Abstract
The typical distortions of the particle size distribution functions are calculated from the smallangle X-ray diffraction for nanoscale transition metal powders and their mutual binary systems. The abnormal negative distribution functions are established to be caused by the presence of a thin nanoscale (oxide or hydroxide) shell at the metal nanoparticle surface with the electronic (scattering) density inferior to the electronic density of the nucleus. The analysis of the intensity and position of the abnormal minimum and maximum of the distribution function using computer modeling of the inhomogeneous particle scattering and experimental methods allows assuming the structure of the diffracting particles and evaluating the nucleus size and the relative outer shell density.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Svergun, D.I. and Feigin, L.A., Rentgenovskoe i neitronnoe malouglovoe rasseyanie (X-ray and Neutron Small- Angle Scattering), Moscow: Nauka, 1986.
Guinier, A. and Fournet, G., Small Angle Scattering of X-rays, New York: Wiley, 1955.
Debye, P. Anderson, H.R., and Brumberger, H., Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid. II. The correlation function and its application, J. Appl. Phys., 1957, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 679–683.
Porod, G., Die Rüntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von dichtgepackten kolloiden Systemen. I. Teil, Kolloid-Z., 1951, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 83–114.
Porod, G., Die Rüntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von dichtgepackten kolloiden Systemen. II. Teil, Kolloid-Z., 1952, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 51–57.
Porod, G., Die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von dichtgepackten kolloiden Systemen. II. Teil, Kolloid-Z., 1952, vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 108–122.
Hosemann, R. and Bagchi, S.N., Direct Analysis of Diffraction by Matter, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1962.
Vonk, C.G. and Kortleve, G., X-ray small-angle scattering of bulk polyethylene. II. Analyses of the scattering curve, Kolloid-Z., 1967, vol. 220, no. 1, pp. 19–24.
Kortleve, G. and Vonk, C.G., X-ray small-angle scattering of bulk polyethylene. III. Results, Kolloid-Z., 1968, vol. 225, no. 2, pp. 124–131.
Ruland, W., Small-angle scattering of two-phase systems: determination and significance of systematic deviations from Porod’s law, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1971, vol. 4, pp. 70–73.
Sieman, U. and Ruland, W., Determination of width of the domain boundaries in polymer two-phase system by X-ray small angle scattering, J. Colloid Polym. Sci., 1982, vol. 260, no. 11, pp. 999–1010.
Vonk, C.G., Investigation of non-ideal two-phase polymer structures by small-angle X-ray scattering, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1973, vol. 6, part 2, pp. 81–86.
Baldrian, J., Pleštil, J., and Štamberg, J., Small-angle X-ray scattering from macroporous polymers: styrene divinylbenzene copolymers, cellulose in the bead form, Coll. Cz. Chem. Commun, 1976, vol. 41, pp. 3555–3562.
Koberstein, J.T., Morra, B., and Stein, R.S., The determination of diffuse-boundary thicknesses of polymers by small-angle X-ray scattering, J. Appl. Crystallogr., 1980, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 34–45.
Koberstein, J.T. and Stein, R.S., Small-angle X-ray studies of microdomain structure in segmented polyurethane elastomers, J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Phys. Ed., 1983, vol. 21, pp. 1439–1472.
Wlochowicz, A., Šlusarczyk, C., Strobin, G., and Dems, A., Small-angle X-ray investigation of defined multiblock (b-styrenebisphenol a carbonate) copolymers, Angew. Makromol. Chem., 1988, vol. 156, no. 2537, pp. 69–77.
Tikhonov, A.N. and Arsenin, V.Ya., Metody resheniya nekorrektnykh zadach (Methods of Ill-Posed Tasks Solution), Moscow: Nauka, 1985.
Svergun, D.I., Semenyuk, A. and Feigin, L.A., Smallangle scattering data treatment by the regularization method, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Adv., 1988, vol. 44, pp. 244–250.
Dodonov, V.G., The improved method of particle size distribution analysis from the small-angle X-ray scattering data, Z. Kristallogr., 1991, special issue, no. 4, p. 102.
Dodonov, V.G., Implementation of small-angle scattering for analysis of aggregation in polydispersed systems, I Vses. konf. “Klasternye materially” (I All-Union Conf. “Claster Materials”), Izhevsk: ILI, 1991, pp. 70–75.
Dodonov, V.G. and Dolgopolov, N.I., Radial distribution function using for the small particles structure analysis, Kristallografiya, 1994, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 402–405.
Renouprez, A. and Imelik, B., Etude des systemes a trois phases par diffusion centrale des rayons X, J.Appl. Crystallogr., 1973, vol. 6, pp. 105–113.
Zakharov, Yu.A., Popova, A.N., Pugachev, V.M., Dodonov, V.G., and Kolmykov, R.P., Synthesis and properties of nanosized powders of iron group metals and their reciprocal systems, Perspekt. Mater., 2008, special issue, no. 6, vol. 1, pp. 249–254.
Zakharov, Yu.A., Pugachev, V.M., Dodonov, V.G., and Popova, A.N., Nanosized powders of iron-nickel system, Perspekt. Mater., 2010, no. 3, pp. 60–71.
Popova, A.N., Zakharov, Yu.A., Pugachev, V.M., and Dodonov, V.G., Density of nanosize powders of the iron-cobalt and iron-nickel systems, Perspekt. Mater., 2011, vol. 1, special issue, no. 13 (2), pp. 699–704.
Zakharov, Yu.A., Pugachev, V.M., Dodonov, V.G., and Popova, A.N., Nanosize powders of the iron-cobalt system, Sviridovskie chteniya: sbornik statei (Sviridov’s Conf., Collection of Research Works), Minsk: Bel. Gos. Univ., 2010, no. 6, pp. 24–32.
Pugachev, V.M., Dodonov, V.G., Zakharov, Yu.A., Kolmykov, R.P., Vasiljeva, O.V., and Shipkova, Yu.V., Phase composition and some properties of Ni–Co and Ni–Cu nanosize powders, Perspekt. Mater., 2011, special issue, no. 13, pp. 156–163.
Pugachev, V.M., Zakharov, Yu.A., Vasiljeva, O.V., Karpushkina, Yu.V., Dodonov, V.G., and Mal’tsev, I.Yu., Synthesis and oxidation of nickel-cooper nanocrystalline powders, Tr. mezhd. nauchno-tekh. konf. “Sovremennye metallicheskie materially i tekhnologii” (Proc. Int. Sci.-Tech. Conf. “Modern Metal Materials and Technologies”), St. Petersburg: S.-Peterb. Gos. Univ., 2011, pp. 267–269.
Zaharov, Yu.A., Pugachev, V.M., Dodonov, V.G., Popova, A.N., Kolmykov, R.P., Rostovtsev, G.A., Vasiljeva, O.V., Zyuzyukina, E.N., Ivanov, A.V., and Prosvirin, I.P., Nanosize powders of transition metals binary systems, J. Physics: Conf. Ser., 2012, vol. 345, pp. 12024–12031.
Zakharov, Y.A., Pugachev, V.M., Kriventsov, V.V., Popova, A.N., Tolochko, B.P., Bogomyakov, A.S., Dodonov, V.G., and Karpushkina, Y.V., Structure of nanosize bimetals Fe-Co and Fe-Ni, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys., 2013, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 142–145.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © V.G. Dodonov, Yu.A. Zakharov, V.M. Pugachev, O.V. Vasiljeva, 2016, published in Perspektivnye Materialy, 2016, No. 6, pp. 68–82.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Dodonov, V.G., Zakharov, Y.A., Pugachev, V.M. et al. Determination of the surface structure peculiarities of nanoscale metal particles via small-angle X-ray scattering. Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res. 7, 804–814 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S207511331605004X
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S207511331605004X