Background

5p deletion syndrome, one of the most common chromosomal syndromes, was first identified in 1963 by Lejeune et al. as cri-du-chat syndrome [Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) number #123450] [1], and is characterized by total or partial deletion (range 35–55%) of the short arm of chromosome 5 [2]. The average size of chromosomal loss in the 5p deletion syndrome is reported to be around 20 Mb (0.6–35.0 Mb) [3]. The breakpoints in most patients have been reported from 5p13 to p15.2 [4], and the critical region is thought to be 5p15.3–15.2 [5]. One of the characteristic features of 5p deletion syndrome in newborns is weak, high-pitched monochromatic crying, which usually disappears in the first year of life. Other features include low birth weight, microcephaly, hypotonia, and severe mental and developmental retardation [2, 3]. Most fetuses show sonographic findings including cerebellar hypoplasia, ventricular septal defect, ventriculomegaly, choroid plexus cyst, and nasal bone hypoplasia [6]. It is estimated that 5p deletion syndrome affects one in every 20,000–50,000 live births [7].

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), a diaphragm defect, is a life-threatening anomaly with an incidence of 2–3 cases per 10,000 births [8]. CDH is characterized by intraabdominal organ penetration into the thoracic cavity, leading to pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertension. Recently, there have been improvements in the prenatal diagnosis and evaluation of CDH. However, information on the precise prediction of mortality and morbidity in CDH cases complicated with genetic changes, which is critical for parents, remains limited. Therefore, the outcomes of such rare complications should be accumulated for prenatal counseling.

Herein we present the clinical course of a CDH case complicated with 5p deletion syndrome, which was diagnosed prenatally.

Case presentation

A 28-year-old Japanese woman was referred for 5 mm of nuchal translucency (NT) at 14 weeks of gestation. She and her partner had a 3-year-old healthy daughter, and the couple had no history of abortion. Following counseling, they did not agree to further prenatal examination. At 20 weeks of gestation, fetal growth restriction was detected, and at 24 weeks suspicious findings of a left-sided CDH and atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) were observed in the fetus. The observed lung-to-head ratio was approximately 30%. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging revealed intestinal penetration of the thoracic cavity (Fig. 1A, B, arrows), but liver herniation was not detected. Thus, the severity of CDH was estimated as moderate, with a survival rate of 50–60% [9]. Giemsa-banding procedure performed on amniotic fluid aspirated by amniocentesis at 25 weeks of gestation identified the fetal karyotype as 46, XX, del(5)(p14) (Fig. 1B, arrow). In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) also revealed the absence of a 5p15.2 signal (Fig. 1C, green spot). After discussion, the parents were determined to provide aggressive treatment to the newborn, who might have been refractory to treatment compared with CDH newborns with normal karyotype.

Fig. 1.
figure 1

Prenatal evaluation. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging scans in coronal view (A) and horizontal view (B), at 25 weeks of gestation. Arrows demonstrate protrusion of the intestine. H heart, P right pulmonary area, L liver. C The result of Giemsa banding by amniocentesis. The arrow shows an abnormal chromosome 5, as del(5)(p14). D The result of fluorescence in situ hybridization by amniocentesis. The normal chromosome 5 had both 5p15.2 (green) and 5q31 (red), but no signal of 5p15.2 was detected on the chromosome del(5)(p14)

Full size image

At 36 + 6 weeks of gestation, the pregnant woman was admitted with premature rupture of membranes and labor onset. A 1542 g female neonate was born by spontaneous vaginal delivery without complications. Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes after birth were 4 and 6 points (appearance 0 and 1, pulse 1 and 2, grimace 1 and 1, activity 1 and 1, respiration 1 and 1), respectively. Immediately after birth, the baby was intubated with sedation and muscle relaxation according to the standard of care for prenatally diagnosed CDH [10, 11], and was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. The mother was discharged 5 days after delivery without complications. The surgery for CDH performed on postnatal day 1 was successful. The evacuated organs were the colon, small intestine, and spleen, and no artificial membranes were needed. The baby was extubated 13 days after birth, but nasal continuous positive airway pressure was required for laryngomalacia. Antenatally suspected AVSD was not detected, but a ventricular septal defect (VSD) was newly found. The patient was transferred to the hospital near her home 42 days after birth, and was discharged without any respiratory support 91 days after birth. At 15 months, the VSD had closed spontaneously, and the infant could not stay sitting up unassisted.

The postnatal karyotyping of peripheral blood was confirmed to be 46, XX, del(5)(p14); however, the karyotypes of both parents were normal. Therefore, the deletion of 5p was determined to be de novo. The child also showed the phenotypes associated with 5p deletion syndrome, including developmental impairment.

Discussion

CDH can be a rare complication associated with 5p deletion syndrome. Several chromosomal anomalies are known to be related to CDH [9]. Importantly, chromosomal abnormalities are often related to poor prognosis of patients with CDH [9]. However, to date, to the best of our knowledge, no data on the prognosis of CDH complicated with 5p deletion syndrome are available on PubMed. Thus, only general information was provided to the couple.

The pathological role of 5p deletion in CDH remains unknown, although few reports have suggested an association between 5p and CDH [12, 13]. For instance, Cornelia de Lange syndrome often associates with CDH, and its most common cause is mutations in the NIPBL gene on 5p13.2 [13]. However, the present case retained the 5p13 region. Another patient with CDH presented a 5p15 microdeletion and microduplication of 12p13.3 in a mosaic unbalanced translocation (5;12) [14]. The loss of the 5p15 region is consistent with the present case. In addition, a case of 5p trisomy with bilateral CDH was recently reported, in which the child died of aspiration pneumonia and paralytic ileus at 17 months of age [15]. Recently, part of the 5p deletion syndrome has been reported to be associated with rearrangements between different chromosomes, or with a deletion followed by a duplication in 5p, as revealed by microarray [3, 16]. However, the reported patient’s microarray could not be conducted, and the rearrangements might be relevant to CDH. Thus, accumulation of additional molecularly investigated cases is needed to investigate and further clarify if an association between the 5p region and CDH exists.

Conclusions

In summary, we present the clinical course of a CDH case complicated with 5p deletion, in which the patient survived and was discharged without any respiratory support after CDH repair. We believe that this study will be helpful in the prenatal counseling of parents of fetuses with similar diagnoses. However, further accumulation of such reports is required.