Introduction

The monkeypox (mpox) virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family, has been gradually gaining public attention since the first case outside Africa was reported in the United Kingdom in May 2022 [1, 2]. From January 1, 2022 to September 26, 2023, a total of 90,618 confirmed and 663 suspected cases of mpox were reported in 115 countries worldwide [3]. The disease resulted in 157 deaths, with the majority of cases coming from countries that had not previously recorded any cases of mpox [3]. In May 2023, the World Health Organization declared that the mpox epidemic no longer posed a public health emergency of international concern due to its declining trend [4]. However, as of September 26, a total of 1,484 cases of mpox infection have been reported in China, and the increase in cases over the past three weeks has reached 1,500%, making it one of the countries with the fastest-growing mpox epidemic in recent times [3]. Due to the epidemiological trend of mpox in China over the past three months and the discontinuation of smallpox vaccination, mpox will be classified as a legally infectious disease under category B as of September 20, 2023, according to the announcement by China [5]. It is essential to maintain constant vigilance on the state of the mpox epidemic.

As a zoonotic infectious disease, mpox, has very similar symptoms to smallpox, but the severity of the lesions is milder. The main manifestations include: efever, swollen lymph nodes, and rash [6,7,8]. Mpox virus spreads from person to person mainly through contact with body fluids of infected persons, broken skin and mucous membranes at the site of lesions, contaminated objects, etc., while sexual transmission is a highly important modality, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM) [9,10,11]. Based on the global published epidemic data, MSM are the most affected group in the current mpox epidemic. Among those with known sexual orientation, 83.2% of cases were identified as MSM [3]. Relevant studies from the United States and Europe indicate percentages of 94% and 96%, respectively [12, 13]. Studies conducted in June 2023 in Beijing and Guangzhou, the two Chinese cities where the first indigenous mpox outbreaks occurred, it was indicated that the proportion of MSM among the initial batch of validated indigenous mpox cases in these two cities was 97% and 96%, respectively [14, 15]. Therefore, MSM groups are at a heightened risk of contracting mpox [11, 16].

The Baidu Index on China’s top search engine reveals a 463% surge in daily searches for “mpox” in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province between June 2023 and August 2023, following the emergence of indigenous outbreaks in several provinces nationwide [17]. This indicates the high level of interest among Jiaxing residents in acquiring knowledge on mpox. However, limited background information is available on previous studies regarding the willingness to be vaccinated against mpox among MSM or the general population. Given the large MSM population base, it is necessary to understand the level of knowledge about mpox and the willingness to be vaccinated for the preventing and controlling mpox outbreaks in this population. Additionally, the current outbreak has a higher prevalence in the MSM population, thus deepening social discrimination against sexual minorities such as MSM, and some people are more reluctant to seek medical attention after experiencing milder symptoms, which may lead to a lack of testing and detection capacity [18,19,20].

Therefore, understanding the current self-reported mpox outbreaks in the MSM population can provide us with a better understanding of case detection for mpox in our region. Located in the core region of the Yangtze River Delta in China, Jiaxing is a medium-sized, second-tier city. Investigating the knowledge and infection status of the MSM population in this city is of great importance to most small and medium-sized cities in China.

Method

Overview

This study focuses on Jiaxing, an eastern coastal city in Zhejiang Province, located in the heart of China’s Yangtze River Delta, close to Shanghai and Hangzhou. With a population of 5.55 million, Jiaxing is a second-tier city in China, according to the latest data from the Jiaxing Municipal Bureau of Statistics.

Research design, population, and sampling

The study commencedon September 4, 2023, and concluded on September 20, 2023. It was carried out among MSM in Jiaxing City utilizing a convenience sampling method. In brief, the online sample population was recruited for the survey by posting a recruitment notice and a link to the electronic questionnaire through the official public account of Zhejiang Firefly Public Welfare Organization (This organization is dedicated to providing health counseling and AIDS comprehensive prevention services to the local MSM groups).Concurrently, our research team visited locations frequented by the MSM groups, as well as the studios of the aforementioned social organizations, to extend invitations to the target population to participate in the study. Participants were asked to complete a pre-set questionnaire on the Wenjuanxing (an electronic questionnaire platform, Changsha Ranxing Information Technology Co., Ltd., Hunan, China). The recruitment criteria were as follows: (1) knowledge of the purpose of this study and willingness to participate in this survey; (2) age ≥ 16 years old; (3) currently reside in Jiaxing; and (4) have engaged in MSM sexual activity within the past year. To calculate the sample size, we assumed that 50% of MSM groups had good knowledge about mpox. With the parameter, it was necessary to obtain 384 questionnaires to yield an improved outcome. A total of 571 questionnaires were gathered during this period to meet the requirements.

Variables

Data on MSM was collected via a self-administered survey, covering aspects such as socio-demographic variables, sexual orientation, awareness of mpox, exposure history, symptoms and medical consultation, sex-behavioral characteristics, HIV prevention and infection, sexually transmitted diseases (STD) history, and vaccination preferences for mpox. Invalid questionnaires were excluded manually if they did not meet the required criteria, such as the participant’s age or if they exhibited inattentive responses. Prior to formal release, a pilot survey involving 66 MSM participants was conducted. In this study, the level of mpox knowledge of respondents was evaluated through the questionnaire of Min Zheng et al. [21]. The researchers evaluated their understanding of mpox using four criteria: infection sources, transmission routes, susceptible populations, and clinical symptoms. For each correct answer, one point was awarded, with a maximum score of 16. Scoring between 0 and 5 was classified as low, 6–11 as moderate, and 12–16 as high. We evaluated sociodemographic data, sexual orientation, sexual behaviors, self-reported HIV status and history of sexually transmitted disease infections that could impact variables. We also investigated participants’ self-reported mpox infection status, exposure history, symptoms and medical visits. Additionally, we gauged the willingness of participants to receive the mpox vaccine to determine its acceptance rate.

Quality control

Questionnaire completion required logging in with a WeChat account. Each account was only permitted to complete the questionnaire once to avoid duplication. To eliminate those questionnaires that were not answered seriously, a general knowledge question, asking for the capital city of China from options of Shanghai, Beijing, and Nanjing, was assigned.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were described using the median, interquartile range (IQR), mean, and standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and proportions. Chi-square tests were used to analyze differences between groups of categorical variables. Variables that differed in the aforementioned analyses were included in binary logistic regression analyses, which were used to explore factors associated with awareness and knowledge of mpox, and odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. All statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 23.0, and only results with a two-sided P < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.

Results

A total of 571 individuals participated, with 219 recruited through offline channels and 352 recruited via online platforms. Furthermore, 9 participants were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria (Fig. 1).The study comprised of 562 participants with a median age of 27 years (IQR 23–35). Among them, 71.2% were unmarried, 65.5% had completed tertiary education. Additionally, 63.3% had household registration outside Zhejiang Province, 67.4% had lived in the area for 2 years or more, and 55.0% reported a monthly incomes of at least 5,000 RMB (equivalent to approximately 685 USD). Forty-one individuals self-reported having been diagnosed with an STD, of whom 61.0% had syphilis. Additionally, 24 participants self-reported a positive HIV status, while 13 (2.3%) self-reported experiencing symptoms suggestive of mpox.

Fig. 1
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Study flowchart

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Characteristics of self-reported cases of mpox

Out of the individuals surveyed, a total of 13 reported presenting symptoms consistent with mpox, such as enlarged lymph nodes, unexplained rashes, and fever (Fig. 2), with a median age of 27 years (IQR 22.5–33). Within this group, 9 (69.2%) were unmarried, 7 (53.8%) had achieved higher education, 7 (53.8%) held household registration in Zhejiang Province, and 7 (53.8%) reported a monthly income of at least 5,000 RMB. Additionally, 12 (92.3%) were homosexual or bisexual, and 8 (61.5%) primarily engaged in anal sex as the inserting partner. Only 3 (23.1%) demonstrated a high level of knowledge regarding mpox. 7 (53.8%) suspected they had encountered a suspected or confirmed case of mpox, presenting with symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes, rash, and fever (Fig. 2). It is noteworthy that only 5 of these individuals sought medical attention for their mpox-like symptoms, with only 1 receiving a confirmed mpox diagnosis. Out of 13 individuals, 2 had a verified diagnosis of HIV, while 2 took post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and 5 took pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Additionally, 12 participants were willing to be vaccinated for mpox.

Fig. 2
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Self-reported major symptoms in persons presenting with suspected symptoms of mpox

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Knowledge of mpox

Of the respondents, 471 (83.8%) had heard of mpox, while 91 (16.2%) had not. The results indicated significant differences between the two groups in terms of marital status, household registration, occupation, sexual orientation, role of sexual behavior, history of anal sex with men in the past 6 months, awareness of PEP and PrEP, and vaccination intention. Further analysis revealed that individuals with household registration in other provinces were significantly less likely to be aware of mpox compared to those within Zhejiang province (other province household registration: OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.24–0.99). Additionally, heterosexuals and sexually ambiguous individuals exhibited lower likelihood of having heard of mpox compared to homosexual individuals (heterosexuals: OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.06–0.37; sexual orientation undetermined: OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.08–0.51). Conversely, participants who had knowledge of PrEP demonstrated a higher likelihood of being aware of mpox (heard of PrEP: OR = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.22–6.38). (Table 1).

Table 1 Sociodemographic, sexual behavior, HIV-Related characteristics of the study population according to whether or not they have heard of mpox
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Of the 471 investigators familiar with mpox, the median knowledge score for mpox was 9 (IQR 6–11). Among them, 117 (24.8%) demonstrated a high levels of knowledge, 255 (54.1%) exhibited moderate knowledge, and 99 (21.0%) shewed low levels of understanding. The results revealed significant disparities in education, household registration, history of anal sex with men in the past 6 months, awareness of PEP/PrEP, utilization of PEP/PrEP, and timing of last HIV test between individuals with a high awareness of mpox and those with moderate/low levels. Subsequent research revealed that: individuals with higher levels of educational attainment were more likely to possess a greater understanding of mpox in comparison to those with lower levels of education (college and above education level: OR = 6.11; 95% CI: 1.36–27.35). Furthermore, respondents with household registration in other provinces were found to have a decreased awareness of mpox compared to those within Zhejiang Province (household registration of outside Zhejiang province: OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.35–0.95). Additionally, individuals who engaged in receptive anal intercourse with men within the past 6 months demonstrated a greater understanding of mpox compared to those who had not (same-sex anal sex in the last 6 months: OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.05–3.13). Conversely, those had taken PrEP were less likely to have comprehensive knowledge about mpox than non-users (those who had taken PrEP: OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.10–0.87). (Table 2).

Table 2 Sociodemographic, sexual behavior, HIV-Related characteristics of the study population according to their level of mpox knowledge awareness
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Attitudes towards the mpox vaccine

Out of 562 respondents, a total of 504 (89.7%) expressed willingness to receive the mpox vaccine, while 58 (10.3%) remained hesitant. Notably, among the hesitant respondents, 55.2% cited concerns about the vaccine’s safety and 37.9% indicated that they perceived receiving the vaccine as unnecessary due to their good health status (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3
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Reasons for respondents’ reluctance to receive the mpox vaccine

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Discussion

The current study presents the results of a questionnaire survey carried out in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, China in 2023, following the emergence of a local mpox epidemic. The study concentrated on the MSM population, particularly mpox knowledge, self-reported mpox infection, willingness to vaccinate, and the potential factors influencing these. The findings showed that the majority of participants were aware of the existence of mpox, although less than a third demonstrated proficient knowledge of this subject. This phenomenon was also observed in a study involving the general population [22], indicating that during outbreaks of mpox, while most individuals may take note of related occurrences, only a minority are inclined to dedicate time to furthering their understanding. It is conceivable that certain individuals may also face barriers in accessing pertinent information. Furthermore, the majority voiced their willingness to accept the vaccine if it were to be promoted in China. This finding is consistent with a separate survey conducted among MSM [21], providing strong support for advocating the adoption of the mpox vaccine. It was also found that individuals with higher education, local residential registration, and MSM who had participated in male-to-male anal intercourse within the last 6 months had a greater likelihood of possessing substantial understanding of mpox. Interestingly, respondents who used taken PrEP had lower levels of knowledge. This may be because non-PrEP users are more concerned about contracting mpox than PrEP users [23], leading to a greater tendency to learn more about it. On the other hand, after using PrEP without the risk of contracting HIV [24], awareness of mpox risk may be lower. This phenomenon produces similar outcomes in studies concerning the assessment of the gravity of transmitted infections of STD [24, 25].

In this survey, 16.2% of the respondents had not heard about mpox, and 21.0% of those familiar with mpox had limited knowledge on the subject, which is lower than the 31.6% in the January 2022 survey by Min Zheng’s team [21], as well as lower than the 50% of the general population in Shenzhen [26], but higher than the 8.9% observed among medical professionals [27]. The observed changes might be attributed to several factors: firstly, the local outbreaks of mpox in China over the past six months have heightened public awareness of the disease; secondly, the MSM groups may exhibit greater concern regarding the mpox outbreak compared to the general public, given that most reported cases originate from this group [3, 12, 13], moreover, considering their professional sensitivity and expertise level, it is imperative for doctors to possess a comprehensive understanding of mpox. However, Xin Peng’s study revealed that only 91.1% of doctors demonstrated a high level of awareness [27]. Therefore, there is an urgent need for extensive publicity and educational initiatives related to mpox. Amongst those participants who were aware of mpox, only 24.8% possessed a substantial level of knowledge about the subject. This figure is marginally lower than the results of a similar Australian study, in which at least one-third of participants were reported to possess a strong grasp of mpox-related knowledge [28]. Furthermore, a lower proportion of the population in the present survey demonstrated a comparable level of knowledge about mpox when compared with a survey conducted in China in 2022 [21]. As previously stated, even though the occurrence of the local outbreak has caused a surge in public concern towards mpox, it is shown by the data obtained from this survey that only a small percentage of respondents have a high level of knowledge regarding mpox. This indicates the necessity to enhance the promotion of knowledge about mpox among specific populations.

In the study, the proportion of self-reported mpox cases with suspected symptoms was 2.3%, which is lower than the 5.6% reported in a study involving sexual minorities in Brazil [29]. Such discrepancy might be attributed to the varying severity of the epidemic across diverse regions. This survey identified enlarged lymph nodes, rash, and fever as the primary symptoms self-reported by respondents diagnosed with mpox-symptoms consistent with those of numerous confirmed cases [6, 25, 30]. Interestingly, 61.5% (8 out of 13) of respondents who self-reported symptoms of suspected mpox did not seek medical attention a similar phenomenon was observed in a Brazilian survey [29]. This behavior could be linked to the discrimination experienced by this group [31,32,33]. The occurrence of such a phenomenon may lead to an underreporting of mpox cases, which could have adverse effects on the management of the epidemic. Hence, it is essential to implement an effective public education campaign aimed at reducing social prejudice and to diligently monitor suspicious symptoms of mpox Additionally, promoting early detection by advising individuals to seek immediate medical consultation is crucial.

Furthermore, 89.7% of survey respondents expressed their willingness to be vaccinated, which is consistent with the findings of a 2022 survey conducted in China [21]. The majority of participants indicated a readiness to receive the vaccine, with only a minority expressing concerns about its safety and effectiveness. Therefore, to satisfy the requirements of particular populations and halt the spread of mpox epidemics, it is imperative to escalate the research and development of mpox-related vaccines in China.

Nevertheless, there are some limitations to this study. To start with, our sampling approach employed convenience sampling due to the unique characteristics of the MSM population. This may result in our sample being less representative and may hinder the generalization of our findings to the entire MSM population. Additionally, self-reported responses and the sensitive nature of some questions may lead to information bias. This study serves as an initial exploration of the MSM populace in Jiaxing City, with several factors having limited investigation. Future research will focus on increasing the sample size, considering additional factors to investigate, and conducting more extensive analysis.

Conclusions

In summary, there is a need to enhance the knowledge of MSM residing in the Jiaxing region concerning mpox, although their willingness to receive vaccination is high. The level of knowledge about mpox is significantly influenced by educational level, household location, sexual behavior and PrEP use. Respondents with suspected mpox symptoms had a low rate of consultation, and screening for suspected mpox symptoms in special populations should be strengthened to avoid mpox underreporting.