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Astromers: status and prospects

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Abstract

The extreme temperatures and densities of many astrophysical environments tend to destabilize nuclear isomers by inducing transitions to higher-energy states which may then cascade to ground. However, not all environments destabilize all isomers. Nuclear isomers which retain their metastable character in pertinent astrophysical environments are known as astrophysically metastable nuclear isomers, or “astromers”. Astromers can influence nucleosynthesis, altering abundances or even creating new pathways that would otherwise be inaccessible. Astromers often release energy faster or slower relative to their associated ground state, acting as heating accelerants or batteries, respectively. In stable isotopes, they may even simply remain populated after a cataclysmic event and emit observable x- or \(\gamma\)-rays. The variety of behaviors of these nuclear species and the effects they can have merit careful consideration in nearly every possible astrophysical environment. Here, we provide a brief overview of astromers past and present, and we outline future work that will help to illuminate their role in the cosmos.

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Acknowledgements

LANL is operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of U.S. Department of Energy (Contract No. 89233218CNA000001). This work was partially supported by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) through its Center for Space and Earth Science (CSES). CSES is funded by LANL’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program under project number 20240477CR-SES. This work was partially supported by LANL’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program under project number 20230052ER. M. R. M. acknowledges support from the Directed Asymmetric Network Graphs for Research (DANGR) initiative at LANL.

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  1. XTD-PRI, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS T086 TA-3 Bldg 2327, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA

    G. Wendell Misch

  2. Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS B283 TA-3 Bldg 123, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA

    Matthew R. Mumpower

  3. Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, USA

    G. Wendell Misch & Matthew R. Mumpower

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  1. G. Wendell Misch
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Correspondence to G. Wendell Misch.

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Appendix: Known missing data

Appendix: Known missing data

Many isotopes with isomers are known to have incomplete data. Table 1 summarizes missing data for nuclear isomers, not necessarily astromers; this information underlies Fig. 5. Before one can determine whether the particular state acts as an astromer, a substantial amount of data is required. Determining whether an astromer meaningfully affects its host isotope’s behavior requires even more. This table should serve as a starting point for exploration.

Table 1 Experimental data known to be missing. An “X” denotes that the data in the corresponding category is incomplete for that isotope. “Mass” refers to the isomer energy. “\(\gamma\)” is important \(\gamma\) transition rates identified in Misch et al. [54] (that work only examined neutron-rich isotopes of interest in the r process), and “Branching” means that decay feeding from a parent nucleus is incomplete. The “Started” column indicates whether experimental work is known by the authors to have been initiated
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Misch, G.W., Mumpower, M.R. Astromers: status and prospects. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-024-01136-z

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