Abstract
This paper is focused on fission of Th-232 nuclei induced by protons with energies ranging from 20 to 140 MeV. This energy range is the most informative for studying the competition between asymmetric and symmetric fission modes. Experimental cross sections of production of radionuclides in thorium targets have been determined a year after irradiation. The corresponding theoretical values are calculated using the cascade–evaporation–fission model. The theoretical and experimental cross sections (literature data included) are compared.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. S. Iljinov, M. V. Kazarnovsky, and E. Ya. Paryev, Intermediate-Energy Nuclear Physics (CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1994).
E. S. Golubeva and A. S. Il’inov, “Cross-section of complex nucleus formation in pBi-interaction with energy 20–100 MeV,” Yad. Fiz. 72, 1897 (2009).
G. D. Avdeev et al., “Method for calculating the massenergy distributions of nuclei fission fragments by medium-energy particles,” INR Preprint No. 816/93 (Inst. Nucl. Res., Moscow, 1993).
T. Ohtsuki et al., “Systematic analysis of mass yield curves in low-energy fission of actinides,” Phys. Rev. 40, 2144 (1989).
J. G. Keninhem, Nucl. Data Fission Prod. 2, 87 (1979).
N. Eren et al., “Mass distribution in the disintegration of heavy nuclei,” Eur. Phys. J. A 49, 48 (2013).
Y. E. Titarenko et al., “Final project technical report of ISTC 83B-99,” Int. Nucl. Data Committee of the Int. Atomic Energy Agency Report INDC(CCP)-434 (Vienna, 2003).
M. Diksic et al., “Charge dispersion studies of lightmass nuclides in the fission of Th-232 by protons of energies 35–85 MeV,” J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 41, 795 (1979).
M. C. Duijvestijn and A. J. Koning, “Proton-induced fission at 190MeV of nat W, 197Au, nat Pb, 208Pb, and 232Th,” Phys. Rev. 59, 776 (1999).
T. Mcgee, C. L. Rao, and L. Yaffe, “Nuclear charge dispersion of light-mass elements in the fission of Th-232 by proton of medium energy,” Nucl. Phys. A 173, 595 (1971).
J. H. Forster, N. T. Porile, and L. Yaffe, “Xenon yields in the fission of heavy elements by medium-energy protons,” Canad. J. Chem. 44, 2951 (1966).
R. Holub and L. Yaffe, “Charge dispersion studies of heavy-mass elements in the fission of Th-232 by protons of medium energy,” J. Inorg. and Nucl (1973).
J. W. Engle et al., “Ac, La, and Ce radioimpurities in 225Ac produced in 40–200 MeV proton irradiations of thorium,” Radiochim. Acta 102, 569 (2014).
J. R. Griswold et al., “Large scale accelerator production of 225Ac: effective cross sections for 78–192 MeV protons incident on 232Th targets,” Appl. Radiat. Isot. (2016). http://dx.doi.org/doi10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.09.026/doi 10.1016/j.apradiso. 2016.09.026
S. V. Ermolaev et al., “Production of actinium, thorium and radium isotopes from thorium-232 irradiated with protons up to 141 MeV,” Radiochim. Acta 100, 223 (2012).
N. M. Sobolevsky, “STRAGL—computer program for modeling fluctuations in energy losses and multiple scattering for heavy charged particles,” INR Preprint No. 1041/2000 (Inst. Nucl. Res., Moscow, 2000).
“Charged particle cross-section database for medical radioisotope production,” in Diagnostic Radioisotopes and Monitor Reactions, Coordinated Research Project, IAEA-TECDOC-1211 (IAEA, Vienna, 2001), Chap. 4. http://www-nds.iaea.org/medical.
R. Michel et al., “Cross sections for the production of residual nuclides by low-and medium-energy protons from the target elements C, N, O, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba and Au,” J. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. 129, 153 (1997).
G. F. Steyn et al., “Production of Fe-52 via protoninduced reactions on manganese and nickel,” J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41, 315 (1990).
S. J. Mills, G. F. Steyn, and F. M. Nortier, “Experimental and theoretical excitation function of radionuclides produced in proton bombardment of copper up to 200 MeV,” J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 43, 1019 (1992).
National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/.
V. D. Toneev and K. K. Gudima, “Particle emission in light and heavy ion reactions,” Nucl. Phys. A 400, 173 (1983).
V. S. Barashenkov and V. D. Toneev, Interactions of High-Energy Particles and Atomic Nuclei with Nuclei (Atomizdat, Moscow, 1972).
J. P. Bondorf et al., “Statistical multifragmentation of nuclei,” Phys. Rep. 257, 133 (1995).
A. S. Botvina et al., “Statistical simulation of the breakup of highly excited nuclei,” Nucl. Phys. A 475, 663 (1987).
A. S. Iljinov et al., “Phenomenological statistical analysis of level densities, decay widths and lifetimes of excited nuclei,” Nucl. Phys. A 543, 517 (1992).
W. D. Myers and W. J. Swiatecki, “Nuclear masses and deformations,” Nucl. Phys. A 1, 81 (1966).
H. Imal et al., “Theoretical study of projectile fragmentation in the 112Sn + 112Sn and 124Sn + 124Sn reactions at 1 GeV/nucleon,” Phys. Rev. C 91, 034605 (2015).
O. N. Libanova et al., “Experimental cross-sections of Th-232 fission products formation at irradiation by medium energy proton,” INR Preprint No. 1430/2016 (Inst. Nucl. Res. RAS, Moscow, 2016).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © O.N. Libanova, E.S. Golubeva, S.V. Ermolaev, V.L. Matushko, A.S. Botvina, 2018, published in Pis’ma v Zhurnal Fizika Elementarnykh Chastits i Atomnogo Yadra, 2018.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Libanova, O.N., Golubeva, E.S., Ermolaev, S.V. et al. Experimental Cross Sections of Fission Fragments of Thorium-232 Irradiated with Medium-Energy Protons. Phys. Part. Nuclei Lett. 15, 284–297 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477118030123
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477118030123