Abstract
Aging and associated diseases are acute problems of modern biology and medicine. Although aging cannot currently be prevented, its impact on the lifespan and health of older adults can potentially be minimized through interventions aimed at returning cells to normal function. The constant search for ways to rejuvenate and improve the regenerative capacity of cells led to the discovery in 2016 of a partial reprogramming method based on short-term expression of reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc). As a result, the youthful epigenetic signature of aging cells is restored. The effectiveness of the method is shown as in the system in vitro and in vivo. The presented review discusses the main successes of partial reprogramming, as well as the problems and unresolved questions that researchers have encountered. Data on molecular changes during the process of partial reprogramming are discussed separately. The partial reprogramming method provides a wide range of opportunities for fundamental research on aging and rejuvenation. Further work in this direction may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies to alleviate age-related diseases and, thus, improve health and longevity.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Abad, M., Mosteiro, L., Pantoja, C., Cañamero, M., Rayon, T., Ors, I., Graña, O., Megías, D., Domínguez, O., Martínez, D., Manzanares, M., Ortega, S., and Serrano, M., Reprogramming in vivo produces teratomas and iPS cells with totipotency features, Nature, 2013, vol. 502, p. 340. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12586
Alle, Q., Le Borgne, E., Bensadoun, P., Lemey, C., Béchir, N., Gabanou, M., Estermann, F., Bertrand-Gaday, C., Pessemesse, L., Toupet, K., Vialaret, J., Hirtz, C., Noël, D., Jorgensen, C., Casas, F., Milhavet, O., and Lemaitre, J.-M., A single short reprogramming early in life improves fitness and increases lifespan in old age, BioRxiv, 2021, vol. 21, p. e13714. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13714
Bell, C.G., Lowe, R., Adams, P.D., Baccarelli, A.A., Beck, S., Bell, J.T., Christensen, B.C., Gladyshev, V.N., Heijmans, B.T., Horvath, S., Ideker, T., Issa, J.P.J., Kelsey, K.T., Marioni, R.E., Reik, W., et al., DNA methylation aging clocks: challenges and recommendations, Genome Biol., 2019, vol. 20, p. 249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-019-1824-y
Blagosklonny, M.V., TOR-centric view on insulin resistance and diabetic complications: perspective for endocrinologists and gerontologists, Cell Death Dis., 2013, vol. 4, p. e964. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2013.506
Bocklandt, S., Lin, W., Sehl, M.E., Sánchez, F.J., Sinsheimer, J.S., Horvath, S., and Vilain, E., Epigenetic predictor of age, PLoS One, 2011, vol. 6, p. e14821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014821
Brandhorst, S., Choi, I.Y., Wei, M., Cheng, C.W., Sedrakyan, S., Navarrete, G., Dubeau, L., Yap, L.P., Park, R., Vinciguerra, M., Di Biase, S., Mirzaei, H., Mirisola, M.G., Childress, P., Ji, L., Groshen, S., et al., A periodic diet that mimics fasting promotes multi-system regeneration, enhanced cognitive performance, and healthspan, Cell Metab., 2015, vol. 22, p. 86.
Brett, J.O. and Rando, T.A., Alive and well? Exploring disease by studying lifespan, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 2014, vol. 26, p. 33.
Chen, Y., Lüttmann, F.F., Schoger, E., Schöler, H.R., Zelarayán, L.C., Kim, K.P., Haigh, J.J., Kim, J., and Braun, T., Reversible reprogramming of cardiomyocytes to a fetal state drives heart regeneration in mice, Science, 2021, vol. 373, p. 80.
Childs, B.G., Durik, M., Baker, D.J., and Van Deursen, J.M., Cellular senescence in aging and age-related disease: from mechanisms to therapy, Nat. Med., 2015, vol. 21, p. 1424.
Chondronasiou, D., Gill, D., Mosteiro, L., Urdinguio, R.G., Berenguer-Llergo, A., Aguilera, M., Durand, S., Aprahamian, F., Nirmalathasan, N., Abad, M., Martin-Herranz, D.E., Stephan-Otto Attolini, C., Prats, N., et al., Multi-omic rejuvenation of naturally aged tissues by a single cycle of transient reprogramming, Aging Cell, 2022, vol. 21, p. e13578. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13578
Conboy, I.M., Conboy, M.J., Wagers, A.J., Girma, E.R., Weismann, I.L., and Rando, T.A., Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment, Nature, 2005, vol. 433, p. 760.
Cuervo, A.M., Bergamini, E., Brunk, U.T., Dröge, W., Ffrench, M., and Terman, A., Autophagy and aging: the importance of maintaining “clean” cells, Autophagy, 2005, vol. 1, p. 131. https://doi.org/10.4161/auto.1.3.2017
Dungan, C.M., Figueiredo, V.C., Wen, Y., VonLehmden, G.L., Zdunek, C.J., Thomas, N.T., Mobley, C.B., Murach, K.A., Brightwell, C.R., Long, D.E., Fry, C.S., Kern, P.A., McCarthy, J.J., and Peterson, C.A., Senolytic treatment rescues blunted muscle hypertrophy in old mice, GeroScience, 2022, vol. 44, p. 1925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-022-00542-2
Galkin, F., Mamoshina, P., Aliper, A., de Magalhães, J.P., Gladyshev, V.N., and Zhavoronkov, A., Biohorology and biomarkers of aging: current state-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities, Ageing Res. Rev., 2020, vol. 60, p. e60.101050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101050
Gems, D. and Partridge, L., Genetics of longevity in model organisms: debates and paradigm shifts, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 2013, vol. 75, p. 621.
Gill, D., Parry, A., Santos, F., Okkenhaug, H., Todd, C.D., Hernando-Herraez, I., Stubbs, T.M., Milagre, I., and Reik, W., Multi-omic rejuvenation of human cells by maturation phase transient reprogramming, Elife, 2022, vol. 11, p. e71624. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.71624
Gladyshev, V.N., Kritchevsky, S.B., Clarke, S.G., Cuervo, A.M., Fiehn, O., de Magalhães, J.P., Mau, T., Maes, M., Moritz, R.L., Niedernhofer, L.J., Van Schaftingen, E., Tranah, G.J., Walsh, K., Yura, Y., Zhang, B., and Cummings, S.R., Molecular damage in aging, Nature Aging, 2021,vol. 1, p. 1096. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-021-00150-3
Guan, J., Wang, G., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Fu, Y., Cheng, L., Meng, G., Lyu, Y., Zhu, J., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Liuyang, S., Liu, B., Yang, Z., He, H., Zhong, X., Chen, Q., et al., Chemical reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells, Nature, 2022, vol. 605, p. 325.
Guderyon, M.J., Chen, C., Bhattacharjee, A., Ge, G., Fernandez, R.A., Gelfond, J.A.L., Gorena, K.M., Cheng, C.J., Li, Y., Nelson, J.F., Strong, R.J., Hornsby, P.J., Clark, R.A., and Li, S., Mobilization-based transplantation of young-donor hematopoietic stem cells extends lifespan in mice, Aging Cell, 2020, vol. 19, p. e13110. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13110
Haigis, M.C. and Yankner, B.A., The aging stress response, Mol. Cell, 2010, vol. 40, p. 333.
Hishida, T., Yamamoto, M., Hishida-Nozaki, Y., Shao, C., Huang, L., Wang, C., Shojima, K., Xue, Y., Hang, Y., Shokhirev, M., Memczak, S., Sahu, S.K., Hatanaka, F., Ros, R.R., Maxwell, M., et al., In vivo partial cellular reprogramming enhances liver plasticity and regeneration, Cell Rep., 2022, vol. 39, p. 110730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110730
Hofmann, J.W., Zhao, X., De Cecco, M., Peterson, A.L., Pagliaroli, L., Manivannan, J., Hubbard, G.B., Ikeno, Y., Zhang, Y., Feng, B., Li, X., Serre, T., Qi, W., Van Remmen, H., Miller, R.A., Bath, K.G., et al., Reduced expression of MYC increases longevity and enhances healthspan, Cell, 2015, vol. 160, p. 477.
Horvath, S., DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types, Genome Biol., 2013, vol. 14, p. R115.
Hou, P., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, C., Guan, J., Li, H., Zhao, T., Ye, J., Yang, W., Liu, K., Ge, J., Xu, J., Zhang, Q., Zhao, Y., and Deng, H., Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse somatic cells by small-molecule compounds, Science, 2013, vol. 341, p. 651.
Hu, K., All roads lead to induced pluripotent stem cells: the technologies of iPSC generation, Stem Cells Dev., 2014, vol. 23, p. 1285.
Kim, Y., Jeong, J., and Choi, D., Small-molecule-mediated reprogramming: a silver lining for regenerative medicine, Exp. Mol. Med., 2020, vol. 52, p. 213.
Klawitter, S., Fuchs, N.V., Upton, K.R., Muñoz-Lopez, M., Shukla, R., Wang, J., Garcia-Cañadas, M., Lopez-Ruiz, C., Gerhardt, D.J., Sebe, A., Grabundzija, I., Merkert, S., Gerdes, P., Pulgarin, J.A., Bock, A., Held, U., Witthuhn, A., Haase, A., Sarkadi, B., … and Schumann, G.G., Reprogramming triggers endogenous L1 and Alu retrotransposition in human induced pluripotent stem cells, Nat. Commun., 2016, vol. 7, p. 10286. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10286
Koch, C.M., Reck, K., Shao, K., Lin, Q., Joussen, S., Ziegler, P., Walenda, G., Drescher, W., Opalka, B., May, T., Brummendorf, T., Zenke, M., Saric, T., and Wagner, W., Pluripotent stem cells escape from senescenceassociated DNA methylation changes, Genome Res., 2013, vol. 23, p. 248.
Koch, C.M. and Wagner, W., Epigenetic-aging-signature to determine age in different tissues, Aging (Albany, NY), 2011, vol. 3, p. 1018.
Lapasset, L., Milhavet, O., Prieur, A., Besnard, E., Babled, A., Ät-Hamou, N., Leschik, J., Pellestor, F., Ramirez, J.M., De Vos, J., Lehmann, S., and Lemaitre, J.M., Rejuvenating senescent and centenarian human cells by reprogramming through the pluripotent state, Genes Dev., 2011, vol. 25, p. 2248. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.173922.111
Lee, C., Raffaghello, L., Brandhorst, S., Safdie, F.M., Bianchi, G., Martin-Montalvo, A., Pistoia, V., Wei, M., Hwang, S., Merlino, A., Emionite, L., De Cabo, R., and Longo, V.D., Fasting cycles retard growth of tumors and sensitize a range of cancer cell types to chemotherapy, Sci. Transl. Med., 2012, vol. 4, p. 124ra27. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003293
Lee, C., Safdie, F.M., Raffaghello, L., Wei, M., Madia, F., Parrella, E., Hwang, D., Cohen, P., Bianchi, G., and Longo, V.D., Reduced levels of IGF-I mediate differential protection of normal and cancer cells in response to fasting and improve chemotherapeutic index, Cancer Res., 2010, vol. 70, p. 1564.
Lewis-McDougall, F.C., Ruchaya, P.J., Domenjo-Vila, E., Shin Teoh, T., Prata, L., Cottle, B.J., Clark, J.E., Punjabi, P.P., Awad, W., Torella, D., Tchkonia, T., Kirkland, J.L., and Ellison-Hughes, G.M., Aged-senescent cells contribute to impaired heart regeneration, Aging Cell, 2019, vol. 18, p. e12931. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12931
Lin, Q., Weidner, C.I., Costa, I.G., Marioni, R.E., Ferreira, M.R.P., Deary, I.J., and Wagner, W., DNA methylation levels at individual age-associated CpG sites can be indicative for life expectancy, Aging (Albany, NY), 2016, vol. 8, p. 394.
Liu, X., Ouyang, J.F., Rossello, F.J., Tan, J.P., Davidson, K.C., Valdes, D.S., Schröder, J., Sun, Y.B.Y., Chen, J., Knaupp, A.S., Sun, G., Chy, H.S., Huang, Z., Pflueger, J., Firas, J., et al., Reprogramming roadmap reveals route to human induced trophoblast stem cells, Nature, 2020, vol. 586, p. 101.
Longo, V.D. and Finch, C.E., Evolutionary medicine: from dwarf model systems to healthy centenarians?, Science, 2003, vol. 299, p. 1342.
López-Otín, C., Blasco, M.A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., and Kroemer, G., The hallmarks of aging, Cell, 2013, vol. 153, p. 1194.
Lu, A.T., Quach, A., Wilson, J.G., Reiner, A.P., Aviv, A., Raj, K., Hou, L., Baccarelli, A.A., Li, Y., Stewart, J.D., Whitsel, E.A., Assimes, T.L., Ferrucci, L., and Horvath, S., DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan, Aging (Albany, NY), 2019, vol. 11, p. 303.
Lu, Y., Brommer, B., Tian, X., Krishnan, A., Meer, M., Wang, C., Vera, D.L., Zeng, Q., Yu, D., Bonkowski, M.S., Yang, J.H., Zhou, S., Hoffmann, E.M., Karg, M.M., Schultz, M.B., Kane, A.E., Davidsohn, N., et al., Reprogramming to recover youthful epigenetic information and restore vision, Nature, 2020, vol. 588, p. 124.
Ludwig, F.C. and Elashoff, R.M., Mortality in syngeneic rat parabionts of different chronological age, Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1972, vol. 34, p. 582.
Madeo, F., Tavernarakis, N., and Kroemer, G., Can autophagy promote longevity?, Nat. Cell Biol., 2010, vol. 12, p. 842.
Mair, W. and Dillin, A., Aging and survival: the genetics of life span extension by dietary restriction, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 2008, vol. 77, p. 727.
Manukyan, M. and Singh, P.B., Epigenome rejuvenation: HP1β mobility as a measure of pluripotent and senescent chromatin ground states, Sci. Rep., 2014, vol. 4, p. 4789.
Marioni, R.E., Shah, S., McRae, A.F., Chen, B.H., Colicino, E., Harris, S.E., Gibson, J., Henders, A.K., Redmond, P., Cox, S.R., Pattie, A., Corley, J., Murphy, L., Martin, N.G., Montgomery, G.W., et al., DNA methylation age of blood predicts all-cause mortality in later life, Genome Biol., 2015, vol. 16, p. 25.
Mertens, J., Paquola, A.C.M., Ku, M., Hatch, E., Böhnke, L., Ladjevardi, S., McGrath, S., Campbell, B., Lee, H., Herdy, J.R., Gonçalves, J.T., Toda, T., Kim, Y., Winkler, J., Yao, J., et al., Directly reprogrammed human neurons retain aging-associated transcriptomic signatures and reveal age-related nucleocytoplasmic defects, Cell Stem Cell, 2015, vol. 17, p. 705.
Miller, J.D., Ganat, Y.M., Kishinevsky, S., Bowman, R.L., Liu, B., Tu, E.Y., Mandal, P.K., Vera, E., Shim, J.W., Kriks, S., Taldone, T., Fusaki, N., Tomishima, M.J., Krainc, D., Milner, T.A., et al., Human iPSC-based modeling of late-onset disease via progerin-induced aging, Cell Stem Cell, 2013, vol. 13, p. 691.
Narasimhan, S.D., Yen, K., and Tissenbaum, H.A., Converging pathways in lifespan regulation, Curr. Biol., vol. 19, p. R657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.013
Nishimura, T., Kaneko, S., Kawana-Tachikawa, A., Tajima, Y., Goto, H., Zhu, D., Nakayama-Hosoya, K., Iriguchi, S., Uemura, Y., Shimizu, T., Takayama, N., Yamada, D., Nishimura, K., Ohtaka, M., et al., Generation of rejuvenated antigen-specific T cells by reprogramming to pluripotency and redifferentiation, Cell Stem Cell, 2013, vol. 12, p. 114.
Ocampo, A., Reddy, P., Martinez-Redondo, P., Platero-Luengo, A., Hatanaka, F., Hishida, T., Li, M., Lam, D., Kurita, M., Beyret, E., Araoka, T., Vazquez-Ferrer, E., Donoso, D., Roman, J.L., et al., In vivo amelioration of age-associated hallmarks by partial reprogramming, Cell, 2016, vol. 167, p. 1719.
Ohnishi, K., Semi, K., Yamamoto, T., Shimizu, M., Tanaka, A., Mitsunaga, K., Okita, K., Osafune, K., Arioka, Y., Maeda, T., Soejima, H., Moriwaki, H., Yamanaka, S., Woltjen, K., and Yamada, Y., Premature termination of reprogramming in vivo leads to cancer development through altered epigenetic regulation, Cell, 2014, vol. 156, p. 663.
Ohnuki, M., Tanabe, K., Sutou, K., Teramoto, I., Sawamura, Y., Narita, M., Nakamura, M., Tokunaga, Y., Nakamura, M., Watanabe, A., Yamanaka, S., and Takahashi, K., Dynamic regulation of human endogenous retroviruses mediates factor-induced reprogramming and differentiation potential, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2014, vol. 111, p. 12426. Olova, N., Simpson, D.J., Marioni, R.E., and Chandra, T., Partial reprogramming induces a steady decline in epigenetic age before loss of somatic identity, Aging Cell, vol. 18, p. e12877. https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12877
Raffaghello, L., Lee, C., Safdie, F.M., Wei, M., Madia, F., Bianchi, G., and Longo, V.D., Starvation-dependent differential stress resistance protects normal but not cancer cells against high-dose chemotherapy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2008, vol. 105, p. 8215.
Rodríguez-Matellán, A., Alcazar, N., Hernández, F., Serrano, M., and Ávila, J., In vivo reprogramming ameliorates aging features in dentate gyrus cells and improves memory in mice, Stem Cell Rep., 2020, vol. 15, p. 1056.
Roux, A.E., Zhang, C., Paw, J., Zavala-Solorio, J., Malahias, E., Vijay, T., Kolumam, G., Kenyon, C., and Kimmel, J.C., Diverse partial reprogramming strategies restore youthful gene expression and transiently suppress cell identity, Cell Syst., 2022, vol. 13, p. 574.
Sarkar, T.J., Quarta, M., Mukherjee, S., Colville, A., Paine, P., Doan, L., Tran, C.M., Chu, C.R., Horvath, S., Qi, L.S., Bhutani, N., Rando, T.A., and Sebastiano, V., Transient non-integrative expression of nuclear reprogramming factors promotes multifaceted amelioration of aging in human cells, Nat. Commun., 2020, vol. 11, p. 1545.
Schiebinger, G., Shu, J., Tabaka, M., Cleary, B., Subramanian, V., Solomon, A., Gould, J., Liu, S., Lin, S., Berube, P., Lee, L., Chen, J., Brumbaugh, J., Rigollet, P., Hochedlinger, K., et al., Optimal-Transport analysis of single-cell gene expression identifies developmental trajectories in reprogramming, Cell, 2019, vol. 176, p. 928.
Schmauck-Medina, T., Molière, A., Lautrup, S., Zhang, J., Chlopicki, S., Madsen, H.B., Cao, S., Soendenbroe, C., Mansell, E., Vestergaard, M.B., Li, Z., Shiloh, Y., Opresko, P.L., Egly, J.M., Kirkwood, T., et al., New hallmarks of ageing: a 2022 Copenhagen ageing meeting summary, Aging (Albany, NY), 2022, vol. 14, p. 6829. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.204248
Shahini, A., Rajabian, N., Choudhury, D., Shahini, S., Vydiam, K., Nguyen, T., Kulczyk, J., Santarelli, T., Ikhapoh, I., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Liu, S., Stablewski, A., Thiyagarajan, R., Seldeen, K., et al., Ameliorating the hallmarks of cellular senescence in skeletal muscle myogenic progenitors in vitro and in vivo, Sci. Adv., 2021, vol. 7, p. eabe5671. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe5671
Singh, P.B., Laktionov, P.P., and Newman, A.G., Deconstructing age reprogramming, J. Biosci., 2019, vol. 44, p. 106.
Smith, E.D., Kaeberlein, T.L., Lydum, B.T., Sager, J., Welton, K.L., Kennedy, B.K., and Kaeberlein, M., Age- and calorie-independent life span extension from dietary restriction by bacterial deprivation in Caenorhabditis elegans, BMC Dev. Biol., 2008, vol. 8, p. 49.
Stölzel, F., Brosch, M., Horvath, S., Kramer, M., Thiede, C., Von Bonin, M., Ammerpohl, O., Middeke, M., Schetelig, J., Ehninger, G., Hampe, J., and Bornhäuser, M., Dynamics of epigenetic age following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Haematologica, 2017, vol. 102, p. e321. https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2016.160481
Takahashi, K. and Yamanaka, S., Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors, Cell, 2006, vol. 126, p. 663.
Tanabe, K., Nakamura, M., Narita, M., Takahashi, K., and Yamanaka, S., Maturation, not initiation, is the major roadblock during reprogramming toward pluripotency from human fibroblasts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2013, vol. 110, p. 12172.
Verweij, M., Van Ginhoven, T.M., Mitchell, J.R., Sluiter, W., Van Den Engel, S., Roest, H.P., Torabi, E., Ijzermans, J.N.M., Hoeijmakers, J.H.J., and De Bruin, R.W.F., Preoperative fasting protects mice against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury: mechanisms and effects on liver regeneration, Liver Transplant., 2011, vol. 17, p. 695.
Vizioli, M.G., Liu, T., Miller, K.N., Robertson, N.A., Gilroy, K., Lagnado, A.B., Perez-Garcia, A., Kiourtis, C., Dasgupta, N., Lei, X., Kruger, P.J., Nixon, C., Clark, W., Jurk, D., Bird, T.G., et al., Mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling drives formation of cytoplasmic chromatin and inflammation in senescence, Genes Dev., 2020, vol. 34, p. 428.
Weidner, C.I., Lin, Q., Koch, C.M., Eisele, L., Beier, F., Ziegler, P., Bauerschlag, D.O., Jöckel, K.H., Erbel, R., Mühleisen, T.W., Zenke, M., Brümmendorf, T.H., and Wagner, W., Aging of blood can be tracked by DNA methylation changes at just three CpG sites, Genome Biol., 2014, vol. 15, p. R24.
Ye, J., Ge, J., Zhang, X., Cheng, L., Zhang, Z., He, S., Wang, Y., Lin, H., Yang, W., Liu, J., Zhao, Y., and Deng, H., Pluripotent stem cells induced from mouse neural stem cells and small intestinal epithelial cells by small molecule compounds, Cell Res., 2016, vol. 26, p. 34.
Yousefzadeh, M.J., Flores, R.R., Zhu, Y., Schmiechen, Z.C., Brooks, R.W., Trussoni, C.E., Cui, Y., Angelini, L., Lee, K.A., McGowan, S.J., Burrack, A.L., Wang, D., Dong, Q., Lu, A., Sano, T., O’Kelly, R.D., et al., An aged immune system drives senescence and ageing of solid organs, Nature, 2021, vol. 594, p. s41586.
Funding
This work was financed by the Russian Science Foundation and St. Petersburg Science Foundation, project no. 22-24-20122.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE
This work does not contain any studies involving human and animal subjects.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author of this work declares that she has no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note.
Pleiades Publishing remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviation: ESC—embryonic stem cell; eAge—epigenetic age; iPSC—induced pluripotent stem cell; OS—a combination of factors Oct4 and Sox2; OSK—a combination of factors Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4; OSKM—a combination of factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and cMyc; SASP—a secretory phenotype associated with aging.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shorokhova, M.A. Partial Cell Reprogramming as a Way to Revitalize Living Systems. Cell Tiss. Biol. 18, 103–114 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990519X23700104
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1990519X23700104