Introduction

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogenic, autoimmune, connective tissue disease, characterized by vasculopathy and inflammation in the remodeling of tissue architecture [1]. Skin fibrosis is one main hallmark of SSc and common in many patients with the disease [2]. It has been shown that the severity of skin fibrosis [3, 4] and its rate of progression [5, 6] reflect the prevalence of internal organ involvement. According to ACR/EULAR 2013 criteria [7], skin thickening on the fingers that extends proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints is sufficient for the classification of SSc. Unfortunately, diagnosing and evaluating the extent and activity of skin involvement is sometimes difficult for clinicians, due to the rarity of the disease and their limited experience with its symptoms [8]. Furthermore, assessment of skin fibrosis in SSc patients is affected by the low sensitivity and specificity of outcome measures. As a consequence, therapies for skin fibrosis could not be shown to be effective using common non-invasive quantification methods [1].

The modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) is the gold standard for the clinical assessment of skin fibrosis in SSc patients. It is based on a palpation method that assesses skin thickness in combination with skin tethering at 17 sites on the body, with scores of 0 (normal) to 3 (severe) [9]. The mRSS is the most widely used measure for evaluating drug efficacy on skin fibrosis. Its applicability, however, has only been validated for the early disease stages of diffuse cutaneous SSc [10], and the drawback of this method is the high inter-observer variability of about 25% [11]. Nevertheless, the mRSS-based quantification method is the most common primary outcome measure used in clinical trials [12, 13]. It is also a major component of the composite outcome measure CRISS, which has been used in recent clinical trials [14]. Furthermore, the mRSS at baseline has been shown to predict worsening [15] or improvement [16] of skin fibrosis, thereby improving the definition of inclusion criteria for clinical trials. Taken together, the literature shows the utility of skin involvement measures for classifying and treating SSc. However, there is an urgent need for objective measures of skin fibrosis in order to improve the design and reliability of clinical trials.

An alternative approach for quantifying skin fibrosis is measuring the biomechanical properties of the tissue with the suction principle [17]. Characterization of skin mechanical properties based on the suction method has been shown to detect relevant differences in SSc patients [17, 18]. The most widely used suction device is the Cutometer, which has demonstrated valuable applicability for the quantification of skin involvement in SSc patients [19]. However, the measurement is prone to errors due to inter- and intra-observer variability [20] arising from observer and patient movements influencing the contact force [21,22,23]. These problems are associated with the large weight and size of the Cutometer probe. With this in mind, we developed a novel suction device with strongly reduced probe dimensions and weight [20]. We propose that this novel device is more effective in distinguishing fibrotic skin from healthy skin and therefore could be useful for assessing skin fibrosis in SSc patients.

In the present study, we aim to validate skin suction for use with SSc patients in accordance with the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT) filter. More specifically, the objective of this study is to assess the capabilities of two suction devices, the Nimble and the Cutometer, to quantify skin involvement in SSc patients in comparison with the mRSS, the current clinical gold standard.

Materials and methods

Patients and healthy controls

Patients scheduled for a yearly routine assessment at the University Hospital Zurich’s Department of Rheumatology were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria were fulfillment of ACR/EULAR 2013 criteria for the classification of SSc and the presence of skin fibrosis as assessed by the mRSS. Thirty age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (HC) were enrolled as a control group.

An interventional medical device study (registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03644225) was performed at the University Hospital Zurich in accordance with the approval obtained from the local ethics committee (Cantonal Ethics Committee Zurich, KEK-ZH-Nr. 2017-01154) and from the Swiss National Agency for Therapeutic Products (Swissmedic, 2017-MD-0045). Each patient and control signed a written informed consent form. The study was performed according to good clinical practice (GCP) guidelines, including external monitoring and compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS)

Our study clinically assessed skin fibrosis with the mRSS by palpation according to the standardized method [12]. All 17 body sites selected for measurement were evaluated by trained clinicians. Suction measurements were performed at four specific body sites: the left and right dorsal forearms and the back of the left and right hands. This is why we define mRSS4total as the sum of the mRSS values of these four locations:

$$ {\mathrm{mRSS}}_{\mathrm{total}}^4={\mathrm{mRSS}}_{\mathrm{back}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{left}\ \mathrm{hand}}+{\mathrm{mRSS}}_{\mathrm{back}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{right}\ \mathrm{hand}}+ $$
$$ +{\mathrm{mRSS}}_{\mathrm{left}\ \mathrm{dorsal}\ \mathrm{forearm}}+{\mathrm{mRSS}}_{\mathrm{right}\ \mathrm{dorsal}\ \mathrm{forearm}} $$

The total mRSS describing the sum of the scores of all 17 body sites will be referred to as mRSS17total.

OMERACT filter

Data analysis was based on the OMERACT filter [24] and interpreted as follows: the face validity of the measurement methods was evaluated and explained using measurements on a controlled system (synthetic material) that mimicked skin fibrosis (stiffer material behavior). Feasibility was judged due to the duration of the measurement and patients’ tolerance for it. Content validity was interpreted as the ability of the outcome measures to distinguish between HC and SSc patients, and the ability to differentiate between severity grades of skin fibrosis. The correlation of the study outcome measure with the mRSS, the clinical gold standard for quantifying skin involvement in SSc patients, and the convergent validity based on the correlation of the stiffness measure of the Nimble (the novel device) with the stiffness measure of the Cutometer (the validated commercial device) was used to analyze criterion validity. Specificity and sensitivity of the new diagnostic method additionally proved criterion validity. Construct validity was assessed through comparison of the diagnostic measure with other related outcome measures like the mRSS17total and lung fibrosis (high-resolution computed tomography, HRCT). The evaluation of intraclass correlations (reliability) was based on analysis of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Suction devices

We first determined the mechanical parameters with two different devices (Fig. 1). The Cutometer MPA 580 (Courage & Khazaka electronic, Cologne, Germany) applies a defined negative pressure on the surface of the skin, drawing it into a circular opening measuring 6 mm in diameter. The elevation of the tissue is measured with an optical measurement system. Our suction tests applied what is called the Mode 2 protocol, using pmax = 250 mbar and a pressure ramp of 15 mbar/s. Importantly, based on Mueller et al. [20], we applied a correction scheme for each measurement with the Cutometer in order to minimize the influence of the initial contact force. The maximum tissue elevation is the outcome of the measurement (parameter R0corr in mm).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Schemes of the working principles of the Nimble (a) and Cutometer (b) suction devices. The Nimble operates in a displacement-controlled fashion, with negative pressure drawing the skin into the probe opening until it reaches a defined height (h). The outcome measure is the pressure (pcl) needed for the specific tissue elevation. The Cutometer operates in a load-controlled fashion, with negative pressure drawing the skin into the probe opening until a maximum pressure is reached. The outcome measure is the elevation corresponding to a specific suction load. We extracted the maximum elevation (R0 in mm) for our study

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The Nimble is a novel lightweight suction device that minimizes operator influence on the measurement outcome [20]. Negative pressure draws the skin into the 6-mm probe opening until it reaches a defined height (h = 0.5 mm). The pressure (pcl) needed for this specific elevation is determined in each test.

The stiffness parameters kNimble (Nimble) and kR0 (Cutometer) were calculated as the outcome measures of the suction devices:

$$ {k}^{\mathrm{R}0}=\frac{p_{\mathrm{max}}}{R{0}_{\mathrm{corr}}}=\frac{250\ \mathrm{mbar}}{R{0}_{\mathrm{corr}}};{k}^{\mathrm{Nimble}}=\frac{p_{\mathrm{cl}}}{h}=\frac{p_{\mathrm{cl}}}{0.5\ \mathrm{mm}} $$

In order to enable comparability with the mRSS, we express the suction results as the skin stiffness score kSS, which was calculated for each device as follows:

$$ {k\mathrm{SS}}_{\mathrm{loc}}=\frac{k_{\mathrm{loc}}^{\mathrm{SSc}}}{{\overline{k}}_{\mathrm{loc}}^{\mathrm{HC}}}; $$
$$ {k\mathrm{SS}}_{\mathrm{total}}={k\mathrm{SS}}_{\mathrm{back}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{left}\ \mathrm{hand}}+{k\mathrm{SS}}_{\mathrm{back}\ \mathrm{of}\ \mathrm{right}\ \mathrm{hand}}+ $$
$$ +{k\mathrm{SS}}_{\mathrm{left}\ \mathrm{dorsal}\ \mathrm{forearm}}+{k\mathrm{SS}}_{\mathrm{right}\ \mathrm{dorsal}\ \mathrm{forearm}} $$

kSS is the stiffness measured at a specific location (kloc) of an SSc patient and normalized with the average stiffness at the same location measured on the healthy controls (\( {\overline{k}}_{\mathrm{loc}}^{\mathrm{HC}}\Big) \). The kSStotal is the summation of the kSS over the four measured locations.

Measurement procedure

One observer measured skin stiffness at four body sites, the left and right dorsal forearms and the back of the left and right hands, on a total of 30 SSc patients and 30 healthy controls. The observer began the measurement procedure with the Nimble device and measured each location four times in a row. The observer waited at least 35 s between repeated measurements at the same location. The total measurement duration for each location was approximately 5 min. Afterwards, the same procedure was repeated with the Cutometer device. We generated an outcome parameter—tissue stiffness—for each measurement. In order to apply the correction scheme on Cutometer outcomes, the pre-deformation of the initial contact force was recorded in each measurement. The location-specific stiffness kloc was determined as the average of the four measurements.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the Python library scipy.stats (Python Software Foundation, Delaware, USA). The analysis included descriptive statistics, means, standard deviation (SD), and standard error of the mean (SEM). The ability of the devices to distinguish between HC and SSc patients was determined using a two-sided t-test (stats.ttest_ind) with a level of significance p < 0.05. The reliability of the devices in distinguishing between individual patients and healthy volunteers was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient ICC [1, 2], which is based on a random single measurement. We used the ICC categorization of Cicchetti [25], where ICC = 0.4 shows poor reliability of the outcome measure, 0.4 < ICC < 0.59 is fair, 0.6 < ICC < 0.74 is good, and 0.75 < ICC < 1.0 is excellent. Concurrent validity was assessed between the stiffness measures kNimble and kR0 from the suction experiments, as well as between the stiffness measures and the mRSS of the clinical assessment. To this end, Pearson’s correlation (stats.pearsonr) was used with the following interpretation [26]: 0.00 < r < 0.35 indicates weak correlation, 0.36 < r < 0.67 moderate correlation, and 0.68 < r < 1.0 high correlation between the outcome measures. An area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate the discrimination between SSc with mRSS4total = 0 and mRSS4total > 0 of the stiffness parameters kNimble and kR0. Youden’s index [27] was used to evaluate the most suitable cut-off value.

Results

Demographics of SSc patients and HCs

The characteristics and demographics of the 30 SSc patients included in the trial are summarized in Table 1. The 30 HCs were 55 ± 10.4 years old, and 23 out of 30 were female (76.7%).

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of SSc patients (n = 30) at baseline. Definitions of items and organ manifestation are according to EUSTAR [28]. Data is presented as number (n)/total valid cases (N) (%). Disease duration was calculated as the difference between the date of the baseline visit and the date of the first non-Raynaud’s symptom of the disease as reported by the patient. Pulmonary hypertension was judged on RHC after application of the DETECT score. Active disease was defined as a score > 3 by calculating European Scleroderma Study Group disease activity indices for systemic sclerosis as proposed by Valentini [29]. Immunosuppressive therapy was defined as treatment with corticosteroids (prednisone dose ≥ 10 mg/day or other dosage forms in equal dose) or any immunosuppressant. ACA anti-centromere antibody, ANA antinuclear antibody, Anti-Scl-70 anti-topoisomerase antibody, CRP C-reactive protein, HRCT high-resolution computed tomography, FVC forced vital capacity, mRSS modified Rodnan skin score, NYHA New York Heart Association, VAI Valentini Activity Index
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We evaluated the mean and SEM of the mRSS quantification from the clinical assessment for SSc patients for the four different body sites that were evaluated in this study (Supplementary Fig. 1). The values for the back of the right hand were \( \overline{{\mathrm{mRSS}}_{\mathrm{BHR}}}=0.73\pm 0.17 \), for the left \( \overline{{\mathrm{mRSS}}_{\mathrm{BHL}}}=0.67\pm 0.16 \), and for the dorsal forearms \( \overline{{\mathrm{mRSS}}_{\mathrm{DVR}}}=0.43\pm 0.14 \) and \( \overline{{\mathrm{mRSS}}_{\mathrm{DVL}}}=0.33\pm 0.12 \).

Face validity and feasibility

We tested the face validity of the suction procedure on a synthetic material. The advantage of using a synthetic material is the control one has over mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus (E), which describes the stiffness of a material, i.e., the relationship between the applied force and the deformation it generates. We manufactured two compliant elastomers characterized by a stiffness corresponding to soft skin (EM1 = 74 kPa) and stiff skin (EM2 = 110 kPa). We then measured kNimble and kR0 (Fig. 2b) and performed corresponding numerical simulations of suction, i.e., finite element (FE) analyses using a specific constitutive model (neo-Hookean) with corresponding material parameters (Fig. 2a). As shown in Fig. 2b, the stiffness of Material 1 (M1) was kNimbleM1 = 246.52 ± 1.69 mbar/mm and kR0M1 = 255.46 ± 12.3 mbar/mm (mean and SD), and for Material 2 (M2), the stiffness was kNimbleM2 = 404.99 ± 1.33 mbar/mm and kR0M2 = 394.77 ± 13.32 mbar/mm. These suction measurements were very much in line with the computational predictions of the FE analysis (kFE-NimbleM1 = 274.10 mbar/mm, kFE-NimbleM2 = 424.10 mbar/mm, and kFE-R0M1 = 297.62 mbar/mm, kFE-R0M2 = 430.29 mbar/mm). The dashed lines indicate the relationship between the actual stiffness of the material (Young’s modulus) and the measured stiffness (kNimble and kR0), which followed a linear proportionality. Thus, suction devices can differentiate between the stiffness of materials and have face validity to assess tissue stiffness in skin fibrosis.

Fig. 2
figure 2

a Finite element (FE) simulation of suction experiment using a neo-Hookean material model with Young’s modulus E. The 2D cross-sectional geometry is depicted. b Estimated kNimble and kR0 for two materials, M1 and M2, with FE analysis (FE stiffness) and mean (n = 3) of kNimble and kR0 (experimental stiffness). The dotted line indicates the linear relationship between kNimble or kR0 and the Young’s modulus of the material

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Feasibility was given, as the procedure itself took less than 5 min per body site and the measurements were very well tolerated by the patients without any reported adverse event.

Content validity (comprehensiveness) of stiffness measures

Content validity was assessed by investigating the ability of the suction method to distinguish between HC and SSc patients. Figure 3 depicts the mean and SEM of the stiffness measure for each location of HC (white) and SSc patients (gray) measured with the Nimble (Fig. 3a) and the Cutometer (Fig. 3b). The average coefficient of variation was larger for the Nimble (19.7%) compared to the Cutometer (6.8%). Significant differences (p < 0.05) between HC and SSc patients were found for each location and for both devices.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Mean and SEM for HC (white) and SSc (gray) measured with the Nimble (a) and the Cutometer (b) for the four body locations, n = 30 for each group. For all locations and both devices, significant differences were found with a paired t-test (p < 0.0)

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Content validity was further assessed by examining whether the suction devices can differentiate between severity grades of skin fibrosis. Figure 4 shows the skin stiffness scores kSSNimble (Fig. 4a) and kSSR0 (Fig. 4c) with grouped mRSS4total values of the four measured locations. The stiffness score increased with higher mRSS4total values suggesting good content validity. We found significant differences between the kSSNimble and kSSR0 of the HC group and SSc patients with mRSS4total = 0, mRSS4total between 1 and 3, 4 and 6, and 7 and 9.

Fig. 4
figure 4

Skin stiffness score of suction measurements correlated with mRSS values of SSc patients. a Correlation of kSSNimble with mRSS4total of the four measured locations. The first group includes the kSSNimble for the HC group, the second the kSSNimble for the SSc patients with total mRSS4total = 0 and the following grouped in mRSS ranges of: 1 ≤ mRSS4total ≤ 3, 4 ≤ mRSS4total ≤ 6, 7 ≤ mRSS4total ≤ 9 and 10 ≤ mRSS4total ≤ 12. b Correlation of kSSR0 with mRSS4total of the four measured locations

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Criterion validity

Criterion validity can be assessed by comparing the performance with the gold standard, e.g., the mRSS. We analyzed Pearson’s correlation coefficient r between mRSS and kNimble or kR0, respectively, as well as r between the stiffness measures kR0 and kNimble (Supplementary Table 1). Correlations between mRSS and kNimble were found to be moderate (r = 0.47 and r = 0.57) for measurements on the back of the hand and high (r = 0.82 and r = 0.74) for measurements on the dorsal forearms, respectively. Correlations with kR0 were moderate for all locations (r = 0.62, r = 0.56 on the back of the hands, and r = 0.58 on the dorsal forearms). When comparing the stiffness measures kNimble and kR0, we observed high correlations for the back of the left and right hands as well as for the right dorsal forearm (r = 0.82, r = 0.81 and r = 0.71) and a moderate correlation for measurements of the left dorsal forearm (r = 0.64), respectively. These data indicate a location-dependent moderate to good criterion validity of the suction devices.

Another aspect of criterion validity is the specificity and sensitivity of the new diagnostic method. To address this point, we grouped the SSc patients into two groups: the first group with a total mRSS4total = 0 and the second with mRSS4total > 0. Figure 5 a and b show kSSNimble and kSSR0 for the two groups. Based on this data, we performed an ROC analysis and evaluated the most suitable cut-off value to differentiate between normal and fibrotic skin using a calculation of the Youden’s index J. For the outcome measure of the Nimble, we found a higher JNimble = 0.53 compared to JR0 = 0.40 and cut-off values at kSSNimble = 8 and kSSCutometer = 5, respectively. ROC analysis of the accuracy of the stiffness measure (Fig. 5c) revealed that discrimination between SSc patients with an mRSS4total = 0 and mRSS4total > 0 was better for the Nimble (AUC = 0.82) than for the Cutometer (AUC = 0.70).

Fig. 5
figure 5

a Skin stiffness score (kSS) of Nimble measurements grouped into SSc patients with mRSS4total = 0 and mRSS4total > 0. b Skin stiffness score (kSS) of Cutometer measurements grouped into SSc patients with mRSS4total = 0 and mRSS4total > 0. c Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve tests for sensitivity and specificity of suction measures. Nimble measurements showed a larger area under the ROC curve (AUC) compared to Cutometer measurements, indicating a better ability to distinguish between SSc patients with a total mRSS4total = 0 and SSc patients with a total mRSS4total > 0. Cut-off values were evaluated by the Youden’s index, indicated in red

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Construct validity

Construct validity can be assessed by comparing the diagnostic measure of interest with other related outcome measures. We analyzed the correlation of suction measurements with other fibrotic disease measures such as lung fibrosis measured by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) (Supplementary Fig. 2) and the total mRSS17total of the 17 locations (Supplementary Fig. 3). kSSNimble measures were grouped into SSc patients with and without lung fibrosis, and the mean value was kSSNimble = 11.54 mbar/mm for patients with lung fibrosis and kSSNimble = 6.32 mbar/mm for those without (p = 0.063). The same analysis was performed for Cutometer stiffness outcomes and mRSS17total. The following mean values were observed: kSSR0 = 5.57 mbar/mm with lung fibrosis and kSSR0 = 4.61 mbar/mm without (p < 0.05), and mRSS17total = 8.87 for patients with lung fibrosis detected by HRCT and mRSS17total = 5.57 for those without (p = 0.22). For the total mRSS17total of all 17 body locations, we found high Pearson’s correlations with the skin stiffness score kSSNimble (r = 0.73) and kSSR0 (r = 0.66), shown in Supplementary Table 1. Additionally, linear regression analysis showed increasing skin stiffness with increasing mRSS17total (Supplementary Fig. 3). The obtained regression values were as follows: R2(kSSNimble) = 0.547 and R2(kSSR0) = 0.268.

Reliability

The reproducibility of the suction devices was tested by measuring the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The ICC estimates the ability of the outcome measure to distinguish between patients and healthy controls for four repeated measurements at each location. We found excellent ICC values (ICCNimble = 0.76 and ICCR0 = 0.81) for the HC group and even higher ICC values (ICCNimble = 0.91 and ICCR0 = 0.85) for SSc patients. Note that very high ICC values were obtained with Nimble despite its larger coefficient of variation.

Discussion

One of the main characteristics of SSc is skin fibrosis, a condition which is marked by the massive deposition of collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix. As a consequence, the skin tissue becomes stiffer and thicker and experiences tethering to the underlying tissue. With this study, we aimed to evaluate two suction devices, the Nimble and the Cutometer, with regard to their diagnostic potential for skin fibrosis in SSc patients. Our results confirm (Fig. 3) the ability of both suction devices to distinguish between tissue stiffness in HC and in SSc patients for all sites on the body that were measured.

The suction method provides an objective alternative to the mRSS [17], as it induces a deformation similar to lifting the skin between the fingers [19]. Our measurements showed a high correlation between kNimble and mRSS for measurements on the dorsal forearm (Supplementary Table 1). The moderate correlation between suction outcomes and mRSS for measurements on the back of the hand might be associated with the influence of the anatomical features under the skin. The presence of bones, tendons, and vessels leads to large variability between adjacent locations on the back of each patient’s hand. Additionally, slight tilting of fingers or the hand can form wrinkles, which interfere with suction measurements, leading to potential misinterpretation of the actual skin stiffness. As there are several studies (e.g., [17, 30]) proving the validity of the Cutometer, we interpret the strong correlation between the two suction devices as an additional confirmation of criterion validity for the Nimble. The present study applies a correction scheme previously developed for the Cutometer in order to minimize the influence of the variable contact force exerted during the measurements [20]. It is important to note that data analysis without this correction leads to much worse performance and higher variability of Cutometer measurements: the ICC values of kR0 fall to ICCR0 = 0.69 for HC and ICCR0 = 0.75 for SSc patients, and the area under the curve in ROC analysis drops to AUC = 0.66.

The value of the newly designed Nimble device in detecting fibrotic skin was shown to be superior to that of the Cutometer. The results in Fig. 5 could be considered confirmation of the ability of the Nimble to predict whether the patient’s skin is clinically involved. Additionally, suction outcomes were found to correlate with the total mRSS17total of all 17 body locations and even showed associations with other fibrotic disease measures (Supplementary Fig. 2). Even though we only compared the kSS values of four body sites with the overall disease measures of SSc, conformity could be observed. Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated excellent reliability for the suction method for both HC and SSc patients.

In skin fibrosis, healthy extracellular matrix is replaced with collagen-rich connective tissue [31]. This profuse collagen deposition results in stiffer tissue behavior [1]. This condition is currently indirectly quantified by the mRSS method, which mainly reflects the perceived skin thickness. However, tissue stiffness is predominantly determined by the density and condition of collagen fibers, and this does not necessarily correlate with tissue thickness. Based on the present results, we propose that measuring tissue stiffness with the suction approach is a more appropriate way of quantifying skin fibrosis than relying on the mRSS alone. In Fig. 2, we showed the ability of suction measurements to accurately quantify the stiffness of synthetic materials with different stiffness properties. We expect a suitable suction procedure to be able to quantify tissue stiffness due to higher collagen deposition. Such a method, however, would not be able to distinguish between stiffness resulting from higher collagen density and stiffness resulting from stretched collagen fibers due to edema.

The novel device (Nimble) was shown to provide a promising alternative to the existing suction device (Cutometer). It is easy to use and inherently safe, and the low costs of the Nimble probe allow it to be used as a disposable device adding to its feasibility. The Nimble’s measurement duration was the same as for the Cutometer: for four repeated measurements, it amounted to 5 min per measured location.

The main limitation of this study is the rather small sample size when considering the heterogeneous clinical presentation of SSc. The objective was to analyze the validity of suction measurements for detecting structural skin changes in SSc patients. While this was confirmed over the wide range of the present patient cohort, the number of patients with high mRSS values was rather low. The present study also did not address sensitivity to change over time: no longitudinal measurements were performed, and the discrimination capacity over the course of treatment was not evaluated. Similarly, due to the small sample size, it was not possible to evaluate the influence of disease duration on biomechanical parameters.

Conclusion

The diagnostic relevance of biomechanical measurements was analyzed in a clinical trial involving 30 SSc patients. The results of the present study fulfill the OMERACT filter [32], including face validity, content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, reliability, and feasibility of suction as an objective measurement procedure for skin involvement in SSc patients. Our results are in line with biomechanical measurements for other fibrotic diseases [33,34,35]. The reliability and feasibility of suction measurements suggest that this method could be a promising complement for clinical assessment of skin fibrosis in patients with SSc.