Abstract
Highly ionized heavy evaporation residues (ERs) resulting from heavy-ion (HI) fusion–evaporation reactions are knocked out from solid targets to rarefied gas of gas-filled recoil separators. In gas, these ERs undergo charge-changing collisions on their way to a detection system. An equilibrium between the loss of charge (electron capture) and the gain of charge (electron loss) for ionized ERs allows one to use equilibrated charge-state distributions in trajectory calculations for ERs moving through a magnetic field. The distance from a target to the point where the ER charge-state distributions become to be the equilibrated one is essential for such calculations. This distance can be estimated in simulations based on electron capture and loss cross sections for energetic HIs. Reasonable approximations of available experimental data have provided these cross sections, which were applied to the Monte Carlo simulations of the ionic charge evolution for highly ionized heavy ERs. The results of these simulations demonstrate the setting of charge equilibration close to the target.
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Data Availability Statement
This manuscript has no associated data or the data will not be deposited. [Authors’ comment: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.]
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Acknowledgements
The author is indebted to Dr. V.K. Utyonkov for providing new data on the mean charges in hydrogen for the heaviest ERs, which were obtained with DGFRS. This study was supported in part by the directorate of JINR under a special grant for the SHN program.
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Sagaidak, R.N. Empirical relations for heavy-ion equilibrated charges and charge-changing cross sections in diluted \(\hbox {H}_{{2}}\) with application. Eur. Phys. J. D 75, 220 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-021-00236-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/s10053-021-00236-y