Abstract
Background
Interpretation of Low Dose CT scans and protocol driven management of findings is a key aspect of lung cancer screening program performance. Reliable and reproducible methods are needed to communicate radiologists’ interpretation to the screening program or clinicians driving management decision.
Methods
We performed an audit of a subset of dictated reports from the PANCAN study to assess for omissions. We developed an electronic synoptic reporting tool for radiologists embedded in a clinical documentation system software. The tool was then used for reporting as part of the Alberta Lung Cancer Screening Study and McGill University Health Centre Pilot Lung Cancer Screening Program.
Results
Fifty reports were audited for completeness. At least one omission was noted in 30 (70%) of reports, with a major omission (missing lobe, size, type of nodule in report or actionable incidental finding in recommendation section of report) in 24 (48%). Details of the reporting template and functionality such as automated nodule cancer risk assessment, Lung-RADS category assignment, auto-generated narrative type report as well as personalize participant results letter is provided. A description of the system’s performance in its application in 2815 CT reports is then summarized.
Conclusions
We found that narrative type radiologist reports for lung cancer screening CT examinations frequently lacked specific discrete data elements required for management. We demonstrate the successful implementation of a radiology synoptic reporting system for use in lung cancer screening, and the use of this information to drive program management and communications.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Find the latest articles, discoveries, and news in related topics.Background
Lung cancer screening with low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT) has now been demonstrated to reduce all cause as well as lung-cancer specific mortality in several clinical trials and is at various stages of implementation internationally 1,2,3,4]. Interpretation of LDCTs and protocol driven management of findings is a key aspect of program performance with impact on false positive rates, unnecessary invasive testing and overdiagnosis [5, 6]. A reliable and reproducible method to communicate the radiologist’s interpretation of the LDCT exam to the screening program or clinicians driving management decision would benefit such programs.
Radiology reports are typically of a narrative format dictated and then typed by transcriptionists or voice recognition software. Such narrative reports have been found to vary significantly between individuals and may lack completeness of specific details required for case and program management [7, 8]. Synoptic reporting of surgical, pathology and radiology reports have been shown to be more consistent and complete than narrative reports [7, 9, 10]. In addition, synoptic reporting contributes to creating structured databases, which facilitate data sharing and analysis for quality assessment, and future research [11]. Integration of radiology reporting with other protocol-based management and communication components of screening could also improve program efficiency. Electronic synoptic reporting of LDCT exams should be distinguished from classification and management systems such as Lung-RADS [12]. While such systems can be useful in reporting and standardizing recommendations, they are not in themselves synoptic reports and can still be used as part of a traditional didactic reports. Reporting templates have previously been proposed for LDCT reporting [13, 14]. Such structured reporting templates represent a form of synoptic reporting but lack many of the advantages of electronic software-based systems. This manuscript describes the development and application of such a system.
Methods
LDCT report audit
Fifty sequential baseline LDCT narrative type reports from the PANCAN lung cancer screening study [15]. Calgary site which enrolled in 2009 and 2010, starting at the 120th participant, were reviewed by one of the non-radiologist investigators (AT). The reports were assessed for any major omission [defined as a reported nodule with missing lobe, size or type (solid, semi-solid, ground glass or peri-fissural) or missing inclusion of an actionable incidental finding in the impression section of the report] or minor omission (defined as a nodule missing a 2nd dimension measurement if > 3 mm, recording of scan slice number, nodule edge characteristic, presence or absence of emphysema and any comment on incidental findings or lack thereof). Image review was not performed, and as such the accuracy of information was not assessed, only its completeness.
Development
A radiology synoptic template was developed by the investigators of the Alberta Lung Cancer Screening Study (ALCSS), which included respirologists, radiologists, thoracic surgeons, public health, and primary care specialists, all with prior experience with cancer and/or lung cancer screening. Softworks Group Inc (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada) was selected as a software platform vendor given their expertise and experience in synoptic reporting system and prior work within the Alberta Health Services health care environment. The web-based Synoptec™ clinical documentation system software was used as the host system. A preliminary reporting template was developed as a REDCap [16] instrument hosted by the University of Calgary Clinical Research Unit, with migration of data into the Synoptec system once it was ready to be activated. Ongoing changes to the reporting template were made as the program evolved and informal feedback received from the users.
LDCT scans performed as part of the ALCSS comprised most scans reported into the system, with additional cases from participants in the PANCAN [17] and Screening of Alberta Asbestos Exposed Workers for Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma studies. The studies were approved by the Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta (HREBA.CC-16-0496, HREBA.CC-16-0554 and HREBA.CC-14-0026) and all methods carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects participating in the above studies. The radiology reporting template is also linked to basic individual participant information entered in the Synoptec™ system including age, gender, smoking status, PLCOm2012 risk calculation, family history of lung cancer so that a nodule risk calculation (NRC) [18] can also be performed in real time as part of the report. Screening eligibility determination, scheduling of CT examination, queries for upcoming examination scheduling, missing results, or overdue examinations as well as data analytics for main program performance metrics can also be performed with the Synoptec™ platform.
A modified version of the template was developed for the McGill University Health Centre Pilot Lung Cancer Screening Program (REB MP-37-2019-5038). Key changes beyond formatting headers and text for the change in institutions were the use of Lung-RADS (v1.1) [12] rather than NRC as a driver of interpretation and recommendations. In addition, participant letters were generated in the French language as well as English so that the appropriate version could be selected when sending to participants.
Statistical consideration
The results were summarized and reported using SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Descriptive statistics were applied with categorical variables presented as number and percent, whereas continuous ones were presented as mean and standard deviation.
Results
LDCT audit
Fifty didactic PANCAN study baseline LDCT reports initially interpreted by 4 different chest radiology trained sub-specialists were reviewed. At least one omission was noted in 30 (70%) of reports, with a major omission in 24 (48%). The most common major omission was missing nodule type (26/50, 53%), with one report missing any nodule measurement. The most common minor omission was lack of description of nodule edge characteristics or spiculation (25/50, 50%), missing comment on emphysema (11/50, 22%) and missing 2nd dimension size for a lesion (3/50, 6%).
Reporting template
The electronic reporting template developed is divided in 4 main categories each on a separate page view: 1. Scan details and nodule information; 2. Incidental findings; 3. Auto-generated didactic type report; 4. Auto-generated participant results letter. A short video overview of the system is available.
-
1.
Nodule details Radiologists can comment on any quality issues with the examination, and if the examination should be repeated/deemed incomplete. Presence of radiologic emphysema is recorded. On baseline scans, up to 5 nodules can be reported, and other new nodules added beyond 5 on subsequent scans, up to a maximum of 26. Required lesion information includes location (slice #, lobe and if proximal endobronchial), size (2 dimension), and presence of spiculations. Nodule malignancy risk calculation is presented in real time (Fig. 1A). On follow-up examination, prior nodule characteristics are brought forward into the report to aid with interpretation, and if unchanged only CT slice number needs to be entered (Fig. 1B). Nodules are confirmed as benign once stable for 2 (if solid) or 4 (if sub-solid) years. The highest risk nodule is highlighted by the system and any additional findings concerning for lung malignancy entered by the radiologist. This generates a clinical decision plan based on program parameters (this was based on the NRC in the ALCSS [6, 19]), which the radiologist can then approve the plan or offer an alternative recommendation to, or request a review by the program. If a lesion is larger than 8 mm, the radiologist can recommend a PET/CT as next evaluation step. Adaptive logic rules are in place so that only relevant information is requested of the radiologist and non-relevant data fields hidden from view.
-
2.
Incidental findings Radiologist can enter any incidental findings but are asked to determine if a clinical assessment is required for each entry. Entries are organ-based, with common findings having checkbox entry options, with text box options for others. Specific synoptic datapoints are requested for certain common incidental findings (e.g. thyroid, adrenal nodules) so that automated recommendations can be generated based on the American College of Radiology White Papers on Incidental Findings [20, 21] (Fig. 2).
-
3.
Auto-generated didactic type report The system uses the synoptic data to generate a narrative type of report more familiar to the clinicians receiving the report. This component is read-only but can be modified by the radiologist by changing entries in Sects. 1 or 2 above. The summary section includes actionable items and recommendations for the screening or clinical team receiving the report, including next screening scan interval, need for referral for clinical assessment and highlighting any incidental findings which may need further assessment (Figs. 3 and 4).
-
4.
Auto-generated participant results letter The system uses the synoptic data to generate a lay-person narrative letter describing the results of the examination, including nodule risk range and any organ system with an incidental finding which warrants follow-up with their primary care provider. If emphysema is noted on the baseline scan, a note of this is also made. A reminder is included to remind participant to seek care for any new symptoms regardless of scan results, and to consider smoking cessation if identified as a current tobacco user at program entry. The letter is read-only for the radiologist but can be edited by the screening coordinator if needed before being sent to the individual (Fig. 5).
Once the report is signed, the report can be distributed though linkage of the Synoptec™ software with electronic medical records or PACS systems. Due to budget and time constraints, this integration was not implemented for our study, and a cut & paste of the report performed by the radiologists into their usual voice dictation window was then submitted as per the standard diagnostic imaging reporting process.
Reports
In Alberta, 224 baseline CT scans were first reported in the REDCap reporting tool and subsequently imported into the Synoptec system. An additional 2,657 LDCT scans were reported directly into the Synoptec system for a total of 2881 reports. A total of 9 radiologists interpreted the examinations which were performed in 3 Alberta Hospitals and 1 outpatient private radiology clinic.
Of 836 baseline scans, 324 (38.7%) had reported evidence of emphysema which generated a comment in the participant results letter. In 200/302 (66.2%) cases where the information was available, the participant did not report a prior diagnosis of COPD or emphysema. At least one nodule was reported in 355/836 (42.4%) scans, with a mean of 2.8 nodules in those individuals and with 47 (5.6%) reporting the maximum of 5 nodules. Mean highest nodule NRC was 5.7% (SD ± 13.4%, range 0–82%). Other findings concerning for malignancy were noted in 7 (0.8%), in all cases consisting of mediastinal adenopathy. Almost all baseline scans had at least 1 incidental finding reported (815/836, 97.5%), on average 2 per examination, but only 187 (22.4%) were suggested to require a clinical evaluation.
Lung-RADS classification was generated for 2349 LDCT examinations (this feature was not developed for the initial phase of the project), with the distribution outlined in Table 1. The radiologists concurred with the program-based auto-generated management plan in 2633/2762 (95.3%) of examinations, and PET/CT was suggested in 36 cases. In 35 cases (1.3%) a more aggressive plan was suggested such as earlier CT, PET/CT or clinical assessment. In 27 cases (1%) a less aggressive plan was suggested such as no further follow-up required, or no need for clinical assessment or early recall prior to next 12-months screen. In other cases, comments related to non-nodule incidental findings or other comments which did not relate directly to the management plan. A total of 3619 nodule entries were performed, but in 3192 (88.2%) of assessments, the nodule was stable so that minimal data entry was required in such lesions. Lesions were smaller in 228 entries (6.3%) and increased in size or density in 126 (3.5%). In 569 instances, a prior nodule was no longer seen on review of a current LDCT.
For the McGill component of the project, 158 additional LDCTs were reported into the system with a total of 4 radiologists in 2 hospitals. Lung-RADS scoring for these scans is shown in Table 1.
Among the baseline scans 83/97 (85.6%) had reported evidence of emphysema. There was at least one nodule was reported in 78/97(80.4%) scans. Lung-RADS classification was generated for the 158 LDCT examinations, with the distribution outlined in Table 1. A higher percentage of Lung-RADS 3 lesions are noted in this cohort, likely due to the larger proportion of baseline vs. follow-up examinations. The radiologists concurred with the program-based auto-generated management plan based on the Lung-RADS classification in all examinations, and PET/CT was suggested in 1 patient.
Discussion
We found that narrative type radiologist reports for LDCT lung cancer screening examinations frequently omitted specific discrete data elements that may be required for management decisions as part of a screening program. We developed an electronic synoptic reporting system for such exams supporting more complete reporting of findings and allowing real-time nodule risk malignancy prediction, exam classification according to this risk or by the Lung-RADS categories. While generating discrete and analyzable data points, the system generates a report as well as participant results letter in a readable format familiar to the target user. We then applied the system successfully in the interpretation of a large number of LDCT examinations by multiple radiologists in several hospitals as part of 2 separate lung cancer screening projects.
The audit of narrative reports highlighted that this approach frequently leaves out discrete information items. This is not meant as a criticism of the work performed by the radiologists. In fact, just as in regular conversation and reading, the radiologist and by extension an expert clinician reading the report will often infer information that may be explicitly lacking. For example, a nodule will likely be assumed to be solid unless noted to be otherwise, and round if only one dimension is stated. But while this approach may be practical for individual patient management, protocol driven large volume screening programs will likely function best with explicit documentation of all relevant characteristics. Details for smaller nodules may not be seen as relevant by the radiologist or even possible to determine and may not represent a true deficiency as far as clinical decision making is concerned. Program expectations in the PANCAN study may also have paradoxically reduced data reported in the clinical reports as the radiologists were also asked to complete a paper-based study report form with all of the relevant metrics included (e.g. reporting emphysema). This may have reduced radiologists’ effort to include as much information in the dictated report, although they were aware that this report and not the study forms would stand as the report of record in the patient medical file.
Our finding of missing data from narrative reports is consistent with published evidence. For example, one study found that less than 50% of key staging elements were included in cancer staging radiology reports, whilst this increased to 87.3% with a standard reporting template [9]. Other groups have described the development of a synoptic template specifically for lung cancer screening, but not its implementation [13, 14]. Nodule reporting tools have also been described which can improve completeness of follow-up recommendations for incidentally found lesions [22]. Our finding that the radiologist agreed with the automatically generated management plan in > 95% of cases suggests that protocols based on the synoptic data can be an efficient and reliable method to drive management of screened individuals in such a program.
We did not capture data on any efficiency metrics for the reporting radiologists, although other authors have documented decreased completion time for synoptic type reporting [23]. Anecdotally, the change in practice at the onset created inefficiencies. As experience with the system improved, and built-in assistance in reporting follow-up LDCT scans by automatic transfer of prior nodule information into the report became more relevant, our radiology group embraced the system. For scans with significant unexpected findings, more flexibility in modifying report recommendations and direct integration of voice dictation functionality could have been of benefit while such modifications were possible in the reporting system, this required keyboard typing and it was not always intuitive if and where an added text entry would appear in the auto-generated report. We do recommend that synoptic system retain some degree of flexibility allowing radiologists to add clarifications, justifications and recommendations beyond what is included in the standardized reports.
Value added aspects to the system included automatically generated letters for communication of results to participants, including information regarding lung nodules, actionable incidental findings, emphysema, smoking cessation and next recommended LDCT examination. As well, program volumes and quality metrics such as early recall rates can be tracked as needed for program monitoring and reporting, and raw data exported as needed for more detailed statistical analyses.
Our report is limited in that we did not simultaneously compare the synoptic reporting process to the standard narrative reports. To do so in a single center is difficult, as the reporting radiologists would likely “learn” the data points of interest through synoptic reporting, likely impacting how narrative reports are generated. The system described is not a computer aided detection (CAD) tool in that no image analysis is made by the software. Future integration of CAD systems with reporting and screening management could further improve the screening process. In addition, there is a need for conducting semi-structured qualitative interviews to assess the prospects of radiologists and data abstractors to determine the potential barriers to implementing of the proposed strategy. Formal assessment of user satisfaction could also be considered. Cost of development and implementation of such systems as well as integration with current electronic medical records may represent additional barriers.
Conclusions
In conclusion, we demonstrate the successful implementation of a radiology synoptic reporting system for use in lung cancer screening, and the use of this information to drive program management and communications.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due them being drawn from other primary studies, but these may be available from the individual study primary investigators on reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.
Abbreviations
- ALCSS:
-
Alberta lung cancer screening study
- CAD:
-
Computer aided detection
- LDCT:
-
Low-dose computed tomography
- NRC:
-
Nodule risk calculation
References
Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:395–409. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1102873.
de Koning HJ, van der Aalst CM, de Jong PA, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:503–13. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1911793.
Pastorino U, Silva M, Sestini S, et al. Prolonged lung cancer screening reduced 10-year mortality in the MILD trial: new confirmation of lung cancer screening efficacy. Ann Oncol. 2019;30:1162–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdz117.
Becker N, Motsch E, Trotter A, et al. Lung cancer mortality reduction by LDCT screening-results from the randomized German LUSI trial. Int J Cancer. 2020;146:1503–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32486.
McKee BJ, Regis SM, McKee AB, et al. Performance of ACR lung-RADS in a clinical CT lung screening program. J Am Coll Radiol. 2016;13:R25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2015.12.009.
Tremblay A, Taghizadeh N, MacGregor JH, et al. Application of lung-screening reporting and data system versus Pan-Canadian early detection of lung cancer nodule risk calculation in the Alberta lung cancer screening study. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019;16:1425–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2019.03.006.
Sluijter CE, van Lonkhuijzen LR, van Slooten HJ, et al. The effects of implementing synoptic pathology reporting in cancer diagnosis: a systematic review. Virchows Arch. 2016;468:639–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-016-1935-8.
European Society of Radiology. ESR paper on structured reporting in radiology. Insights Imaging. 2018;9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13244-017-0588-8.
Patel A, Rockall A, Guthrie A, et al. Can the completeness of radiological cancer staging reports be improved using proforma reporting? A prospective multicentre non-blinded interventional study across 21 centres in the UK. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e018499. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018499.
Delaney LD, Lindquist KM, Howard R, et al. Implementation of a synoptic operative note for abdominal wall hernia repair: a statewide pilot evaluating completeness and communication of intraoperative details. Surg Endosc. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-021-08614-8.
Dunnick NR, Langlotz CP. The radiology report of the future: a summary of the 2007 Intersociety Conference. J Am Coll Radiol. 2008;5:626–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2007.12.015.
American College of Radiology. Lung CT screening reporting & data system Lung-RADS Version 1.1., https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/Lung-Rads 2019. Accessed 22 July 2021.
Silva M, Picozzi G, Sverzellati N, et al. Low-dose CT for lung cancer screening: position paper from the Italian college of thoracic radiology. Radiol Med. 2022;127:543–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-022-01471-y.
Goel AK, DiLella D, Dotsikas G, et al. Unlocking radiology reporting data: an implementation of synoptic radiology reporting in low-dose CT cancer screening. J Digit Imaging. 2019;32:1044–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-019-00214-2.
Tammemagi M, Schmidt H, Martel S, et al. Participant selection for lung cancer screening by risk modelling (the Pan-Canadian Early Detection of Lung Cancer [PanCan] study): a single-arm, prospective study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:1523–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30597-1.
Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inf. 2009;42(2):377–81.
Tammemagi MC, Schmidt H, Martel S, et al. Participant selection for lung cancer screening by risk modelling (the Pan-Canadian Early Detection of Lung Cancer PanCan study): a single-arm, prospective study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:1523–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30597-1.
McWilliams A, Tammemagi MC, Mayo JR, et al. Probability of cancer in pulmonary nodules detected on first screening CT. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:910–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1214726.
Tammemagi MC, Lam S. Screening for lung cancer using low dose computed tomography. BMJ. 2014;348:g2253.
Hoang JK, Langer JE, Middleton WD, et al. Managing incidental thyroid nodules detected on imaging: white paper of the ACR Incidental Thyroid Findings Committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2015;12:143–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2014.09.038.
Berland LL, Silverman SG, Gore RM, et al. Managing incidental findings on abdominal CT: white paper of the ACR incidental findings committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2010;7:754–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2010.06.013.
Dyer DS, Zelarney PT, Carr LL, et al. Improvement in follow-up imaging with a patient tracking system and computerized registry for lung nodule management. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021;18:937–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2021.01.018.
Stogryn SE, Hardy K, Mullan MJ, et al. Synoptic operative reporting: assessing the completeness, accuracy, reliability, and efficiency of synoptic reporting for Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Endosc. 2018;32:1729–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-017-5855-8.
Acknowledgements
We wish to acknowledge the support of Softworks Inc. in the implementation of the lung cancer screening management system.
Funding
This work was supported by the Alberta Cancer Foundation and MEDTEQ. NE receives salary support from the Fonds de Recherche du Québec en Santé.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AT made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work; the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data; the creation of new software used in the work; and drafted the work. NE, PM, EB made substantial contributions to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data; and substantively revised the work. PB, JHM, AL, GAA, RP, MB made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work; the acquisition of data, the creation of new software used in the work. JLT made substantial contributions to the acquisition of data; and substantively revised the work. NT, RK made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the work; the acquisition of data and substantively revised the work. All authors approved the submitted version and have agreed both to be personally accountable for the author’s own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The studies were approved by the Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta (HREBA.CC-16-0496, HREBA.CC-16-0554 and HREBA.CC-14-0026) and McGill Research Ethics Board (REB MP-37-2019-5038). Participant written informed consent was obtained for participation in each respective study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
AT, PB, JHM, AL, PM, NT, RK own licensing rights to the reporting template. No license fees were paid or received as part of this work. NE, GAA, RP, MB, JLT, EB report no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Tremblay, A., Ezer, N., Burrowes, P. et al. Development and application of an electronic synoptic report for reporting and management of low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening examination. BMC Med Imaging 22, 111 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-022-00837-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-022-00837-y