Introduction

Over the last decades, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy have become essential tools in diagnosing, treating, and screening gastrointestinal diseases. Upper and lower endoscopies are widely used and relatively costly [1]. The symptoms of upper and lower gastrointestinal diseases are various and very common [2, 3]. esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ileocolonoscopic examination yield an excellent modality for evaluating the underlying pathologies by enabling the direct visual observation of the mucosa of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and facilitating urgent interventions. However, upper and lower GI endoscopies are invasive procedures requiring anesthesia [4]. Being invasive modalities, endoscopies may carry a risk of complications in addition to practice variation in the type of anesthesia from one center to another. Spontaneous ventilation without the patient’s intubated airway is safe and effective. Most anesthesia complications are respiratory and usually occur during an upper endoscopy, including apnoea, laryngospasm, and airway obstruction. Most problems are resolved after the withdrawal of the endoscope and positive pressure ventilation with a tightly fitting mask [5, 6]. Other complications related to endoscopy are likely to rise due to the overuse of endoscopy for therapeutic procedures and the increased complexity of endoscopic techniques. Informed patient consent should be obtained before the procedure. Avoidance of endoscopic adverse events is based on knowledge of the risk of complications and their mechanisms of occurrence [7]. We aimed to collect and analyze the recently available data from several endoscopic centers of different governorates to draw a realistic map of diagnostic and therapeutic gastrointestinal endoscopies in Egypt and introduce evidence-based recommendations to help the local health authority optimize endoscopic management strategies.

Methods

This study adopted a retrospective multicenter cross-sectional design. Data was collected from patients referred for endoscopic evaluation at tertiary gastrointestinal units within university hospitals across various Egyptian governorates from October 2016 to September 2021. Patients who underwent EGD and/or colonoscopy with their complete medical records available were included in the study, while those with incomplete medical records were excluded.

Egypt is divided into 27 governorates, with the four urban governorates (Cairo, Alexandria, Port Said, and Suez) having no rural population. Nine of these governorates are located in the Nile Delta (Lower Egypt), nine are located in the Nile Valley (Upper Egypt), and the remaining five Frontier Governorates are located on the eastern and western boundaries of Egypt [8]. Each of the other 23 governorates is subdivided into urban and rural areas.

Patient’s variables

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics were collected from medical records in the form of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), associated co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic liver disease (CLD), ischemic heart disease (IHD). Also, we recorded history of smoking, alcohol intake, specific drug history (e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), anticoagulants or proton pump inhibitors (PPI)) and history of GIT diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Additionally, indications of endoscopy were recorded. Several laboratory tests were collected from the patient’s medical records during the study: Complete blood count (CBC), Liver function tests, Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST). Normal ranges were set at 41 IU/L for ALT and 37 IU/L for AST. Total serum bilirubin: The normal range was 0.5-1 mg/dl. Serum albumin: The normal range was 3.5–5.5 mg/L. Coagulation tests: Prothrombin time (PT) and concentration (PC) assess blood clotting function. Normal values were set at 12–14 s for PT, up to 75% for PC, and an INR (international normalized ratio) up to 1. Fecal occult blood test [FOBT]): This test detects hidden blood in the stool, which can signify gastrointestinal bleeding. A normal FOBT result was defined as less than 2 to 3 mg/gm. Fecal Calprotectin: This test measures calprotectin levels in the stool, a protein elevated during intestinal inflammation. A normal fecal calprotectin level was to be less than 50 µg/mg. Data of upper and lower GI endoscopic reports obtained, including the mucosal and vascular pattern, presence or absence of congestion, hyperemia, erythema, erosions, ulceration, spontaneous bleeding and/or nodule, polyps, or masses. Biopsies and/or duodenal aspirates were taken when indicated.

Statistical analysis

Analysis used SPSS version 25.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY: IBMCorp., USA). Mean ± SD was used for quantitative variables, and frequency and percentage were used for qualitative variables. Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon’s tests were used to assess the differences in means of quantitative nonparametric variables. Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests were used to assess differences in the frequency of qualitative variables. The statistical methods assumed a significance level of p < 0.05 and a highly significant level of p < 0.00.

Results

This study enrolled a total of 5,910 patients between the ages of 38 and 63 years. Males comprised the larger portion of the study population (66.57%) compared to females (33.43%). Geographically, 1,298 patients (21.98%) originated from Upper Egypt governorates, while the majority (78.03%) resided in Lower Egypt governorates. Regarding EGD, a total of 4,433 patients underwent EGD. Of these, 3,602 (81.2%) resided in Lower Egypt, and 831 (17.8%) resided in Upper Egypt. Table (1) presents a breakdown of patient characteristics according to residence (Upper vs. Lower Egypt), including smoking history, alcohol consumption, and medication use (anticoagulants, NSAIDs, proton pump inhibitors). Analysis of the timing of EGD revealed that early endoscopy within 24 h was prevalent among patients from Upper Egypt. On the other hand, elective endoscopy (> 24 h) was prevalent among patients from Lower Egypt (P value < 0.001). Regarding indication for EGD:

Table 1 Socio-demographic data and clinical indications of endoscopy in patients underwent EGD
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Diagnostic EGD was more commonly performed than therapeutic EGD in both patient groups (detailed in Table 2). Dyspepsia emerged as the most common overall indication for EGD (19.5%), followed by hematemesis (19.06%) and then melena (17.07%). Table 1 also presents a more specific analysis based on residence in Upper Egypt: Melena was the most frequent indication (51.3%). However, in lower Egypt, dyspepsia was the most common indication of EGD (22.4%). The use of sedation medications prior to EGD differed significantly between the two regions (p-value < 0.001). In Lower Egypt, A significantly lower proportion of patients (88.2%) received sedation before the procedure compared to Upper Egypt (41%). Also, lower Egypt had a lower percentage of patients receiving dual sedation medications (propofol and midazolam) compared to Upper Egypt. The majority of patients in both regions received either midazolam or propofol alone. Regarding EGD Findings: Portal hypertension-related complications (60.3%) were the most prevalent final diagnosis, followed by acid-related disorders (55%) among all patients. Table 2 provides a further breakdown of EGD diagnoses by residence: Upper Egypt, Portal hypertension (76.8%), and acid-related disorders (68.2%) were the most common diagnoses. Lower Egypt: Portal hypertension (56.6%) and acid-related disorders (52.2%) were still frequent diagnoses but at a lower prevalence compared to Upper Egypt. Normally apparent endoscopy (no significant findings) was observed in 10.44% of patients. There were statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.001) in all diagnostic categories between Upper and Lower Egypt. H. Pylori Infection: Biopsies were obtained from 653 patients (14.73%) for histological examination. H. pylori infection was identified in 318 (48.7%) of biopsied patients. H. pylori infection was more prevalent in Lower Egypt compared to Upper Egypt (p-value < 0.001), as detailed in Table 2. Upper Egypt: Biopsies were taken from 8.4% of patients (70/831), with a positive H. pylori detection rate of 45.7% (32/70). Lower Egypt: Biopsies were obtained from 16.2% of patients (583/3602), and 49.05% (286/583) tested positive for H. pylori.

Table 2 Recorded EGD diagnosis
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Results of colonoscopy

Almost 1010 (68.38%) of the 1477 patients were from Lower Egypt, while 467 (31.62%) were from Upper Egypt. Older patients (44.85 ± 24.56) were from Upper Egypt than Lower Egypt (47.64 ± 15.25). Patients from Lower Egypt were found to use significantly more NSAIDs and PPI than those from Upper Egypt. Most patients from Upper Egypt were hypertensive and had chronic liver diseases. Hematochezia was the most common (38.11%) indication for colonoscopy among all included patients, followed by anemia of unexplained cause (25.11%) (Table 3). Laboratory characteristics of patients subjected to colonoscopy were analyzed and revealed significant differences in HB level between patients from Upper and Lower Egypt. Fecal occult blood test was not done in 73% of the patients, while it was positive in 13.5%. The fecal calprotectin test was not done in 72.8% of patients, while it was abnormal in 12% (Table 4).

Table 3 Socio-demographic data and clinical indications in patients underwent colonoscopy
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Table 4 Laboratory data of patients subjected to colonoscopy
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Out of 1477 conducted colonoscopies, 50.5% of patients were sedated with propofol, 72.88% of patients were prepared with Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG), the mean total procedure time was (23.22 ± 8.18) minutes with a significantly longer duration of colonoscopy among patients from Upper than Lower Egypt. The mean withdrawal time of colonoscopy was (9.65 ± 5.12) minutes, with a significantly longer duration of withdrawal among patients from Upper than Lower Egypt. Less than 1% (18/1477) of enrolled patients recorded complications related to colonoscopy in the form of bleeding, followed by perforation and drug allergy. There were no discernible differences between patients regarding complications associated with colonoscopies (Table 5). When all patients’ final colonoscopy diagnoses were analyzed, it became clear that IBD (22.34%), hemorrhoids (21.86%), and normal apparent colonoscopy (18.21%) were the most common diagnoses (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Common final colonoscopy diagnosis

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Table 5 Sedation, colon preparation, and some colonoscopic features for colonoscopy
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Discussion

Digestive tract diseases significantly affect millions of people worldwide and have an economic healthcare burden [7]. Over the last few years, clinical considerations for managing gastrointestinal tract diseases have changed dramatically. These changes due to endoscopy have evolved over time, fulfilling a widening diagnostic and therapeutic remit [9].

In this study, elective UGE (> 24 h) was more among patients from Lower Egypt. By place of residence in Egypt governorates, the proportion with a sample tested for HCV was highest in rural Lower Egypt (93%) followed closely by rural Upper Egypt (92%) and lowest in the Urban Governorates (77%) and the Frontier Governorates [8]. (The rate of progression to cirrhosis is estimated at 7% after 20 years of being infected with HCV [10]. Screening endoscopy is recommended in patients with cirrhosis to determine if they have varices at high risk of bleeding, which will require treatment with either non-selective beta-blockers (NSBB) or endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) in order to prevent variceal hemorrhage, in accordance with the most recent American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guidance [11].

Dyspepsia is represented mainly by symptoms of epigastric pain, burning, early satiety, bloating upper abdomen, fullness, or nausea. It reflects most of the population that seeks health care, and it has a substantial economic cost to patients and the health care system [12]. Dyspepsia symptoms often occur in positive Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) individuals. The proportion of patients with dyspeptic symptoms was significantly higher in H. pylori-positive patients than in H. pylori-negative patients [13, 14]. Identification of common indication of endoscopy in Al-Kharj Province, KSA reported that dyspepsia was the common indication for EGD in 19.6% of patients [15]. In this study, dyspepsia was the commonest indication for EGD in about one-fifth (19.5%) of all patients, with more prevalence among patients from Lower Egypt. This geographical variation may be related to the relatively high prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients from Delta Egypt [16].

Early upper GI endoscopy within 24 h from presentation for patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is recommended [17]. Assessment of the endoscopic findings in patients presenting with acute UGIB in Upper Egypt revealed that portal hypertension was the most common and important cause of UGIB (55.5%), especially esophageal varices, which constitutes about 48.2% of the cases, either alone or with gastric varices [18]. This agreed with our finding, where early diagnostic endoscopy was more prevalent among patients from Upper Egypt. Also, this was attributed to another finding in the current study where portal hypertension-related sequelae like varices were the most common (60.3%) final diagnosis of EGD. The high prevalence of esophageal varices among Egyptian patients might be due to the high prevalence of viral hepatitis (HBV & HCV) related cirrhosis [19]. Variceal hemorrhage is a life-threatening complication of cirrhosis and is one of the clinical complications that define cirrhosis decompensation. Screening and surveillance of varices aims to identify patients with gastroesophageal varices at a high risk of bleeding so that prevention strategies can be implemented [20]. Egypt established an excellent model of care for HCV management. According to the WHO HCV elimination targets, Egypt appears to be “on track” for HCV elimination [21]. As the incidence of esophageal varices in Egyptian HCV patients is still high [22], follow-ups for cirrhotic patients treated with DAAs with special variceal screening and surveillance programs should be adopted in Egypt.

Colonoscopy has emerged as the preferred procedure for evaluating patients with lower gastrointestinal symptoms. Until now, there is no national screening program for colorectal cancer in Egypt, and most patients undergo colonoscopies for specific complaints. Bleeding per rectum was the most common indication for colonoscopy [23, 24]. In Egypt, from affiliated hospitals in the middle of the Nile Delta, evaluation of the patient characteristics and final diagnosis in patients subjected to colonoscopy reported that bleeding per rectum is the commonest indication for colonoscopy [25]. Similarly, in this study, hematochezia was the most common indication for colonoscopy (38.11%) among included patients. Assessment of colonoscopy in high-risk groups presented to the GIT Surgery Unit at Alexandria University Hospital as a screening and diagnostic method for early detection of CRC showed that 52% (104/200) complained of bleeding per rectum [26]. Analysis of the most common final colonoscopy diagnosis in this study showed that hemorrhoids, followed by ulcerative colitis and colorectal carcinoma, were the most prevalent diagnoses. A cross-sectional evaluation of the prevalence of internal hemorrhoids in patients undergoing colonoscopies for different indications conducted on 300 Egyptian patients concluded a wide prevalence of internal hemorrhoids (38.3%) in patients who underwent colonoscopy for various reasons [27]. Evaluation of the final diagnosis in patients subjected to colonoscopy by Elbatea et al. reported diagnosis of ulcerative colitis in 22%of cases in the middle of the Nile Delta [25]. IBD was a more prevalent diagnosis in Lower Egypt than in Upper Egypt (24.55% and 17.6%, respectively). However, such differences may be due to many factors that should be studied in community-based research. Key issues may be socioeconomic status, environmental conditions, and access to diagnostic and treatment facilities. In Europe, higher numbers of normal colonoscopies were observed in more than half of colonoscopies [28, 29]. In this study, about one-fifth of conducted colonoscopies were normal, with no evidence of organic disease. This finding was in accordance with Elbatea et al.. exclusion of organic disease of the colon in 28% of cases, and their final diagnosis was irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), thyrotoxicosis, or diabetic neuropathy in the middle of Nile Delta [25]. A study of the quality of colonoscopy procedures in Egypt found that colonoscopies were performed at high standards, as evidenced by high cecal intubation and low complication rates (0.1%).[30] In this study, the real-life colonoscopy practice was safe as the complications were reported in less than 1% of patients. Also, conscious sedation was used in most conducted colonoscopies with average total procedure and withdrawal time. These observations were in line with British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines, which account for a minimum withdrawal time of 6 min for negative procedures [31].

While this study offers valuable insights into GI procedures in Egypt, some limitations restrict its generalizability:

  • Data Source: Relying on retrospective medical records introduces the possibility of missing or inaccurate information. Prospective studies could provide a more reliable picture.

  • Selection Bias: Patients referred for endoscopy might not represent the entire population with GI issues, limiting generalizability to the whole country.

  • Study Setting: Focusing solely on tertiary GI units excludes data from primary care and secondary hospitals, potentially missing variations in practice and patient presentations.

  • Limited Outcome Data: The study primarily focused on indications, findings, and H. pylori status, with minimal data on treatment outcomes and long-term follow-up.

  • Geographic Scope: While the study divided data by Upper and Lower Egypt, further regional breakdowns could reveal more specific variations.

Future studies addressing these limitations could provide a more comprehensive understanding of GI diseases and endoscopic practices across all healthcare levels in Egypt.

Conclusions

This nationwide multicenter study, the largest of its kind in Egypt, investigated the clinical and endoscopic characteristics of patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. Our findings reveal distinct patterns between upper and lower Egypt, drawing a valuable map of GIT disease distribution across the country.

Key findings reveal:

  • EGD: There is a high prevalence of chronic liver disease and peptic ulcer disease nationwide, with portal hypertensive gastropathy and acid-related diseases being the most frequent EGD diagnoses.

  • Regional Variations: Upper Egypt sees more early endoscopies and has a higher burden of chronic liver diseases, while Lower Egypt has a higher prevalence of H. pylori infection and utilizes elective endoscopies more frequently.

  • Colonoscopy: Hematochezia is the top reason for colonoscopy, followed by anemia of unknown origin. Fecal occult blood testing and fecal calprotectin testing are underutilized. IBD, hemorrhoids, and normal colonoscopy findings are the most common diagnoses. Notably, colonoscopy procedures take longer in Upper Egypt.

These findings highlight the importance of considering regional variations in disease burden and optimizing resource allocation for GI endoscopy services in Egypt. Future studies with a broader scope could further strengthen these observations and provide a more comprehensive picture of GI health in the country.