Abstract
Background
Emotional blunting—inability to feel positive or negative emotions, detachment, or reduced emotional responsiveness—is common in people with depression. However, there is a paucity of studies comprehensively investigating this symptom and its functional impact. This study investigated the experience of emotional blunting, and its impact on overall functioning and quality of life, in the acute and remission phases of depression from the perspective of patients and healthcare providers. This paper presents data on the clinical presentation of emotional blunting in depression from the patient perspective.
Methods
Cross-sectional, observational study conducted in Brazil, Canada, and Spain between April 15 and May 18, 2021. Data were collected via a self-completed online survey. Respondents were adults with depression (acute or remission phase), who were currently using a prescribed antidepressant, and who reported emotional blunting during the past 6 weeks. Emotional blunting was assessed using the Oxford Depression Questionnaire (ODQ; total score range 26–130, higher scores indicate greater emotional blunting).
Results
In all, 752 patients completed the survey (62% female; mean age, 45 years). Overall, 44% of patients rated their emotional blunting as extremely severe (acute phase [n = 300], 72%; remission phase [n = 452], 25%; difference, p < 0.01). In all, 56% of patients considered their emotional blunting to be caused by their depression (acute phase, 62%; remission phase, 52%). Mean ODQ total score was 94.8 for patients in the acute phase of depression and 85.7 for those in remission (difference, p < 0.01). Mean score for the ODQ ‘antidepressant as cause’ domain (maximum possible score, 30) was 18.0 in patients in the acute phase and 17.6 in those in remission. Overall, 45% of patients believed that their antidepressant medication was blunting their emotions and 39% were considering stopping or had already stopped their antidepressant because of perceived emotion-related side effects.
Conclusions
Almost three-quarters of patients in the acute phase of depression and one-quarter of those in remission reported severe emotional blunting. Approximately 56% of patients considered their emotional blunting to be caused by their depression, while 45% believed that their antidepressant medication was negatively affecting their emotions. Just over one-third of patients were considering stopping or had stopped their antidepressant as a result.
Similar content being viewed by others
Background
Depression is a common mental health disorder, affecting more than 264 million individuals worldwide and contributing greatly to the overall global burden of disease [1]. Compared with the general population, patients with depression have impaired functioning across multiple domains, and this impacts significantly on their work, family, and social lives [2, 3]. Functional recovery is therefore an important treatment goal in patients with depression [4,5,6,7].
Emotional blunting—usually defined as the inability to feel positive or negative emotions; feelings of detachment; or reduced emotional responsiveness—is a common symptom in patients with depression, including those receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin–noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. In a survey of more than 1800 patients in New Zealand taking a range of different antidepressants, 60% of respondents reported feeling emotionally numb [10]. Emotional blunting is also a common reason for discontinuing antidepressant therapy in patients with depression [15].
There is, however, a paucity of studies comprehensively investigating this symptom and its potential impact on patients’ overall functioning and health-related quality of life. The present study was undertaken in order to address this data gap. The study aimed to explore the lived experience of emotional blunting in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and its impact on overall functioning and health-related quality of life, in both the acute and remission phases of MDD from the perspective of patients and healthcare providers. This paper—the first in a series exploring different aspects of emotional blunting in MDD—presents data on the clinical characteristics of emotional blunting from the patient perspective. Subsequent papers in the series will explore the impact of emotional blunting on functioning and overall quality of life, the prevalence of trauma and its association with emotional blunting, and differences between patient and healthcare provider perspectives regarding the experience of emotional blunting in patients with MDD.
Methods
Participants
Eligible patients were aged 18–70 years, had been diagnosed with depression by a physician, were currently using a prescribed antidepressant, and reported having experienced emotional blunting during the last 6 weeks. Enrollment quotas were imposed with respect to patient age (50% aged ≥ 50 years) and sex (60% female). Emotional blunting was defined using a validated screening question [16]: ‘Emotional effects of depression and treatment vary, but may include, for example, feeling emotionally “numbed” or “blunted” in some way; lacking positive emotions or negative emotions; feeling detached from the world around you; or ‘just not caring’ about things that you used to care about. Have you experienced such emotional effects during the last 6 weeks?’ Patients were also required to be in either the acute or remission phase of depression. Acute phase was defined as: ‘A time when your symptoms are at their worst or most severe and for which you use antidepressant treatment.’ Remission phase was defined as: ‘A time when your symptoms have improved significantly and you are already feeling better, but you may or may not still experience some minor symptoms. You are still taking antidepressant medication.’
Patients who responded ‘No’ to the screening question for emotional blunting or who were not in the acute or remission phase of depression were excluded from study participation. Patients currently employed by a pharmaceutical company or market research agency were also excluded.
Study design
This was a cross-sectional, observational study conducted by BPR Pharma (London, UK) in Brazil, Canada, and Spain between April 15 and May 18, 2021. Data were collected by means of a self-completed online survey. The approximate time required for patients to complete the survey was 25 min. The survey primarily comprised closed questions encompassing semantic rating scales, but also included some open questions to capture verbatim responses. The survey questionnaires were pre-tested and refined by undertaking five pilot interviews in Canada. Following this pre-test, some minor refinements to the questionnaires were implemented. The final questionnaires were translated into local languages.
Recruitment of study participants, scripting of the online survey questionnaires, and hosting were undertaken by Kantar (London, UK). A random selection of potential participants were identified from Kantar’s online panel of consumers and invited to participate. Potential respondents were provided with information about the study before being screened for eligibility. Participants had previously consented to participate in research. Informed consent was also obtained from all respondents specifically for this study prior to screening. At the beginning of the survey, participants were informed that they could refuse to answer any question and could withdraw from participation at any point. Respondents were rewarded for their participation in the study.
The study and all associated materials were approved by an institutional review board prior to initiation (Veritas IRB, Montreal, QC, Canada). The study was conducted in accordance with the European Pharmaceutical Market Research Association (EphMRA) code of conduct, which ensures respondent confidentiality, and adhered to General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and all local market laws regarding data protection.
Assessments
Respondents were asked which of a list of symptoms they had experienced during their current phase of depression (including emotional blunting), and were asked to rate the severity of the symptoms experienced on a scale of 1 (not at all severe) to 7 (extremely severe). The online survey also incorporated the Oxford Depression Questionnaire (ODQ) [16, 17], the Functioning Assessment Short Test [18], the World Health Organization-Five Well-being Index [19], and trauma questions based on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [20].
The ODQ is a validated instrument for assessing emotional blunting in patients with depression, including those treated with antidepressants [16, 17]. It comprises 26 questions about emotional experiences during the past week, for which respondents are asked the extent to which they agree or disagree. Questions cover five domains of emotional blunting: general reduction in emotions, reduction in positive emotions, emotional detachment from others, not caring, and antidepressant as cause. The ‘antidepressant as cause’ domain is only completed by patients currently receiving antidepressants for their depression, and explores the respondent’s perception of a potential link between their current antidepressant and their experience of emotional blunting, and whether this has affected their adherence to treatment. For each question, responses are indicated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (disagree) to 5 (agree). An overall ODQ score is computed, as well as scores for each ODQ domain. All domains are scored out of 25, except for the ‘antidepressant as cause’ domain (scored out of 30). The ODQ total score ranges from 26 to 130 points, with higher scores indicating more severe emotional blunting.
Statistical analysis
The population for this analysis comprised all patients who met the study inclusion criteria and completed the online survey. Data were analyzed by The Stats People (Sevenoaks, UK) using MERLIN tabulation software and Microsoft Excel. Data are presented descriptively using means and standard deviations (SDs) for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Comparisons were performed using t tests for continuous measures and Z tests for proportions; significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results
Patient demographics
Of 5127 patients invited to participate, 3985 were excluded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria and 245 were excluded due to quota requirements; a further 145 patients were excluded as they did not complete the survey. A total of 752 patients completed the survey (approximately equal numbers from Brazil, Canada, and Spain). Patient demographics and baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1. In all, 40% of patient respondents indicated that they were in the acute phase of depression and 60% that they were in remission. Patient demographics and baseline characteristics were generally similar between patients in the acute and remission phases. However, a significantly greater proportion of patients in the remission phase of depression were in full-time employment (50% vs 40% in the acute phase; p < 0.01) and a significantly greater proportion in the acute phase of depression reported a history of any severe trauma (92% vs 85% in the remission phase; p < 0.01). Most patients were receiving treatment with SSRIs or SNRIs, most commonly fluoxetine (26% overall; 29% in the acute phase group and 25% in the remission phase group).
Symptoms and severity
Symptoms reported by patients according to their phase of depression are shown in Fig. 1. Irrespective of the phase of depression, anxiety was the most frequently experienced symptom (reported by 95% of patients in the acute phase of depression and 83% of those in the remission phase). In the acute phase of depression, sleep problems, fatigue/lack of energy, low motivation, and mood symptoms were all reported by more than 80% of patients. Lack of interest (i.e., anhedonia) was reported by 77% of patients in the acute phase of depression and 52% of those in the remission phase.
Per protocol, all patients had experienced emotional blunting within the past 6 weeks; their mean (SD) emotional blunting severity score was 5.2 (1.4) (maximum possible score, 7). Overall, 44% of patients rated their emotional blunting as extremely severe (i.e., a score of 6 or 7). Emotional blunting was more severe in patients in the acute phase of depression than in those in remission (Fig. 2). Extremely severe emotional blunting was reported by 72% of patients in the acute phase compared with 25% of those who were in remission (p < 0.01). Most patients considered emotional blunting to be caused by their depression (62% of patients in the acute phase of depression and 52% of those in remission; p < 0.01). A further 27% of patients in both disease phases believed that both their depression and their antidepressant medication contributed to their emotional blunting. Only 6% of patients in the acute phase of depression and 10% of those in remission considered their emotional blunting to be due to their antidepressant medication alone.
ODQ scores
The mean (SD) patient-reported ODQ total score was 89.3 (18.3) (maximum possible score, 130) in the overall study population, 94.8 (16.6) in patients in the acute phase of depression, and 85.7 (18.4) in those in the remission phase (difference between phase subgroups, p < 0.01). The mean (SD) ODQ total score was significantly higher in men than women (93.5 [16.1] vs 86.8 [19.1] points, respectively; p < 0.01). There was no difference in mean (SD) ODQ total score between countries (89.9 [18.3] in Brazil, 88.4 [18.4] in Canada, and 89.6 [18.2] in Spain). Mean (SD) ODQ total score was significantly higher in patients who reported a history of addiction (93.3 [17.7] vs 88.3 [18.3] in those with no history of addiction; p < 0.01) and in patients who reported having experienced any severe trauma (90.1 [18.3] vs 83.9 [17.3] in those who did not; p < 0.01).
Irrespective of the phase of depression, the greatest contribution to the ODQ total score was from the ‘reduction in positive emotions’ domain and the least from the ‘emotional detachment’ domain (Table 2). The overall proportion of patients agreeing with each of the constituent statements in the ‘reduction in positive emotions’ domain ranged from 74 to 82% (Additional file 1: Table S1). A similar high level of patient agreement was seen for the following statements in the ‘general reduction in emotions’ domain: ‘Day-to-day life just doesn’t have the same emotional impact on me that it did before my illness/problem’ (75%) and ‘My emotions are numbed/dulled/flattened compared to before I developed my illness/problem’ (72%). In the ‘not caring’ domain, 72% of patients agreed with the statement: ‘I feel “spaced out” and distant from the world around me.’
The proportion of patients agreeing with each of the constituent statements was significantly higher in the acute phase of depression than in the remission phase for both the ‘reduction in positive emotions’ domain (85–93% vs 66–74%, respectively; all p < 0.01) and the ‘not caring’ domain (59–83% vs 35–65%, respectively; all p < 0.01) (Additional file 1: Table S1). The proportion of patients agreeing with each statement in the ‘emotional detachment’ domain was also higher in the acute phase group than in the remission group, but was statistically significant only for ‘I care less about other people’s feelings than I think I should’ (54% vs 45%; p < 0.05). In the ‘general reduction in emotions’ domain, significant differences between the two depression phase groups were seen for the following statements: ‘Day-to-day life just doesn’t have the same emotional impact on me …’ (83% in the acute phase group vs 70% in the remission group; p < 0.01); ‘My emotions are numbed/dulled/flattened …’ (77% vs 68%, respectively; p < 0.01); and ‘My emotions lack intensity’ (63% vs 54%, respectively; p < 0.05).
The mean (SD) ODQ score for the ‘antidepressant as cause’ domain was 18.0 (6.4) points in patients in the acute phase of depression and 17.6 (5.9) points in those in remission (maximum possible score, 30 points). The ODQ total score and all individual ODQ domain scores (with the exception of the ‘antidepressant as cause’ domain) were significantly higher in the acute phase group than in the remission phase group (all p < 0.01) (Table 2). Based on responses to the individual questions in the ‘antidepressant as cause’ domain (Table 3), 45% of patients indicated that they believed that their antidepressant medication was affecting their emotions, and 39% indicated that they were considering stopping or had already stopped their antidepressant because of perceived emotional side effects. The proportions of patients agreeing with each statement in the ‘antidepressant as cause’ domain were similar in the acute and remission phase groups (Table 3).
Discussion
In this population of patients with MDD reporting emotional blunting, almost three-quarters of patients in the acute phase of depression rated their emotional blunting as extremely severe, and one-quarter of patients who were in remission from their depression continued to report extremely severe emotional blunting. Just over half of patients considered their emotional blunting to be caused by their depression, while 45% believed that their antidepressant medication was blunting their emotions. Of note, just over one-third of all patients were considering or had already stopped taking their antidepressant because of perceived emotion-related adverse effects.
Severity of emotional blunting was also evaluated using the ODQ. A recent study has demonstrated that this validated assessment scale captures aspects of emotional blunting in patients with depression receiving antidepressant treatment that are not well measured by other scales more commonly used for assessing depressive symptom severity [17]. The overall mean ODQ total score was 89.3 out of a possible maximum 130 points, reflecting the relatively high proportion of patients who rated their emotional blunting as extremely severe. This value is remarkably similar to that reported in patients with depression who had an inadequate response to an SSRI or SNRI and were experiencing emotional blunting on treatment in another recent study (mean ODQ score at baseline, 89.4 points) [21]. In the present study, patients with higher ODQ scores (i.e., more severe emotional blunting) were more likely to be in the acute phase of depression, to be male, to currently have addiction or have a history of addiction, and to have experienced severe trauma. Irrespective of the phase of depression, reduction in positive emotions was found to be the biggest contributor to the overall ODQ score.
It has been suggested that emotional blunting may be an adverse effect associated with certain classes of antidepressants; for example, up to 60% of patients treated with SSRIs or SNRIs report some degree of emotional blunting [8,9,10,11]. SSRIs and SNRIs were the most commonly prescribed classes of antidepressants for patients participating in the present study. Indeed, just under half of all patients believed that their antidepressant medication was blunting their emotions and more than one-third were considering stopping or had already stopped their antidepressant because of perceived emotion-related side effects. These findings are in line with the results of a previous online survey undertaken to identify determinants of treatment effectiveness and tolerability in patients with MDD or bipolar disorder; in that study, emotional blunting was found to be a common treatment-emergent adverse event, leading to discontinuation of antidepressant medication in more than one-third of respondents [15].
Our findings also highlight the broad range of symptoms experienced by patients with depression during both the acute and remission phases of the disease. The clinical presentation of depression is known to be highly heterogeneous, with considerable variation in the specific symptoms experienced among patients [22,23,24,25]. In another recent study undertaken to explore patients’ lived experiences of depression and their expectations for antidepressant therapy, the most frequent symptoms reported were fatigue (mentioned by 59% of respondents), lack of motivation/loss of interest (52%), anxiety/panic (45%), sadness (41%), and lack of concentration/brain fog (41%) [26].
Anhedonia (i.e., the inability to experience pleasure) is a common symptom of depression and other mental health disorders [8, 16]. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) recognizes anhedonia as one of the core diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode [27]. Patients with emotional blunting very frequently experience anhedonia; however, the emotions that are blunted are not limited to pleasure, and other emotions, including negative emotions, are also blunted or toned down [8]. The observed prevalence of anhedonia in patients in the acute phase of depression in this study is consistent with previous reports showing this symptom to be present in approximately 75% of patients [28]. Anhedonia is also a common residual symptom in patients with MDD [29]. While anhedonia was more commonly reported in patients in the acute phase of depression than in those in remission in the present study, just over half of patients who were considered to be in remission continued to report this symptom.
Methodologic considerations
Research methods such as those described in this study are increasingly used to evaluate the patient experience across different disease areas. Use of an internet-based survey enables the acquisition of a large sample size across different countries over a short period of time and facilitates the collection of data across a relatively large number of variables, permitting detection of cross-sectional response patterns among patient groups.
The main strengths of this study are that it provides information on the experience of emotional blunting in depression from the patient’s own perspective in a large sample, using a well-validated, specific, and detailed assessment tool—the ODQ [16, 17]. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the phenomenology of emotional blunting in patients with depression in both the acute and remission phases of the disease. The importance of addressing patient perspectives when managing mental health disorders such as depression is well recognized [30,31,32,33].
By design, all patients participating in this study reported that they were experiencing emotional blunting. Further study limitations include the potential for selection and/or recall bias (e.g., patients experiencing emotional blunting who did not feel that their condition was being adequately treated may have been more likely to consent to study participation), lack of information on comorbid conditions that might also have influenced patient responses, and the fact that the patient experience of emotional blunting may have been influenced by the antidepressant treatment(s) received. It should also be noted that all patients in this study were receiving treatment with antidepressant medication; in clinical practice, however, many patients with MDD who experience emotional blunting will discontinue drug treatment. As such, our findings may underestimate the true prevalence and impact of emotional blunting in MDD, particularly during the remission phase of the disease. Finally, due to the cross-sectional study design, any causal inferences should be interpreted with caution.
Conclusion
In summary, our findings provide new insights into the severity and perceived causes of emotional blunting in patients with depression in both the acute and remission phases of the disease. Of particular note, just over half of patients with MDD reporting emotional blunting considered this to be caused by their depression, while 45% believed that their antidepressant medication was blunting their emotions. Furthermore, just over one-third of all patients were considering or had already stopped taking their antidepressant because of perceived emotion-related adverse effects. This potential risk of premature treatment discontinuation in patients who are experiencing emotional blunting highlights the need for increased awareness and improved recognition of this common symptom in patients with MDD in order to ensure that antidepressant treatment can be targeted to their clinical needs.
Availability of Data and Materials
The datasets presented in this article are not readily available given the informed consent provided by survey participants. Requests to access the datasets should be directed to the authors.
References
GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7.
Lam RW, Parikh SV, Michalak EE, Dewa CS, Kennedy SH. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) consensus recommendations for functional outcomes in major depressive disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2015;27(2):142–9.
IsHak WW, James DM, Mirocha J, et al. Patient-reported functioning in major depressive disorder. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2016;7(3):160–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622316639769.
Habert J, Katzman MA, Oluboka OJ, et al. Functional recovery in major depressive disorder: focus on early optimized treatment. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016;18:5. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.15r01926.
Lam RW, McIntosh D, Wang J, et al; CANMAT Depression Work Group. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 1. Disease burden and principles of care. Can J Psychiatry. 2016;61(9):510–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716659416.
Sheehan DV, Nakagome K, Asami Y, Pappadopulos EA, Boucher M. Restoring function in major depressive disorder: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2017;215:299–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.029.
Oluboka OJ, Katzman MA, Habert J, et al. Functional recovery in major depressive disorder: providing early optimal treatment for the individual patient. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;21(2):128–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx081.
Price J, Cole V, Goodwin GM. Emotional side-effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(3):211–7. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051110.
Sansone RA, Sansone LA. SSRI-induced indifference. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2010;7(10):14–8.
Read J, Cartwright C, Gibson K. Adverse emotional and interpersonal effects reported by 1829 New Zealanders while taking antidepressants. Psychiatry Res. 2014;216(1):67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.042.
Goodwin GM, Price J, De Bodinat C, Laredo J. Emotional blunting with antidepressant treatments: a survey among depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 2017;221:31–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.048.
Sandell K, Bornäs H. Functioning numbness instead of feelings as a direction: young adults’ experiences of antidepressant use. Sociology. 2017;51(3):543–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038515591947.
Kajanoja J, Scheinin NM, Karukivi M, Karlsson L, Karlsson H. Is antidepressant use associated with difficulty identifying feelings? A brief report Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;26(1):2–5. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000165.
Read J, Williams J. Adverse effects of antidepressants reported by a large international cohort: emotional blunting, suicidality, and withdrawal effects. Curr Drug Saf. 2018;13(3):176–86. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574886313666180605095130.
Rosenblat JD, Simon GE, Sachs GS, et al. Treatment effectiveness and tolerability outcomes that are most important to individuals with bipolar and unipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;243:116–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.027.
Price J, Cole V, Doll H, Goodwin GM. The Oxford Questionnaire on the Emotional Side-effects of Antidepressants (OQuESA): development, validity, reliability and sensitivity to change. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(1):66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.030.
Christensen MC, Fagiolini A, Florea I, Loft H, Cuomo A, Goodwin GM. Validation of the Oxford Depression Questionnaire: sensitivity to change, minimal clinically important difference, and response threshold for the assessment of emotional blunting. J Affect Disord. 2021;294:924–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.099.
Rosa AR, Sánchez-Moreno J, Martínez-Aran A, et al. Validity and reliability of the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) in bipolar disorder. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2007;3:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-0179-3-5.
Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(3):167–76. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585.
Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, et al. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1132–6.
Fagiolini A, Florea I, Loft H, Christensen MC. Effectiveness of vortioxetine on emotional blunting in patients with major depressive disorder with inadequate response to SSRI/SNRI treatment. J Affect Disord. 2021;283:472–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.106.
Ostergaard SD, Jensen SO, Bech P. The heterogeneity of the depressive syndrome: when numbers get serious. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011;124(6):495–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01744.x.
Fried EI, Nesse RM. Depression is not a consistent syndrome: an investigation of unique symptom patterns in the STAR*D study. J Affect Disord. 2015;172:96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.010.
Zimmerman M, Ellison W, Young D, Chelminski I, Dalrymple K. How many different ways do patients meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder? Compr Psychiatry. 2015;56:29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.007.
Malgaroli M, Calderon A, Bonanno GA. Networks of major depressive disorder: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;85: 102000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102000.
Baune BT, Florea I, Ebert B, et al. Patient expectations and experiences of antidepressant therapy for major depressive disorder: a qualitative study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2021;17:2995–3006. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S325954.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Franken IH, Rassin E, Muris P. The assessment of anhedonia in clinical and non-clinical populations: further validation of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS). J Affect Disord. 2007;99(1–3):83–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.08.020.
Nierenberg AA. Residual symptoms in depression: prevalence and impact. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(11): e1480. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13097TX1C.
IsHak WW, Mirocha J, Pi S, et al. Patient-reported outcomes before and after treatment of major depressive disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2014;16(2):171–83. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2014.16.2/rcohen.
Awad AG. ‘The patient’: at the center of patient-reported outcomes. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2015;15(5):729–31. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737167.2015.1077118.
Slade M, Longden E. Empirical evidence about recovery and mental health. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:285. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0678-4.
Loos S, Clarke E, Jordan H, et al; CEDAR Study Group. Recovery and decision-making involvement in people with severe mental illness from six countries: a prospective observational study. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1207-4.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all the patients and healthcare providers who participated in this study. The internet survey and corresponding analyses were provided by Matt Brooks and Bridget Pumfrey of BPR Pharma Ltd, funded by H. Lundbeck A/S. Statistical analyses were performed by The Stats People, funded by H. Lundbeck A/S. Medical writing assistance and editorial support was provided by Jennifer Coward and Julie Ponting of Piper Medical Communications, funded by H. Lundbeck A/S.
Funding
This study was funded by H. Lundbeck A/S.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the concept and design of the study, and interpretation of the data. All authors contributed to all stages of manuscript development. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All participants (patients and healthcare providers) had previously accepted the online panel partners’ privacy policies and terms and conditions, including consent to participate in future research. Informed consent was also obtained from all participants specifically for this study prior to screening. The study and all associated materials were approved by an institutional review board prior to initiation (Veritas IRB, Montreal, QC, Canada). The study was conducted in accordance with the European Pharmaceutical Market Research Association (EphMRA) code of conduct, which ensures respondent confidentiality, and adhered to General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) and all local market laws regarding data protection.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
MCC is an employee of H. Lundbeck A/S. HR was an employee of H. Lundbeck A/S at the time this study was conducted. AF has been a consultant and/or speaker and/or has received research grants from Allergan, Angelini, Aspen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo Brasil Farmacêutica, DOC Generici, FB-Health, Italfarmaco, Janssen, Lundbeck, Mylan, Otsuka, Pfizer, Recordati, Sanofi Aventis, Sunovion, and Vifor Pharma.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Additional file 1: Table S1.
Patient responses to the ODQ questionnaire.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Christensen, M.C., Ren, H. & Fagiolini, A. Emotional blunting in patients with depression. Part I: clinical characteristics. Ann Gen Psychiatry 21, 10 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-022-00387-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-022-00387-1