Background

With the prevalence of infertility increasing every year around the world, it has seriously impacted the individual quality of family and social life. Worldwide > 186 million people suffer from infertility, the majority being residents of developing countries [1]. It is a problem concerning 8–12% of married couples in the world, which means one in every seven couples in the western world and one in every four couples in developing countries have difficulties in reproducing [2]. In China, the data from the National Health and Family Planning Commission in 2017 showed that the rate of infertility among proper-aged couples reached 15–20% [3]. Thus, it has caused tremendous attention from the society and it was recognized as a key element of reproductive health and a global public health issue by the World Health Organization (WHO) [4].

There are several causes of female infertility including organic lesion and functional factors. More and more evidence has shown that psychological factors might be the major cause of infertility [5,6,7]. It was reported that psychological stress can contribute to hypothalamic amenorrhea via reducing the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis [8]. It also can directly cause general activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which leads to the suppression of GnRH pulse generators [9]. It was reported that those infertile patients had faced with enormous pressure, more than 8% of which coming from family and society, and also their daily work and other aspects [4]. All those factors can finally result in infertility.

Infertility can be a very stressful condition, and women are normally blamed for the cause of this situation [3]. Normally, infertile women are not willing to share their story with other family members or friends which may deteriorate the stressful situation. The inability to reproduce naturally can cause feelings of shame, guilt, and low self-esteem. The inability to reproduce naturally can cause feelings of shame, guilt, and low self-esteem. These negative feelings can affect them in many aspects and shrink the quality of their life [10]. Some studies proposed that psychological distress associated with infertility is comparable to that associated with heart disease, cancer, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and infertile patients undergoing treatment often characterize infertility as the most upsetting experience in their lives [11, 12], which can affect the effectiveness of their therapies. Among those psychological disorders, the most common ones included anxiety [13].

Anxiety is a subjective sense of internal tension, which is often associated with intrusive thoughts or worries [14]. A significant segment of the infertile population is affected by anxiety [15]. Several studies have proved the prevalence of anxiety is higher in infertile patients than the control group [16, 17]. Women showed a decrease in anxiety when treatment successfully resulted in a pregnancy [18]. Although recent studies have shown the importance of anxiety and its negative effect on the infertile treatment outcomes, there are few studies in China about revealing the current situation, its prevalence and associated factors among infertile patients, especially after the enforcement of the new family plan, which is called ‘two-child’ policy. In China, with the enforcement of the second-child policy and the traditional concept of ‘more children, more blessings’, a baby boomlet has been set up to ease the current condition of population ageing, sex ratio unbalance and approximately lowest-low fertility rate in Chinese society.

The consequences of this change are inevitably speculative, meanwhile, there are a series of problems needed to be solved. The aims of the current study were to determine the prevalence of anxiety in infertile patients, and to explore associated factors among these patients. To further improve reproductive capability, caring for female reproductive health in a better way.

Material and methods

This study was conducted at the Reproductive Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University in Chongqing City over a period of 34 months from February 2016 to December 2018. This study was approved by The Ethics Committee of The First Affiliate Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (No. 2018-131).

All participants had to meet the following criteria (a) willing to participate; (b) age over 18 and under 50; (c) premenopausal; (d) been unsuccessful in conceiving a baby with unprotected intercourse for more than 1 year; (e) ability of Chinese reading and writing.

Sample size calculation was performed by the formula [19] \(N = Z_{1 - \alpha /2}^{2} (1 - p)/\varepsilon^{2} p\). Where we took the incidence of anxiety in Chinese infertility patients (P = 0.614) [20]. For a confidence level of 95%, α is 0.05 and Z1−α/2 =1.96. The required sample size N = 242. If we anticipate a 10 ~ 20% rates of the inefficiency, we may want to increase the sample size and total sample size n as 266 ~ 290.

Data collection tools and procedures

A total of 693 women who fulfilled the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale questionnaires were included in the study, and additional patients were excluded. Socio-demographic information including age, educational level, whether a single child in the family, monthly income, oral contraception taking history (OC) and history of allergy were obtained from the respondents. Whether the subjects were presented with first-child infertile patients (FI) or second-child infertile patients (SI) were also acquired. Data relating to the anxiety of infertility was obtained using questionnaire, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), which has been shown to have satisfactory psychometric properties for infertile people [21]. When we did the survey after all participants were informed of the study and provided written informed consent. Then they completed the questionnaire.

7-Item generalized anxiety disorder scale(GAD-7)

The GAD-7 is a 7-item self-report scale. It contained seven questions that have bothered participants during the preceding 2 weeks. It was recommended for evaluating generalized anxiety disorder and its severity. The response options are as follows: not at all; several days; more than half the days; and nearly every day. Higher scores indicate greater generalized anxiety (the total scores range is 0–21). Scores >  = 5 indicates anxiety. The classifications of severity are:

  1. 1.

    0–4 (without anxiety)

  2. 2.

    5–9 (mild anxiety)

  3. 3.

    10–13 (moderate anxiety)

  4. 4.

    14–18 (moderately severe anxiety)

  5. 5.

    19–22 (severe anxiety)

Data processing and analysis

All data were analysed using SPSS version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Frequency tables were used for the descriptive purposes. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables as numbers (percentage). The relationship between categorical responses and explanatory variables were evaluated using a chi-square test. Binary logistic regression was performed considering anxiety as the dichotomous variable to identify the association between anxiety and demographic or fertility variables. In all statistical tests, a value of P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

Demographic description of FI and SI patients

The demographic description of FI and SI patients were presented in Table 1. The age of the study population ranged from 24 to 48 years old with a mean ± standard deviation of 35.26 ± 4.30 years. FI was prevalent in 66.2% of the study population, while 33.8% of them had SI. More SI patients are of minor ethnicity than FI patients (P < 0.01). 79.7% of SI patients had an elective abortion, as well as 45.4% in FI patients (P < 0.01). FI patients had higher education levels (undergraduate and above) than SI patients (P < 0.01). 52.5% of FI patients are a single child in the family, while 20.3% of SI patients are a single child in the family (P < 0.01). FI patient made higher monthly income than SI did (P < 0.01).

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of initial fertility patients (n = 459) and secondary infertile patients (n = 234)
Full size table

Anxiety results

Levels of anxiety among FI and SI women are listed in Table 1. There is no significant difference between FI and SI patients about the occurrence rate of anxiety (P > 0.05). Of those patients who had FI, 20.9% had mild anxiety; 2.4% had moderate anxiety; 0.2% had moderately severe anxiety and 0% had severe anxiety. To patients with SI, 13.7% had mild anxiety; 1.7% had moderate anxiety; 1.3% had moderately severe anxiety and 1.7% had severe anxiety. Demographic data of anxious and non-anxious patients are listed in Table 2. More than half of anxious patients (59%) had history of taking OC, while the rate was 45.7% among non-anxious patients (P = 0.005). More non-anxious patients had higher education levels than anxious patients (P = 0.003)0.18.6% anxious patients had allergic history, and 11% of non-anxious patients had an allergic history (P = 0.015). There is also significant difference between those two groups about the monthly income (P = 0.020). More anxious patients are in the group of middle incomes (54.0%), and more non-anxious patients (24.6%) had higher incomes than anxious patients (14.7%).

Table 2 Demographic and infertile characteristics of anxious (n = 151) and non-anxious (n = 543) patients
Full size table

Factors associated with anxiety

Binary logistic regression was used to exam the association between anxiety and other variables which are education levels, monthly incomes, OC history and allergic history (Table 3). According to the analysis, patients with lower education levels are more likely to have anxiety (P < 0.01). Patients with middle salary incomes are more likely to have anxiety than those with high incomes (OR = 1.860, 95% CI: 1.068–3.238, P = 0.028), also did patients with low income when compare with high incomes patients, but the difference was not statistically significant (OR = 1.049, 95% CI: 0.553–1.992, P = 0.884). Patients who took OC are 1.778 times more likely to have anxiety than those who didn’t (OR = 1.778, 95% CI: 1.186–2.667, P = 0.005). Patients with allergic history are 2.098 times more likely to have anxiety (OR = 2.098, 95% CI: 1.219–3.612, P = 0.007).

Table 3 Association between anxiety and demographic/fertility variables among infertile patients by binary logistic regression model
Full size table

Discussion

According to the demographic information we collected, our research revealed that the prevalence of anxiety is comparatively high. The prevalence of anxiety in infertile patients have been assessed in several countries. Enikő Lakato reported the prevalence of anxiety among infertile patients was 39.6% in Hungary [16]. In Sweden, one study revealed that anxiety was detected in 14.8% of infertile patients in 2008 [22]. A study from the infertility clinics in northern California determined that 76% of the infertile women reported significant symptoms of anxiety [23]. The data from Iran was 56.9% [17]. In China, anxiety was represented in 21.3% of infertile patients [24]. In Japan, researchers used the Japanese version of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) scale and found that infertility patients have a higher incidence of anxiety [25]. Indeed, the incidence of anxiety can vary depending on culture, ethnicity, lifestyle, and religion. However, compared to the data used in our study, the overall incidence of anxiety in infertile patients is still relatively high.

After the full liberalization of the "second child policy", factors such as age, social roles and intricate family problems all contributed to more complex re-fertility nature in patients, thus prompting us to compare these patients. We discovered that the incidence of anxiety in "one-child" infertility patients and "Second-child" infertility patients are high, but there is no significant difference between the two groups. For patients with "second child" infertility, the general public often holds the opinion that they should not be anxious, as the "second child" should be an easier step after “one child”. However, the results of this study found that the incidence of anxiety in patients with "second child" infertility is still high, and there is no statistical difference compared with "one-child" infertility patients. This suggests that whether the infertility patient is from a "one-child" or "second child" background, council and assistance should be offered to examine their psychological status and to provide psychological intervention if necessary.

In our study, among the whole infertile patients, the likelihood of anxiety was increased with lower educational levels, which is in accordance with some previous studies [26, 27]. It is estimated that higher educational patients can have more and easier access to information. They are more open-minded to ‘child issue’, and with a better mindset to accept the negative consequence of being infertile. Patients with high education level are generally higher in social status with multiple hobbies that can alleviate the negative emotions caused by infertility. Patients with low levels of education are more susceptible to traditional thinking and believe that having children is the primary task of life. As such, they do not fully comprehend their condition and situation, which make them even more susceptible to anxiety.

Usually, patients with lower incomes are more likely to suffer from anxiety because of the long treatment period of infertility, high cost, and not within the scope of medical insurance [28]. Dijkstra-Kersten and colleagues’ research proposed that financial strain was related to depressive and/or anxiety disorder, above the effect of income [29]. Interestingly, our study showed that patients with middle salary incomes are more likely to have anxiety than those with high or low incomes. A possible explanation might be due to the small sample size used in the study, which requires further research. Another possible explanation for this occurrence relates to the social status and lifestyle differences between income levels. In China, most patients with low incomes still live at the countryside where the living cost is comparatively low, and their awareness and expectation about life is also low. On the other hand, middle incomes patients live in the city, where the living cost is higher and they are more likely to have financial strain. In addition, the process of diagnosis and treatment of infertility takes long periods, the treatment effect has uncertain factors, and patients often need to take time off to arrange work-time to see a doctor, affecting income.

Oral contraception (OC) history has been found to be associated with the prevalence of anxiety according to our study. Taking OC will cause a higher risk of anxiety. One study including 202 women revealed the relationship between OC and mood [30], which is OC use was related to a small, but statistically significant increases in mean anxiety, and mood swings scores among inter-menstrual phase women (from day 5 of the menstrual cycle to day 21). Another study reported that approximately 4–10% of combined oral contraceptive users made complain of adverse mood symptoms including increased anxiety [31]. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is OC can cause lower endogenous estradiol levels, and estradiol is suggested to be associated with mood improvement [32]. A higher continued vigilance for negative emotional stimuli and a biased attention towards negative stimuli in OC-users, possibly explaining adverse effects on mood [33]. However, it is yet unknown if there is any difference in terms of mental health between the infertile and the general OC users, nonetheless infertility itself is a very stressful condition. If possible, for infertile patients, choosing other contraceptive methods could be more beneficial to their physiological situation.

The logistic regression also suggested that patients with a history of allergy are 2.098 times more likely to have anxiety than those patients without it. Patients with a history of allergies are often associated with abnormalities in the immune system, and immune factors are considered to be one of the causes of infertility. There are some studies have found certain levels of anxiety in patients with drug hypersensitive or intolerance and food allergy [34,35,36,37,38]. People with history of allergy could suffer more than the general population. The stress of managing allergy can be associated with impairments in managing anxiety and mood symptoms [39]. One study suggested that patients with a food allergy, their quality of life improves in some but deteriorates in others during oral immunotherapy [40]. At present, there are few studies on the history of allergies and mental health in infertile patients. The effect infertility has on the mental state of the patient still requires further studies. According to the results of our study, the history of allergies and anxiety do occur in infertile patients. The positive correlation indicates a relevant risk factor for concern.

Our study does contain some degrees of limitations around the collection, relationships and quality of data such as reliance on self-report, geographical bias, and missing data respectively. In addition, there is a selection bias in this study. First, since infertility patients were selected in this study, this part of the population may be more sensitive, leading to more serious anxiety rate; Secondly, the location of this survey did not include infertile patients in other hospitals, which may be influenced by location, economy and other aspects, and there may be selection bias. Therefore, in the follow-up study, we need to add infertile patients in other regional hospitals for comparison, to expand the sample size and reduce the bias. Despite these limitations, our study employed a large sample size to reduce bias and variances. In addition, this study is the first to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety among infertile patients in Chongqing, China after the enforcement of ‘two-child’ policy.

Conclusion

In summary, after the full liberalization of the “two-child policy” in China, the overall prevalence of anxiety is at a relatively high level. The incidence of anxiety in initial fertility patients and secondary infertile patients was similar. Anxiety risk factors were associated significantly with low education level, oral contraceptives, and allergy history. Comprehensively assessing their mental health and performing physiological and psychological interventions based on different anxiety-related factors might have therapeutic benefits for infertility women.

Strengths

  • This study is the first to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of anxiety among infertile patients in Chongqing, China after the enforcement of ‘two-child’ policy.

  • Research that combines policy, disease, and psychology to guide the evaluation of future policies in disease.

Limitations

  • Self-reporting questionnaire, the missing data lead to a decrease in the quality of data.

  • A selective group of participants who volunteered their participation but couldn’t follow up.