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Experimental evaluation of MWCNT–Al2O3 (40–60%)/5W50 hybrid nanofluid and comparison with MWCNT–Al2O3 (35–65%)/5W50 hybrid nanofluid with focus on thermophysical properties and cost performance index

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Abstract

The viscosity of MWCNT–Al2O3 (40–60)/5W50 hybrid nanofluid (NF) has been investigated. According to the results at different volume fractions (VFs) and temperatures, it possesses a behavior like non-Newtonian fluids. In this paper, we first compare MWCNT–Al2O3 (40–60%)/5W50 hybrid NF with MWCNT–Al2O3 (35–65%)/5W50 hybrid NF with focus on viscosity and cost performance index. Investigations were carried out for two shear rates (SR) of 3999 and 5332 (1/s). The decrease in viscosity at the SR of 3999 and in the VF of 1% at temperatures between 5 and 45 °C was 84%, and the SR of 5332 at 15 °C increased by 24%. Sensitivity was also studied, and at temperatures of 5–45 °C at a VF of 0.05%, this value was about 0.2%. This low viscosity sensitivity is very effective in improving the application of NFs in various engineering systems. A new empirical relation to anticipate the NF viscosity in accordance with the experimental results is also presented. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the mentioned relation is 0.9982, indicating the accuracy of the presented empirical relation to predict the NF viscosity at the tested temperature and concentration ranges.

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Abbreviations

k nf :

Thermal conductivity of nanofluid

k f :

Thermal conductivity of base fluid

T :

Temperature

\( T_{\text{h}} \) :

Hot temperature (K)

\( T_{\text{c}} \) :

Cold temperature (K)

MOD:

Margin of deviation

SVF:

Solid volume fraction

SSA:

Specific surface area

PPF:

Price performance factor

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

τ :

Shear stress (Pa)

\( \dot{\gamma } \) :

Shear rate (1/s)

m :

Consistency index

n :

Power-law index

\( k \) :

Porosity coefficient

\( \rho \) :

Density (kg m−3)

\( \mu \) :

Dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)

\( \theta \) :

Dimensionless temperature

\( \varphi \) :

Volume fraction (%)

f:

Base fluid

nf:

Nanofluid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Hemmat Esfe

  2. School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, 36716-41167, Iran

    Soheyl Alidoust

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  1. Mohammad Hemmat Esfe
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Correspondence to Soheyl Alidoust.

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Hemmat Esfe, M., Alidoust, S. Experimental evaluation of MWCNT–Al2O3 (40–60%)/5W50 hybrid nanofluid and comparison with MWCNT–Al2O3 (35–65%)/5W50 hybrid nanofluid with focus on thermophysical properties and cost performance index. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 135, 817 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00807-9

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