Abstract
Background
Lower selection intensities in indigenous breeds of Chinese pig have resulted in obvious genetic and phenotypic divergence. One such breed, the Nanyang black pig, is renowned for its high lipid deposition and high genetic divergence, making it an ideal model in which to investigate lipid position trait mechanisms in pigs. An understanding of lipid deposition in pigs might improve pig meat traits in future breeding and promote the selection progress of pigs through modern molecular breeding techniques. Here, transcriptome and tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteome (TMT)-based proteome analyses were carried out using longissimus dorsi (LD) tissues from individual Nanyang black pigs that showed high levels of genetic variation.
Results
A large population of Nanyang black pigs was phenotyped using multi-production trait indexes, and six pigs were selected and divided into relatively high and low lipid deposition groups. The combined transcriptomic and proteomic data identified 15 candidate genes that determine lipid deposition genetic divergence. Among them, FASN, CAT, and SLC25A20 were the main causal candidate genes. The other genes could be divided into lipid deposition-related genes (BDH2, FASN, CAT, DHCR24, ACACA, GK, SQLE, ACSL4, and SCD), PPARA-centered fat metabolism regulatory factors (PPARA, UCP3), transcription or translation regulators (SLC25A20, PDK4, CEBPA), as well as integrin, structural proteins, and signal transduction-related genes (EGFR).
Conclusions
This multi-omics data set has provided a valuable resource for future analysis of lipid deposition traits, which might improve pig meat traits in future breeding and promote the selection progress in pigs, especially in Nanyang black pigs.
Similar content being viewed by others
Background
In pigs, lipid deposition is a complex and economically important trait that has evolved alongside the fattening efficiency, meat quality, reproductive performance, and immunity traits [1,2,3]. Subcutaneous, visceral, and intramuscular adipose tissues deposited within muscle fibers, well known as intramuscular fat (IMF or marbling), are the major components of the lipid deposition trait in pigs. Although these lipid tissues have unique metabolic mechanisms [4], they maintain a positive genetic correlation with the subcutaneous, visceral, and intramuscular adipose tissues [5,6,7]. Current commercial breeds such as Landrace and Yorkshire have undergone long-term and high-intensity selection processes for growth rate and muscle deposition characteristics, and this has resulted in a low lipid deposition trait. An improved understanding of lipid deposition in pigs might improve pig meat quality traits for future breeding and help to improve pig selection when using modern molecular breeding techniques.
A comparative analysis between extreme IMF content phenotypes in Iberian × Landrace crossbred pigs has helped to identify genetic variant locus associated with lipid deposition [8]. Furthermore, three pairs of full-sibling Danish Landrace pigs with extreme opposite backfat thickness phenotypes were also recently compared as well as the prenatal muscle transcriptomes of Tibetan pigs, Wujin pigs, and large White pigs [9, 10]. Xing et al. explored the underlying mechanisms between Songliao black and Landrace pigs using a multi-omics approach, including DNA-seq and RNA-seq [9, 11, 12]. Although several studies have previously attempted to identify genes and pathways involved in lipid deposition traits, to the best of our knowledge, sufficient phenotyping samples are currently lacking or do not consider the noise from the different genetic backgrounds, especially between western commercial and Chinese indigenous breeds.
Compared with Western commercial pigs, Chinese indigenous pigs exhibit a slower growth rate and less lean meat content, but they have superior lipid deposition. Lower selection intensity in Chinese indigenous breeds has resulted in obvious genetic and phenotypic differentiation [11]. The Nanyang black breed of pig is indigenous to the central region of China [13]. Mineral content, marble stripes, meat color, and IMF content in Nanyang black pigs is significantly higher than those in imported breeds (P < 0.01) [14,15,16]. The Nanyang black pig is, thus, an ideal research model for lipid deposition. Considering that obesity poses an escalating health threat worldwide, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying lipid deposition and metabolic changes would be beneficial. To explain the differences in lipid deposition, we identified pairs of Nanyang black pigs with divergent lipid deposition traits and established a lipid genetic differentiation model. Longissimus dorsi (LD) skeletal muscle is one of the largest skeletal muscles of the back spanning the entire thoracic and lumbar regions and has previously been used to evaluate meat quality in the meat processing industry [17, 18]. Transcriptome and proteomic profiling of the longissimus dorsi (LD) tissues from Nanyang black pigs with divergent phenotypes was performed to screen candidate genes for lipid deposition. This study focused on the identification of candidate genes that influence lipid deposition and provides crucial expression information for the molecular mechanisms of adipose deposition traits in pigs.
Results
Phenotypes of two groups of Nanyang black pigs with divergent lipid depositions
Lipid deposition traits in the LD tissue of the Nanyang black pigs with high-and low-lipid-depositions are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1. Lipid deposition-related traits such as IMF and fat content were determined for the tissue slices using the Soxhlet extraction process and freezing sections and were found to be significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05). The backfat thickness of the live and slaughtered, TFA, and TFA/total dry matter showed the same trend between the high and low lipid deposition groups, although the difference was not significant. It is of note that the significance level of the tissue slice was higher than that from the IMF measurements. By combining the backfat thickness, IMF, fat content in the issue slices, and total fatty acids (TFA)/total dry matter analyses 6 Nanyang black pigs were selected for further analysis and identified as high-fat deposition (HF) and low-fat deposition (LF) groups.
Oil red O staining and fatty acid analysis in longissimus dorsi (LD) tissue. A: Oil red O staining using frozen LD samples from each of the 6 pigs, HF: high-fat deposition group, LF: low-fat deposition group; B: Statistical analysis of the ratio of Oil red O-stained regions using students’ T test. Magnification: 16 ×
Transcriptomic analysis between the high and low lipid deposition groups
The cufflinks program identified a total of 342.8 million clean reads and approximately 94.94% of the clean reads were mapped to the Sus scrofa genome sequence. In detail, 52.9–60.4 million clean reads were obtained for each sample, and the mapping rates ranged from 94.75 to 95.17%. The clean Q30 base rate varied from 93.96–94.83% (Additional file 1).
By integrating the Fragments Per Kilobase of exon model per Million mapped fragments (FPKM) values to evaluate the gene expression levels, 25,879 genes were identified, and calculated using the FPKM values; of these, 16,597 were detected in all 6 pigs, and they were referred to as positively expressed genes [19]. To determine the accuracy of the grouping, intra- and inter-group correlation analysis was performed for the gene expression of the six pigs, from the perspective of the FPKM values and count numbers, respectively (Additional file 2 A and B). Regardless of the FPKM value or the number of genes, the high lipid deposition group (HF01, HF02, and HF03) was clustered together first and was clearly separated from the low lipid deposition group (LF01, LF02, and LF03).
There were 481 differentially expressed genes (DEG) identified (|log2 fold change| > 1) that were significant (q-value < 0.01). Among them, 331 DEGs had higher expression levels in the HF group than in the LF group, while 150 DEGs displayed opposing tendencies (Fig. 2). Myosin light chain 10 (MYL10), Contactin 2 (CNTN2), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor gamma1 subunit (GABRG1) had large values with |log2 fold changes > 6. MRPL57 (mitochondrial ribosomal protein L57) was the most significantly differentially expressed gene, with a -log(q-value) > 20.
Transcriptome differences between the LD tissue samples from the high and low lipid deposition pigs. A: Plot showing the log2 (fold change HF vs. LF) and the –log2 (q-value), where the red and green circles indicate the up-and down-regulated DEGs (|log2 fold change| > 1), q-value < 0.01); B: Heat map of the DEGs in the different lipid deposition groups
Functional and clustering annotations of the DEGs
To further utilize the DEG information, they were further interpreted using GO and KEGG analyses to identify the related biological functions and pathways. After integrating the number of clustered genes and the significance levels, skin development, collagen fibril organization, extracellular fibril organization, TBP-class protein binding, and proteasome-activating ATPase activity terms were identified as among the most clustered items (P < 0.01) (Additional file 3). KEGG analysis using the DAVID and KOBAS tools helped to validate the 18 most clustered KEGG pathways (gene number ≥ 3, P < 0.05) (Additional file 3). Among them were multiple signaling pathways that were involved in lipid formation and metabolism, including fatty acid biosynthesis, PPAR signaling pathway, steroid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, Notch signaling pathway, and the AMPK signaling pathway, which accounted for more than 50% of the significant enrichment pathways. The most significant and maximum number of enriched genes were in the proteasome. The proteasome pathway has important and complex functions, and plays important roles in cell cycle control, apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA repair, gene transcription regulation, cancer occurrence, and signal transduction. Proteasome degradation has been reported to participate in the relative expression of lipid processing [20, 21]. Overall, the results of the functional analysis revealed that large lipid deposition differences in the two groups, and that the proteasome pathway was the most enriched.
From the KEGG analysis, 26 candidate genes were identified to be involved in the lipid deposition-related pathway, which included peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARA), proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACA), GNAS complex locus (GNAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), uncoupling protein 5 (UCP5), 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24), solute carrier family 25 member 20 (SLC25A20), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), squalene epoxidase (SQLE), secreted frizzled related protein 2 (SFRP2), acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4), CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA), glycerol kinase (GK), catalase (CAT), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Fig. 3A, green rhombus). K-means analysis in STRING was also introduced to screen candidate genes. Clustering analysis with K = 5 showed that proteolysis-related genes (red), transcription regulators (green), integrin genes, structural proteins, signal transduction-related gene clusters (cyan), lipid deposition-related genes (yellow), and the PPARA-centered fat metabolism regulatory factor gene group (blue) were enriched (Fig. 3B). All the DEGs from Fig. 3B were used to detect the upstream regulatory TFs and motifs/tracks using iRegulon (Fig. 4). By combining candidate genes from the lipid-related pathways and the K-means analysis in STRING, 14 candidate genes were found to overlap, namely, lipid metabolism genes (DHCR24, ACACA, GK, CAT, SCD, SQLE, FASN, and ACSL4), transcription regulators (PDK4, CEBPA, and SLC25A20), PPARA-centered fat metabolism regulatory factors (PPARA, UCP3), and a signaling transduction gene (EGFR).
Gene interaction and functional clustering. A: Gene interactions with pathways, pink circle: relative pathway, green rhombus; gene symbols; B: Gene functional clustering by STRING 11.0, yellow: lipid deposition-related gene; blue: eight PPARA-centered fat metabolism regulatory factors; green: transcription regulators; red: proteolysis-related genes, cyan: integrin genes, structural proteins, and signal transduction-related genes
iRegulon analysis of the DEGs from the transcriptomic analysis. All genes analyzed were previously identified in Fig. 3B. Analysis of A: 27 proteolysis-related DEGs; B: 19 transcription regulator-related DEGs; C: 16 integrin genes, structural proteins, and signal transduction-related DEGs; D: 24 lipid deposition-related DEGs; E: 8 PPARA-centered fat metabolism regulatory factor gene-related DEGs
Validation of the transcriptome via qRT-PCR
The expression trends for all 14 genes in the LD tissues were consistent with the results of the transcriptome analysis. In addition to the ACACA gene, the expression of the 13 genes from the BF tissue were also consistent with the results of the transcriptome analysis (Fig. 5; Table 2). This showed that the results from the transcriptome sequencing were reliable. And the differences in the expression trends for the ACACA gene in the muscle and adipose tissues suggests that it may play a special role in the development of intramuscular fat.
Gene overlapping and validation. A: Genes that overlapped between KEGG and STRING. Yellow: lipid deposition-related gene; blue: eight PPARA-centered fat metabolism regulatory factors; green: transcription regulators; cyan: integrin genes, structural proteins, signal transduction-related genes; B: qRT-PCR of the 14 DEGs from the LD and backfat (BF) tissues
TMT-based proteomic analysis between high and low lipid deposition groups
We identified 69,815 peptide-spectrum matches (PSM) that matched 14,317 peptides, of which 11,467 were unique single peptides, and there were 2036 quantified proteins (Additional file 4 A). Most of the proteins were identified by 1–10 peptides (Additional file 4 B). The correlation coefficient is an important parameter when measuring the clusters between samples. As shown in Additional file 4 C, the variation between the biological replicates was small, especially in the high lipid deposition group. Intra-group correlation is an important parameter when measuring reproducibility within a group. The intra-group correlation was higher than the correlation between the groups, and this could be useful for subsequent data analysis.
The DEP analysis identified 99 DEPs, of which 63 were upregulated in the HF group and 36 were downregulated (Additional file 5). The 99 DEPs were analyzed using the QuickGO website (Additional file 6). Most were found to be involved in precursor metabolites and energy production, redox reactions, phosphate metabolism processes, phosphorylation, energy production by oxidation of organic components, oxidative phosphorylation, cellular respiration, and electron transport (Fig. 6A). Among them, BP had the most significant enrichment in redox reactions, energy metabolism, and fat absorption and metabolism, while MF had the most significant enrichment in steroid hormone binding and lipid binding. The KEGG functional enrichment analysis of the DEPs revealed that the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, and PPAR signaling pathways, myocardial contraction, ketone body synthesis and metabolism, HIF-1 signaling pathway, carbon and nitrogen cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and Parkinson’s syndrome (Fig. 6B). Based on the functional analysis of the DEPs, 9 were screened for further analysis, including 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 2 (BDH2), FASN, SLC25A20, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E (EIF3E), CAT, periaxin (PRX), filamin A (FLNA), transferrin receptor (TFRC), and myelin protein zero (MPZ) (Table 3).
Candidate gene screening with the combined transcriptome and proteome data
A Venn diagram was produced for the lipid deposition-related candidate DEPs and DEGs, and it showed that three genes overlapped, FASN, CAT, and SLC25A20, and they were identified as lipid deposition related genes (Fig. 7). While FASN and CAT displayed a consistent tendency between the mRNA and protein, SLC25A20 displayed the opposite tendency. Moreover, several DEGs were not detected in the proteomic analysis, including DHCR24, ACACA, GK, and UCP3.
Discussion
Asian wild pigs were derived from ancient wild boars approximately 1.2–0.8 million years ago and the domestication of the pig in China occurred ∼9000 years ago [22, 23]. Nanyang black pigs are one of the three main Chinese indigenous pig breeds in Henan Province and the quality of their meat is higher than that of Western commercial breeds (China National Commission of Animal Genetic Resources 2011) [15]. Lower selection intensity in Nanyang black pigs has resulted in obvious genetic and phenotypic differentiation, especially in lipid deposition traits [11]. Genetic diversity provides the basic information required for research into genetics and breeding [17, 24, 25]. Consequently, the detailed genetic mechanisms for lipid deposition in Nanyang black pigs requires further investigation. In the present study, live screening was performed, and phenotypic differences between the groups were confirmed by assessing their slaughtering backfat thickness, IMF, fatty acid, and Oil Red O staining. The results showed that the Nanyang black pigs were suitable to screen for genes related to fat deposition. Subsequently, a multiple omics method was adopted to compare high and low lipid deposition groups sourced from a local pig breeding farm. Although there have been several comparative studies on pig lipid deposition and several lipid-related genes have been reported, most of these investigations have been carried by analyzing the differences between species or between different physiological stages [3, 10, 17, 24,25,26,27,28].
According to the central dogma of molecular biology, the process from genome to transcriptome to proteome is a step-by-step process that is extremely complex and has been perfected throughout evolution. The transcriptome is sensitive and can identify almost all genes expressed in the tissue. Here, the number of positively expressed genes identified in this study was 16,579; however, coding genes need to be translated into proteins, so further screening using proteomics was required. Transcriptome responses may be triggered by a variety of factors, such as transcription factors [12]. While the current sensitivity of proteomics is not currently precise enough to detect all proteins. After database comparisons, the number of positively expressed proteins identified was 2036, which was lower than that of the transcriptome. Although some DEPs (CMYA1, IGHG, LOC100522678, and LOC100623720) were not detected in transcript level, all of them were mot well annotated (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) [29]. Theoretically, despite complex post-transcriptional controls, the relationship between mRNA and protein levels should be positively correlated. Previous studies have reported a medium or low positive correlation between the transcriptome and proteome [10, 30, 31]. In this study, the correlation index between DEGs from the RNA-seq and DEPs from the TMT analysis was approximately 0.7 (P < 0.05), which indicates that the high-throughput data was of high quality and the screening results were moderately reliable. While the combined analysis of the transcriptome and proteome data can provide more accurate and comprehensive gene expression information than single omics data, some genes from the single omics results were also discussed here to compliment the combined results [12, 19]. Here, we have focused on screening the candidate genes regulating lipid deposition by combining DEGs and DEPs.
In this investigation, the DEGs and DEPs of FASN, SLC25A20, and CAT were found to overlap. FASN, encoded by a gene located in a QTL region associated with fatty acid composition and involved in fatty acid metabolism, has been widely reported as a marker gene for lipogenesis in cattle [32], mice [33], rats [34], and pigs [35]. FASN was expressed at significantly higher levels in the high fatty acid group, which was in accordance with its fatty-accumulating functions that were identified in previous studies [35, 36]. Consistent expression tendencies for the FASN also helped to validate the accuracy of our multi-omics studies. CAT, a key regulator of oxidative stress, also showed higher levels in the high lipid deposition group. This indicates that it is upregulated to compensate for the H2O2 accumulation induced by the high lipid levels. Generally, the oxidative status of pork helps to determine its pH value after slaughter, drop loss, and IMF content [37]. Additionally, endogenous catalase regulates the polarization of adipose macrophages, thus inhibiting inflammation and insulin resistance in humans [38]. Catalase-knockout mice showed exacerbated insulin resistance, amplified oxidative stress, and accelerated macrophage infiltration into white adipose tissues [38]. Unlike FASN and SLC25A20, CAT displayed a divergent expression pattern between its mRNAs and proteins, indicating complex post-transcriptome regulatory mechanisms and functional networks either from multiple-omics [39] or CAT analysis [40]. PPAR signaling pathways were significantly clustered with P < 0.05 in the DEPs covering FASN and SLC25A20. SLC25A20 is a key molecule that transfers acyl-carnitine esters to free carnitine across the mitochondrial membrane during mitochondrial beta-oxidation. SLC25A20, like FABP4, ACOX1, CYP4A24, and PDK4, is also known as a PPARA target gene, which had a main function of fatty acid β-oxidation [41]. In all, FASN, CAT, and SLC25A20 were all causal genes determining lipid deposition in LD.
BDH2, was also identified as a DEG and DEP; however, functional analysis of the DEGs involved in lipid deposition missed BDH2. BDH2 is distinct from mitochondrial type-BDH1, as it plays a role in cytosolic ketone body utilization and in secondary systems for energy supply during starvation [42]. For lipid deposition, BDH2 expression was reported to be positively associated with adiposity by generating precursors for lipid and sterol synthesis [43, 44]. However, BDH2 is also regarded as a fatty acid oxidation gene functioning with CYP4A3 [45]. In the present study, the mRNA and protein levels of BDH2 were all significantly downregulated in the high lipid deposition group, suggesting that BDH2 in the Nanyang black pigs was more likely to be related to fatty acid oxidation and could be identified as a candidate gene for lipid traits. The detailed mechanisms for these processes require further analysis. Upstream transcriptional factor analysis of the 24-lipid deposition-related genes showed that NR2F1, NR1H2, and DMRT2 were mainly clustered (NES > 5.042) by FASN, SCD, ACSL4, CAT, and BDH2. NR2F1 and NR1H2 are best known as nuclear oxysterol receptors and physiological master regulators of lipid and cholesterol metabolism [46], while DMRT2 was mainly reported as a myogenic regulator [47]. Here, we screened three upstream transcriptional factors regulating lipid deposition-related DEGs, especially DMRT2.
Other DEGs (DHCR24, ACACA, GK, SQLE, ACSL4, SCD, PDK4, CEBPA, EGFR, PPARA, and UCP3) were screened using KEGG and K-means algorithms. Unfortunately, the TMT-based quantitative proteomics could not detect them. Most of them showed overlaps with previous omics studies, especially ACACA, ACSL4, SCD, PDK4, CEBPA, EGFR, PPARA, and UCP3 [10, 26, 48, 49]. DHCR24 and SQLE are involved in lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis, as reported previously for granulosa cells through FSH and FOXO1 [50]. The upregulation of GK is related to higher lipid biosynthesis [51, 52]. In the present study, all the genes mentioned were upregulated in the HF group, in addition to ACSL4, UCP3, and PDK4, which had also been reported in previous investigations [32, 53]. As reported previously, ACSL4 and UCP3 were associated with lipogenesis. It should be noted that ACACA displayed an opposite tendency in the LD and backfat tissues and high expression levels in the HF groups LD tissue and the LF groups backfat tissue; a similar phenomenon was observed in a previous investigation [54]. ACACA was also a key lipogenic enzyme involved in hepatic lipid deposition. There have been many controversial studies of the multiple roles involving ACACA in mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acid content and performance traits [54, 55]. Stachowiak et al. further reported that ACACA shows a distinct expression pattern in the subcutaneous fat and LD muscle of Landrace pigs [56]. This indicates that ACACA might be involved in determining the directional deposition of the lipids and this should be investigated further in the future.
Conclusions
In conclusion, we identified 481 DEGs using high-quality RNA-seq and 99 DEPs using a TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis. By combining the transcriptome and proteome profiles, 15 genes were identified as being associated with genetic divergence. These genes were divided into lipid deposition-related genes (BDH2, FASN, CAT, DHCR24, ACACA, GK, SQLE, ACSL4, and SCD), PPARA-centered fat metabolism regulatory factors (PPARA and UCP3), transcription or translation regulators (SLC25A20, PDK4, and CEBPA), integrin, structural proteins, and signal transduction-related genes (EGFR). Among them, FASN, CAT, and SLC25A20 were the main causal candidate genes. Upstream transcriptional factor analysis validated the three-lipid deposition-related genes NR2F1, NR1H2, and DMRT2. According to the results obtained in the present study, the genetic mechanisms of divergence in the Nanyang black pigs are complex and determined by multiple genes. This study provides valuable information for further research of the molecular mechanisms underlying porcine lipid deposition traits, especially those for Nanyang black pigs. Taking advantage of the causal genes for lipid deposition could improve the breeding of Nanyang black pigs and help to preserve Chinese indigenous breeds.
Materials and methods
Ethics statement
The experimental 12 pigs used were all obtained from a national elite reservation farm in Neixiang, MuYuan Foods co ltd, China, as per their permission. Slaughter and sampling were all carried out under tight supervision to minimize animal suffering. The Animal Welfare Committee of the State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology of the China Agricultural University approved all procedures for animal care (approval number, SKLAB-2012-04-07). Furthermore, all experiments were conducted in accordance with approved relevant guidelines and regulations during slaughter, sampling, and sample conservation.
Animals
The Nanyang black pig population composing of 12 Nanyang black pigs was in Neixiang county of Nanyang City and were all housed for their lifespan in the standard environmental conditions, with a natural, uncontrolled room temperature. All diets were formulated to provide essential nutrients to meet NRC requirements of China in 2012. The relative humidity and temperature of the piglet houses were maintained at 60–65% and 25–28 °C, respectively. The animals were fed three times a day and had access to water ad libitum. Pedigree information is available for all animals. Backfat thickness between the 3rd and 4th last ribs of sibling female pigs from a pen was measured using real-time B-mode ultrasonography with an HS1500 convex scanner (Honda Electronics, Toyohashi, Japan). All the twelve pigs were slaughtered and the LD and backfat tissues were excised and sampled for qRT-PCR. Six pigs were used for IMF measurements, cryotome observations, and transcriptome and proteome analysis. Backfat thickness was measured using Vernier calipers.
Phenotype measurements and histological observations
To evaluate the production performance of the sows, especially their lipid deposition traits, we measured IMF using the Soxhlet extraction method, as previously described [18, 19]. Their fatty acids were also measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Agilent 7890A, CA, USA). Measurements of the 6 individuals were performed using three technical replicates. Samples of LD muscle stored at − 80 °C were embedded in optimum cutting temperature (OCT) compound and dissected along the horizontal axis into 19–20 nm thick pieces. The frozen sections were then stained with Oil Red O and hematoxylin eosin for 5 min and 1 min, respectively [18]. Viewing and imaging were conducted using a microscope (× 1.6; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) in a white field; three fields of horizon were selected randomly and saved for later statistical analysis using Image J (Version:1.8.0).
RNA extraction and sequencing
LD and backfat samples were homogenized, and RNAs were extracted in Trizol (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Isolated total RNA was quantified (Nanodrop, ND2000) and quality controlled with typical curves (Agilent, Bioanalyzer 2100). Only high-quality RNA (RNA integrity number, RIN > 7.0) was used to construct the cDNA libraries (TruSeq RNA Sample Preparation Guide, Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). All libraries were sequenced on a HiSeq 4000 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) with PE (paired end; 150 bp). The obtained raw data were filtered to clean data with fastp (version 0.12.3) by removing reads containing adapters, low-quality reads, and reads containing more than 5% N (default parameters), and they were then mapped to the pig reference genome of Sus scrofa 11.1.92 (ftp://ftp.ensembl.org/pub/release-92/fasta/sus_scrofa/dna/Sus_scrofa.Sscrofa11.1.dna.toplevel.fa.gz) using HISAT2 (version 2.0.5) [57, 58]. The number of fragments per kilobase of the transcripts per million mapped reads (FPKM) was used to determine the levels of gene expression with cufflinks (version 2.2.1) [59]. The HTSeq (version 0.6.1) [60] using “intersection-strict” mode and a minimum alignment quality of 10 was used to construct the read counts matrix as the DESeq2 input data. DESeq2 [61] with outlier replacements and independent filtering was adopted to detect the differentially expressed transcripts between the high and low lipid deposition groups. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the groups were identified using a statistical significance of |log2 fold change| > 1 and q-value (adjustment for P value) < 0.01.
Functional annotation of differentially expressed genes
Gene Ontology (GO) terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were used to annotate the transcriptome results. DAVID 6.8 [62] and KOBAS3.0 [63] were adopted, and only GO terms or KEGG pathways that were found to overlap by the two websites were regarded as candidates (P < 0.05). Moreover, interaction networks between the DEGs were also analyzed using STRING11.0 [64]. Clustering of the STRING networks was performed using an embedded k-means algorithm, with a number of expected clusters determined empirically [65]. Furthermore, to screen the possible regulators or transcription factors that were activating or inhibiting gene expressing, iRegulon v1.3. was used to identify transcription factors regulating DEGs expressing in silico [66]. Gene interaction diagrams were constructed using Cytoscape 3.8.2 (http://www.cytoscape.org/) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted for qRT-PCR analysis in the LD and backfat tissues of the 12 pigs, which included the high lipid group (n = 6) and the low lipid group (n = 6). In all, 14 DEGs were chosen randomly for qRT-PCR (ACACA, GK, SQLE, FASN, SCD, DHCR24, ACSL4, CAT, PPARA, UCP3, PDK4, CEBPA, SLC25A20, and EGFR) (Additional file 7). Among them, ACACA, GK, SQLE, FASN, SCD, DHCR24, PPARA, CEBPA, and EGFR were upregulated, while ACSL4, CAT, USP3, PDK4, and SLC25A20 were downregulated in the high-lipid group. All experiments were performed in triplicates. Relative gene expression levels were normalized to the levels of GAPDH and HPRT. The 2−ΔΔCt method was used to evaluate the relative gene expression levels [67]. All experiments were carried out using the CFX96TM Real-Time System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Data are presented as means ± standard error. The differences in the values were evaluated using Duncan’s multiple comparison with a Bonferroni justification by using SAS 9.2. The differences were considered significant at P < 0.05 and highly significant at < 0.01.
Tandem mass tag based proteomics
Isobaric tandem mass tags (TMTs) were used to detect differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the pigs with divergent lipid traits [68]. The LD tissue was digested and labeled with TMT labels and then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A six-plex TMT strategy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation of 15 times followed by LC-MS /MS using Q-Exactive HF-X (Thermo Scientific, CA) was used to identify the DEPs. This process allowed for three simultaneous replicates in a single run, guaranteeing high confidence and robust statistics for quantitative measurements [69].
The LC-MS/MS data were searched for in the “Uniprot_Sus scrofa_ 50068–20180925 _Uniprot.fasta” database (https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=taxonomy:9823) using Max Quant 1.6.0.16 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for peptide identification and quantification. At least two unique peptides for a unique protein, with a q-value < 0.01, were screened for further quantification. The quantification level for the unique peptide was corrected as the proportion of the total intensity of the assigned peptides. Peptide-spectrum match (PSM) filtering was performed using linear discriminant analysis, as described previously [70]. Relative protein expression levels were normalized to the median average peptide ratio. Fold changes of > 1.2, < 0.833, and a P < 0.05, were set as the thresholds with which to identify the DEPs. Fisher’s exact test in QuickGO (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/) was used to evaluate the significance level of the GO TERM after the DEP enrichment. KEGG enrichment was carried out using KEGG API (https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/rest/keggapi.html).
Statistical analysis
The results shown in the tables and figures represent at least three independent trials or until reproducible results were obtained. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error (SE). Student’s t-tests were performed using Statistical Analysis System software (SAS, version 9.2, SAS Institute Inc., Cary NC, USA) to examine the significance of the differential expression levels among the groups, and the differences among the groups were considered significant at P < 0.05 and highly significant at P < 0.01.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the GEO repository with the accession number: GSE165613 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE165613).
References
Wood JD, Enser M, Fisher AV, Nute GR, Sheard PR, Richardson RI, et al. Fat deposition, fatty acid composition and meat quality: a review. Meat Sci. 2008;78(4):343–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.07.019.
Coelho M, Oliveira T, Fernandes R. Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Arch Med Sci. 2013;9(2):191–200. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2013.33181.
Zambonelli P, Gaffo E, Zappaterra M, Bortoluzzi S, Davoli R. Transcriptional profiling of subcutaneous adipose tissue in Italian large white pigs divergent for backfat thickness. Anim Genet. 2016;47(3):306–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12413.
Hausman GJ, Dodson MV, Ajuwon K, Azain M, Barnes KM, Guan LL, et al. Board-invited review: the biology and regulation of preadipocytes and adipocytes in meat animals. J Anim Sci. 2009;87(4):1218–46. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2008-1427.
Newcom DW, Baas TJ, Schwab CR, Stalder KJ. Genetic and phenotypic relationships between individual subcutaneous backfat layers and percentage of longissimus intramuscular fat in Duroc swine. J Anim Sci. 2005;83(2):316–23. https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.832316x.
Jeong J, Kwon EG, Im SK, Seo KS, Baik M. Expression of fat deposition and fat removal genes is associated with intramuscular fat content in longissimus dorsi muscle of Korean cattle steers. J Anim Sci. 2012;90(6):2044–53. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4753.
Ma JW, Gilbert H, Iannuccelli N, Duan YY, Guo BL, Huang WB, et al. Fine mapping of fatness QTL on porcine chromosome X and analyses of three positional candidate genes. BMC Genet. 2013;14(1):46. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-14-46.
Corominas J, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Puig-Oliveras A, Estelle J, Castello A, Alves E, et al. Analysis of porcine adipose tissue transcriptome reveals differences in de novo fatty acid synthesis in pigs with divergent muscle fatty acid composition. BMC Genomics. 2013;14(1):843. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-843.
Xing K, Zhu F, Zhai LW, Chen SK, Tan Z, Sun YY, Hou ZC, Wang CD. Identification of genes for controlling swine adipose deposition by integrating transcriptome, whole-genome resequencing, and quantitative trait loci data. Sci Rep-Uk. 2016;6:23219. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23219.
Shang P, Wang ZX, Chamba Y, Zhang B, Zhang H, Wu CX. A comparison of prenatal muscle transcriptome and proteome profiles between pigs with divergent growth phenotypes. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120(4):5277–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.27802.
Xing K, Zhu F, Zhai LW, Liu HJ, Wang ZJ, Hou ZC, Wang CD: The liver transcriptome of two full-sibling Songliao black pigs with extreme differences in backfat thickness. J Anim Sci Biotechno. 2014;5(1):32. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-5-32.
Xing K, Wang K, Ao H, Chen S, Tan Z, Wang Y, Xitong Z, Yang T, Zhang F, Liu Y, Ni H, Sheng X, Qi X, Wang X, Guo Y, Wang C. Comparative adipose transcriptome analysis digs out genes related to fat deposition in two pig breeds. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):12925. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49548-5.
Yang SL. Genetic diversity analyses of 10 indigenous Chinese pig populations based on 20 microsatellites (vol 82, pg 368, 2004). J Anim Sci. 2004;82(6):1892.
Li S-J, Yang S-H, Zhao S-H, Fan B, Yu M, Wang H-S, et al. Genetic diversity analyses of 10 indigenous Chinese pig populations based on 20 microsatellites. J Anim Sci. 2004;82(2):368–74. https://doi.org/10.2527/2004.822368x.
Ren G-z, Wang M, Li Z-t, Li X-j, Chen J-f, Yin Q. Study on the correlations between mineral contents in musculus longissimus dorsi and meat quality for five breeds of pigs. Am J Anim Vet Sci. 2008;3(1):18–22.
Qiao R, Li X, Han X, Wang K, Lv G, Ren G, et al. Population structure and genetic diversity of four Henan pig populations. Anim Genet. 2019;50(3):262–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12775.
Criado-Mesas L, Ballester M, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Castello A, Fernandez AI, Folch JM. Identification of eQTLs associated with lipid metabolism in longissimus dorsi muscle of pigs with different genetic backgrounds. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):9845. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67015-4.
Essen-Gustavsson B, Karlsson A, Lundstrom K, Enfalt AC. Intramuscular fat and muscle fibre lipid contents in halothane-gene-free pigs fed high or low protein diets and its relation to meat quality. Meat Sci. 1994;38(2):269–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(94)90116-3.
Wang LY, Li XX, Ma J, Zhang YW, Zhang H. Integrating genome and transcriptome profiling for elucidating the mechanism of muscle growth and lipid deposition in Pekin ducks. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3837. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04178-7.
Tarancon C, Gonzalez-Grando E, Oliveros JC, Nicolas M, Cubas P. A conserved carbon starvation response underlies bud dormancy in Woody and Herbaceous species. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00788.
Guo Q, Mi X, Sun X, Li X, Fu W, Xu S, Wang Q, Arfat Y, Wang H, Chang H, Gao Y. Remarkable plasticity of Na+, K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and SERCA contributes to muscle disuse atrophy resistance in hibernating Daurian ground squirrels. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):10509. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10829-6.
Larson G, Dobney K, Albarella U, Fang MY, Matisoo-Smith E, Robins J, et al. Worldwide phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication. Science. 2005;307(5715):1618–21. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1106927.
Frantz LA, Schraiber JG, Madsen O, Megens HJ, Bosse M, Paudel Y, Semiadi G, Meijaard E, Li N, Crooijmans RP, Archibald AL, Slatkin M, Schook LB, Larson G, Groenen MA. Genome sequencing reveals fine scale diversification and reticulation history during speciation in Sus. Genome Biol. 2013;14(9):R107. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-9-r107.
Ayuso M, Fernandez A, Nunez Y, Benitez R, Isabel B, Barragan C, et al. Comparative analysis of muscle transcriptome between pig genotypes identifies genes and regulatory mechanisms associated to growth, Fatness and Metabolism. Plos One. 2015;10(12):e0145162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145162.
Fonseca LFS, Gimenez DFJ, Dos Santos Silva DB, Barthelson R, Baldi F, Ferro JA, et al. Differences in global gene expression in muscle tissue of Nellore cattle with divergent meat tenderness. BMC Genomics. 2017;18(1):945. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4323-0.
Vigors S, O'Doherty JV, Bryan K, Sweeney T. A comparative analysis of the transcriptome profiles of liver and muscle tissue in pigs divergent for feed efficiency. BMC Genomics. 2019;20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-019-5740-z.
Parsons IL, Johnson JR, Kayser WC, Tedeschi LO, Carstens GE. Characterization of feeding behavior traits in steers with divergent residual feed intake consuming a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci. 2020;98(7):skaa189. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa189.
Xing K, Zhao XT, Liu YB, Zhang FX, Tan Z, Qi XL, et al. Identification of Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs and Their Potential Target Genes in Adipose Tissue from Pigs with Highly Divergent Backfat Thickness. Animals-Basel. 2020;10(4):624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040624.
Chen Q, Wang Y, Liu Z, Guo X, Sun Y, Kang L, et al. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of ovarian follicles reveal the role of VLDLR in chicken follicle selection. BMC Genomics. 2020;21(1):486. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-06855-w.
Ideker T, Thorsson V, Ranish JA, Christmas R, Buhler J, Eng JK, et al. Integrated genomic and proteomic analyses of a systematically perturbed metabolic network. Science. 2001;292(5518):929–34. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.292.5518.929.
Mijalski T, Harder A, Halder T, Kersten M, Horsch M, Strom TM, et al. Identification of coexpressed gene clusters in a comparative analysis of transcriptome and proteome in mouse tissues. P Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(24):8621–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407672102.
Matsuhashi T, Maruyama S, Uemoto Y, Kobayashi N, Mannen H, Abe T, et al. Effects of bovine fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-coenzyme a desaturase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, and growth hormone gene polymorphisms on fatty acid composition and carcass traits in Japanese black cattle. J Anim Sci. 2011;89(1):12–22. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3121.
Lin YY, Chou CF, Giovarelli M, Briata P, Gherzi R, Chen CY. KSRP and MicroRNA 145 are negative regulators of lipolysis in white adipose tissue. Mol Cell Biol. 2014;34(12):2339–49. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00042-14.
Zhang T, Zhao S, Li W, Ma LZ, Ding M, Li RS, et al. High-fat diet from perilla oil induces insulin resistance despite lower serum lipids and increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation in rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2014;13(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-13-15.
Canovas A, Quintanilla R, Amills M, Pena RN. Muscle transcriptomic profiles in pigs with divergent phenotypes for fatness traits. BMC Genomics. 2010;11:372. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-11-372.
Molnar J, Nagy T, Steger V, Toth G, Marincs F, Barta E. Genome sequencing and analysis of Mangalica, a fatty local pig of Hungary. BMC Genomics. 2014;15(1):761. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-761.
Cheng CS, Liu ZH, Zhou YF, Wei HK, Zhang XM, Xia M, et al. Effect of oregano essential oil supplementation to a reduced-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet on meat quality, fatty acid composition, and oxidative stability of longissimus thoracis muscle in growing-finishing pigs. Meat Sci. 2017;133:103–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.06.011.
Lim E, Davis J, Choi SY, Chen JJ. Effect of Sociodemographics, health-related problems, and family structure on chronic absenteeism among children. J School Health. 2019;89(4):308–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12736.
Liu Y, Devescovi V, Chen S, Nardini C. Multilevel omic data integration in cancer cell lines: advanced annotation and emergent properties. BMC Syst Biol. 2013;7(1):14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-0509-7-14.
Haque R, Chun E, Howell JC, Sengupta T, Chen D, Kim H. MicroRNA-30b-mediated regulation of catalase expression in human ARPE-19 cells. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042542.
Guenard F, Jacques H, Gagnon C, Marette A, Vohl MC. Acute Effects of Single Doses of Bonito Fish Peptides and Vitamin D on Whole Blood Gene Expression Levels: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081944.
Guo K, Lukacik P, Papagrigoriou E, Meier M, Lee WH, Adamski J, et al. Characterization of human DHRS6, an orphan short chain dehydrogenase/reductase enzyme - a novel, cytosolic type 2 R-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(15):10291–7. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M511346200.
Bonnet A, Le Cao KA, SanCristobal M, Benne F, Robert-Granie C, Law-So G, et al. In vivo gene expression in granulosa cells during pig terminal follicular development. Reproduction. 2008;136(2):211–24. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-07-0312.
Drew BG, Hamidi H, Zhou ZQ, Villanueva CJ, Krum SA, Calkin AC, et al. Estrogen receptor (ER)alpha-regulated Lipocalin 2 expression in adipose tissue links obesity with breast Cancer progression. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(9):5566–81. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.606459.
Kamei A, Watanabe Y, Kondo K, Okada S, Shinozaki F, Ishijima T, et al. Influence of a Short-Term Iron-Deficient Diet on Hepatic Gene Expression Profiles in Rats. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e65732. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065732.
Zhang Y, Dufau ML. Gene silencing by nuclear orphan receptors. Vitam Horm. 2004;68:1–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(04)68001-0.
Seo KW. Dmrt2 and Pax3 double-knockout mice show severe defects in embryonic Myogenesis. Comparative Med. 2007;57(5):460–8.
Huang HG, Scheffler TL, Gerrard DE, Larsen MR, Lametsch R. Quantitative proteomics and Phosphoproteomics analysis revealed different regulatory mechanisms of halothane and Rendement Napole genes in porcine muscle metabolism. J Proteome Res. 2018;17(8):2834–49. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00294.
Wang ZX, Shang P, Li QG, Wang LY, Chamba YZ, Zhang B, et al. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis reveals key proteins affecting muscle growth and lipid deposition in pigs. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46717. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep46717.
Liu. FSH and FOXO1 regulate genes in the sterol/steroid and lipid biosynthetic pathways in granulosa cells (vol 23, pg 649, 2009). Mol Endocrinol. 2009;23(9):1522.
Karol A, Drogemuller C, Wimmers K, Schellander K, Leeb T. Molecular characterization of five porcine candidate genes for drip loss in pork. Anim Biotechnol. 2010;21(2):114–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495390903534457.
Ma J, Yang J, Zhou L, Zhang Z, Ma H, Xie X, et al. Genome-wide association study of meat quality traits in a white DurocxErhualian F2 intercross and Chinese Sutai pigs. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64047. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064047.
Cardoso TF, Quintanilla R, Castello A, Gonzalez-Prendes R, Amills M, Canovas A. Differential expression of mRNA isoforms in the skeletal muscle of pigs with distinct growth and fatness profiles. BMC Genomics. 2018;19(1):145. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4515-2.
Stachowiak M, Nowacka-Woszuk J, Szydlowski M, Switonski M. The ACACA and SREBF1 genes are promising markers for pig carcass and performance traits, but not for fatty acid content in the longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissue. Meat Sci. 2013;95(1):64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.04.021.
Munoz G, Alves E, Fernandez A, Ovilo C, Barragan C, Estelle J, et al. QTL detection on porcine chromosome 12 for fatty-acid composition and association analyses of the fatty acid synthase, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and acetyl-coenzyme a carboxylase alpha genes. Anim Genet. 2007;38(6):639–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01668.x.
Stachowiak M, Flisikowski K. Analysis of allele-specific expression of seven candidate genes involved in lipid metabolism in pig skeletal muscle and fat tissues reveals allelic imbalance of ACACA, LEP, SCD, and TNF. J Appl Genet. 2019;60(1):97–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-019-00485-z.
Kim D, Landmead B, Salzberg SL. HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements. Nat Methods. 2015;12(4):357–U121. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3317.
Chen S, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Jia G. fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor. Bioinformatics. 2018;34(17):i884–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty560.
Trapnell C, Williams BA, Pertea G, Mortazavi A, Kwan G, Baren M, et al. Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28(5):511–U174.
Anders S, Pyl PT, Huber W. HTSeq-a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data. Bioinformatics. 2015;31(2):166–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu638.
Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014;15(12):550. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8.
Huang DW, Sherman BT, Lempicki RA. Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources. Nat Protoc. 2009;4(1):44–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2008.211.
Xie C, Mao XZ, Huang JJ, Ding Y, Wu JM, Dong S, et al. KOBAS 2.0: a web server for annotation and identification of enriched pathways and diseases. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011;39(suppl_2):W316–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr483.
Szklarczyk D, Gable AL, Lyon D, Junge A, Wyder S, Huerta-Cepas J, et al. STRING v11: protein-protein association networks with increased coverage, supporting functional discovery in genome-wide experimental datasets. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(D1):D607–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1131.
Odrowaz Z, Sharrocks AD. The ETS transcription factors ELK1 and GABPA regulate different gene networks to control MCF10A breast epithelial cell migration. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e49892. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049892. Epub 2012 Dec 20.
Janky R, Verfaillie A, Imrichova H, Van de Sande B, Standaert L, Christiaens V, et al. iRegulon: From a Gene List to a Gene Regulatory Network Using Large Motif and Track Collections. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014;10(7):e1003731. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003731.
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402–8. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262.
Weinert BT, Moustafa T, Iesmantavicius V, Zechner R, Choudhary C. Analysis of acetylation stoichiometry suggests that SIRT3 repairs nonenzymatic acetylation lesions. EMBO J. 2015;34(21):2620–32. https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.201591271.
Jakoby T, van den Berg BHJ, Tholey A. Quantitative protease cleavage site profiling using tandem-mass-tag labeling and LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS analysis. J Proteome Res. 2012;11(3):1812–20. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr201051e.
Navarrete-Perea J, Isasa M, Paulo JA, Corral-Corral R, Flores-Bautista J, Hernandez-Tellez B, et al. Quantitative multiplexed proteomics of Taenia solium cysts obtained from the skeletal muscle and central nervous system of pigs. Plos Neglect Trop D. 2017;11(9):e0005962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005962.
Acknowledgements
We thank all the people who have contributed to this work including the experimental design, sampling, sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, and molecular experiments.
Funding
This work was supported by the Yunnan Science and Technology Project (No. 22018FG001–003) and the Central Government guides Local Science and Technology (No. YDZX20195400004426).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Y L & Hao Z conceptualized the study. L W & Y Z performed the experimental and computational analyses, separately. L W and B Z interpreted the results. L W wrote the majority of the manuscript with input from Haian Z. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in China. The Animal Welfare Committee of the State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology of the China Agricultural University approved all procedures for animal care (approval number, SKLAB-2012-04-07). The study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Additional file 1: Table.
Transcriptome data from longissimus dorsi (LD) samples from Nanyang Black pigs. Basic transcriptome summary data for six samples including the Raw reads, Clean reads rate, and mapping rates.
Additional file 2: Figure.
Correlation analysis of gene expression both between and in groups. FPKM based analysis and count number-based analysis results in transcriptome analysis.
Additional file 3: Figure.
Functional analysis of the 481 DEGs using GO and KEGG. Results of the GO and KEGG analysis of the 481 DEGs from transcriptome with |log2 fold change| > 1 and q-value < 0.01.
Additional file 4: Figure.
Analysis of TMT-based proteomic analysis. Detailed results from the TMT-based proteomic analysis including the basic information, peptide number, and correlation analysis.
Additional file 5: Table.
TMT_based proteomic expression analysis of the Nanyang black pigs. Expression analysis of the differentially expressed proteins identified in this investigation.
Additional file 6: Figure.
Differentially expressed protein identification and functional analysis. Analysis of the 99 differentially expressed proteins identified in this investigation.
Additional file 7: Table.
Primers used for the qRT-PCR analysis of the DEGs. A list of the primers used to assess the differentially expressed genes composing of ACACA, GK, SQLE, FASN, SCD, DHCR24, ACSL4, CAT, PPARA, UCP3, PDK4, CEBPA, SLC25A20, and EGFR.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, B. et al. Candidate gene screening for lipid deposition using combined transcriptomic and proteomic data from Nanyang black pigs. BMC Genomics 22, 441 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07764-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07764-2