From Lemma 3.3, \(VI(C, A)\) is a singleton. Let \(\{v\} =VI(C, A)\), \(x_{0}=Av\) and \(A_{a}=I-aA\) for \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\). Then, from Lemma 2.1, we know that \(\{v\}=VI(C,A)=\operatorname{Fix}(P_{C}A_{a})\). Moreover, from Lemma 3.1, we can see that, for any \(n\in\mathbb{N}\),
Then \(\{\Vert u_{n}-v\Vert ^{2}\}\) is nonincreasing, and hence \(\{ \Vert u_{n}-v\Vert ^{2}\}\) has a limit. Furthermore, it follows that for any \(n\in \mathbb{N}\),
From \(a(2\beta-a)>0\), we get \(\lim_{n\to\infty} \Vert Au_{n}-x_{0}\Vert =0\). □
The following are direct consequences of Theorem 4.1.
Corollary 4.1
Let C be a bounded closed and convex subset of a Hilbert space H and A be an injective β-inverse strongly monotone operator sending C into H. Let \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\). Let \(\{u_{n}\}\) be a sequence generated by \(u_{1}\in C\) and
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Then \(\{Au_{n}\}\) converges strongly to \(x_{0}\in H\) such that \(A^{-1}x_{0}\) is the unique point in \(VI(C, A)\).
Proof
Since \(P_{C}(I-aA)\) is nonexpansive for \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\), it follows from Theorem 2.1 and Lemma 2.1 that \(\emptyset\neq\operatorname {Fix}(P_{C}(I-aA))=VI(C,A)\). From Theorem 4.1, we reach the conclusion. □
Corollary 4.2
Let C be a closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H and A be an injective β-inverse strongly monotone operator sending C into H with \(VI(C, A)\neq\emptyset\) whose inverse is continuous on \(R(A)\). Let \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\). Let \(\{u_{n}\}\) be a sequence generated by \(u_{1}\in C\) and
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Then \(\{u_{n}\}\) converges strongly to the unique point in \(VI(C, A)\).
Proof
From Theorem 4.1, \(\{Au_{n}\}\) converges strongly to \(x_{0}\), where \(A^{-1}x_{0}\) is the unique point in \(VI(C, A)\). Then it follows from the continuity of \(A^{-1}\) that
This completes the proof. □
The following theorem is derived directly from Theorem 1.5 and Lemma 3.1.
Theorem 4.2
Let C be a compact convex subset of a Hilbert space H and A be an injective β-inverse strongly monotone operator sending C into H. Let \(a\in(0, 2\beta)\). Let \(\{u_{n}\}\) be a sequence in C generated by \(u_{1}\in C\) and
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Then \(\{u_{n}\}\) converges strongly to the unique point in \(VI(C,A)\).
Proof
From Lemma 3.1, \(P_{C}(I-aA)\) is a contractive self-mapping on C. Then, by Theorem 1.5, \(\{u_{n}\}\) converges strongly to the unique fixed point v in \(\operatorname{Fix}(P_{C}(I-aA))\). From Lemma 2.1, we know \(\operatorname{Fix}(P_{C}(I-aA))=VI(C,A)\). Thus, v is the unique point in \(VI(C,A)\). □
Finally, the following theorem due to Yamada [4] is connected with Theorem 1.2.
Theorem 4.3
Let C be a bounded subset of a Hilbert space H and S be a nonexpansive mapping of H into C. Let A be an injective operator sending C into H and β-inverse strongly monotone on \(R(S)\). Let \(\{c_{n}\}\) be a sequence in \((0, 2\beta)\) with \(\lim_{n\to \infty}c_{n}=0\). Let \(\{u_{n}\}\) be a sequence in H generated by
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Then \(\{ASu_{n}\}\) converges strongly to \(x_{0}\in H\) such that \(A^{-1}x_{0}\) is the unique point in \(VI(\operatorname{Fix}(S), A)\).
Proof
Put \(U_{c_{n}}:=(I-c_{n}A)S\) for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). From the boundedness of C and the Lipschitz continuity of A, \(R(A)\) is bounded. Then \(\bigcup_{a\in[0, 2]}aR(A)\) and \(C-\bigcup_{a\in[0, 2]}aR(A)\) are also bounded. So, there exists \(r>0\) such that
where \(B_{r}\) is a closed ball with center 0 and radius r. Accordingly, we can consider S and each \(U_{c_{n}}\) to be self-mappings on \(B_{r}\). From Theorem 2.1, it follows that \(\operatorname{Fix}(S)\) is nonempty, bounded, closed and convex. From Lemma 3.3, we also know that \(VI(\operatorname{Fix}(S), A)\) is a singleton in \(\operatorname {Fix}(S)\). From Corollary 3.1, each \(U_{c_{n}}\) is a contractive self-mapping on \(B_{r}\); that is, each \(U_{c_{n}}\) has a unique fixed point in \(B_{r}\). Then we can take a sequence \(\{u_{n}\}\subset B_{r}\) such that \(U_{c_{n}}u_{n}=u_{n}\). From the boundedness of \(\{u_{n}\}\), \(\{ASu_{n}\}\) is also bounded. Let \(\{ASu_{n_{j}}\}\) be any subsequence of \(\{ASu_{n}\}\). Then, from the boundedness of \(\{u_{n_{j}}\}\), there exists a weakly convergent subsequence of \(\{u_{n_{j}}\}\). By passing to subsequences, we may assume that \(\{u_{n_{j}}\}\) itself converges weakly to some \(u\in B_{r}\). We have that for any \(n\in\mathbb{N}\),
Since \(\{ASu_{n}\}\) is bounded and \(\lim_{n\to\infty}c_{n}=0\), we find that
From the demiclosedness of S, we get \(u\in\operatorname{Fix}(S)\). Let \(\{ v\}=VI(\operatorname{Fix}(S), A)\) and \(x_{0}=Av\). Since \(v\in\operatorname{Fix}(S)\), we also know that for any \(n\in\mathbb{N}\),
Corollary 3.1 implies that for any \(j\in\mathbb{N}\),
From \(c_{n_{j}}>0\), we get
Since \(\{u_{n_{j}}\}\) converges weakly to \(u\in\operatorname{Fix}(S)\), \(v\in VI(\operatorname{Fix}(S), A)\), \(\lim_{j\to\infty}c_{n_{j}}=0\) and the boundedness of \(\Vert ASu_{n_{j}}-Av\Vert ^{2}\), we also get
So, we have that \(\{ASu_{n_{j}}\}\) converges strongly to Av. This means that any subsequence of \(\{ASu_{n}\}\) has a subsequence which converges strongly to Av. Thus, from Lemma 2.3, \(\{ASu_{n}\}\) itself converges strongly to \(Av=x_{0}\), where v is the unique point in \(VI(\operatorname{Fix}(S), A)\). □
Corollary 4.3
Let C be a bounded subset of a Hilbert space H and S be a nonexpansive mapping of H into C. Let A be an injective operator sending C into H and β-inverse strongly monotone on \(R(S)\) whose inverse is continuous on \(R(A)\). Let \(\{c_{n}\}\) be a sequence in \((0, 2\beta)\) with \(\lim_{n\to\infty}c_{n}=0\). Let \(\{u_{n}\}\) be a sequence in H generated by
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). Then \(\{u_{n}\}\) converges strongly to the unique point in \(VI(\operatorname{Fix}(S), A)\).
Proof
By Theorem 4.3, \(\{ASu_{n}\}\) converges strongly to \(x_{0}\), where \(A^{-1}x_{0}=:v\) is the unique solution of \(VI(\operatorname{Fix}(S), A)\). From the continuity of \(A^{-1}\), we have
Accordingly, we have that for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\),
Thus, from (3), we find that \(\lim_{n\to\infty} \Vert u_{n}-v\Vert =0\), and we have reached the conclusion. □
Remark 4.1
The conditions of A in Theorem 4.3 and Corollary 4.3 are weaker than that of A in Theorem 3.2 of [4]. However, we assumed that C is bounded.
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Iemoto, S. Some results on approximate solutions of variational inequality problems for inverse strongly monotone operators. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2015, 86 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13663-015-0337-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13663-015-0337-y