Abstract
The development of architecture and electronic components of domestic and foreign supercomputers for over 50 years is reviewed from the first scalar computers CDC 6600, CDC 7600, IBM Stretch, and BESM-6 to modern systems with petascale performance. The following development stages are identified: scalar, vector-pipeline machines, massively parallel microprocessor systems, systems with accelerators and coprocessors, and heterogeneous systems on new components. The basic problems of the development of exascale systems are analyzed, and the plans of foreign companies to develop such systems are reviewed. Based on the experience in research on multiarchitecture systems, the author concludes that the development from personal computers to supersystems is wrong from a technical point of view and should not be repeated in our country. The supersystem development results should be used to create all classes of computers including PCs. The development of a domestic architecture, electronic components, and software for supersystems is an absolutely necessary condition for the strategic independence and guarantee of continuous development.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Thornton, J., Design of a Computer: The Control Data 6600, Glenview: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1970.
Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., BESM-6, AS-6, and their influence on the development of the national computer engineering, Inf. Tekhnol. Vychisl. Sist., Moscow: OITVS RAN, IMVS RAN, 2002, no. 3, pp. 49–58.
CDC 7600. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC_7600
Russell, R.M., The CRAY-1 computer system, Commun. ACM, 1978, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 63–72.
Cray X-MP. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray-X-MP
ETA Systems Hardware Technologies (1983-88). http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/ETA_Systems_Hardware_Technologies_(1983–88)
Mel’nikov, V.A., Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., and Shnitman, V.Z., Scientific, technological, and methodological aspects of the computer system Elektronika SS BIS-1, in Yubileinyi sbornik trudov Otdeleniya informatiki, vychislitel’noi tekhniki i avtomatizatsii Rossiiskoi akademii nauk (Anniversary Collection of Works of the Department of Informatics, Computer Science, and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences), Moscow: OIVTA RAN, 1993, pp. 28–41.
Melnikov, V.A., Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., and Reznikov, G.V., Designing the Electronica SS BIS supercomputer, IEEE Trans. Compon., Packag., Manuf. Technol., Part A, 1996, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 151–156.
Cray Y-MP. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray_Y-MP
Fujitsu VP2000. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu_VP2000
Numerical Wind Tunnel (Japan). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_Wind_Tunnel
Connection Machine. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_Machine
Intel Paragon. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Paragon
Hitachi SR2201. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_SR2201
ASCI Red. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCI_Red
ASCI White. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCI_White
Japanese “Computenik” Earth Simulator shatters US supercomputer hegemony. http://www.hoise.com/primeur/02/articles/weekly/AE-PR-05-02-59.html
Dunigan, T.H.,Jr., Fahey, M.R., White, J.B., III, and Worley, P.H., Early evaluation of the Cray X1, Proc. 2003 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing, Phoenix, 2003.
Gara, A., Blumrich, M.A., Chen, D., Chiu, G.L.-T., et al., Overview of the Blue Gene/L system architecture, IBM J. Res. Dev., 2005.
RIKEN Reveals the First Ever PetaFlops Computer. http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/roundup/4484.html
NEC Launches World’s Fastest Vector Supercomputer, SX-9. http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/0710/2501.html
The Advantages of First-Generation Heterogeneous Computing on the Cray XT5h. www.scireview.org
Barker, K.J., Davis, K., Hoisie, A., Kerbyson, D.J., Lang, M., Pakin, S., and Sancho, J.C., Entering the petaflop era: the architecture and performance of Roadrunner, in Proc. International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, Austin, 2008, pp. 1–11.
Bland, A.S., Kendall, R.A., Kothe, D.B., Rogers, J.H., and Shipman, G.M., Jaguar: the world’s most powerful computer, Cray User Group, Atlanta, 2009.
Tianhe-1A. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianhe-1A
Feldman, M., Japanese Supercomputer Is New TOP500 Champ. http://www.hpcwire.com/hpcwire/2011-06-20/japanese_supercomputer_is_new_top500_champ.html
Nozawa, T., Next-Generation Supercomputer to Be Scalar/Vector Multi-System, Developed by Hitachi, NEC and Fujitsu. http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20070614/134244/
DOE Labs Set Records with IBM Blue Gene/Q. http://www.hpcwire.com/hpcwire/2012-11-28/doe_labs_set_records_with_ibm_blue_gene_q.html
Oak Ridge Claims no. 1 Position on Latest TOP500 List with Titan. http://www.top500.org/blog/lists/2012/11/press-release/
Burt, J., China’s Tianhe-2 Still the World’s Fastest Supercomputer. http://www.eweek.com/servers/chinastianhe-2-still-the-worlds-fastest-supercomputer.html
Intel Reveals Architecture Details of Intel Xeon Phi Co-Processor. http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=34114
RSC PetaStream Sets New Record. http://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/rsc-petastream-sets-new-record/
Hemsoth, N., Emerging System Sets Stage for Exascale Science. http://www.hpcwire.com/2014/04/29/emergingsystem-sets-stage-exascale-science/
NEC Announces Availability of SX-ACE Supercomputer. http://www.hpcwire.com/off-the-wire/nec-introduces-supercomputer-worlds-fastest-core-performance/
Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., Concepts of heterogeneous computing supersystems, in Proc. Fifth International Workshop. Distributed Information Processing (Novosibirsk, 1995), Novosibirsk: ISP SB RAS, 1995, pp. 42–46.
Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., Architecture of the multipipeline modular scalable multiprocessor, in Proc. Sixth International Workshop. Distributed Information Processing (Novosibirsk, 1998), Novosibirsk: ISP SB RAS, 1998, pp. 30–34.
Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., Multiarchitecture computing supersystem, in Proc. First Scientific Conference. Methods and Tools for Information Processing (Moscow, 2003), Moscow: MSU, 2003, pp. 131–136.
Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., Multiarchitercture-a new paradigm for supercomputers, Elektron. NTB, 2005, no. 3, pp. 42–47.
Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., Project of scalable multi-level multiarchitecture computing system, in Fourth International Conference. Parallel Computations and Control Problems (Moscow, 2008), Moscow: ISC RAS, 2008, pp. 533–558.
Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., Principles of network structure of the multiarchitecture computer system, in Proc. International Scientific and Technical Conference. Supercomputer Technologies: Design, Programming, Application (Taganrog, 2010), Taganrog: TIT SFU, 2010, pp. 136–140.
Mitropol’skii, Yu.I., Problemy razrabotki novoi arkhitektury protsessorov i vychislitel’nykh sistem (Problems of the Development of the New Processor Architecture and Computer Systems), Orlikovskii, A.A., Ed., Moscow: Nauka, 2013, vol. 23, pp. 109–140.
The Dally-nVIDIA-Stanford Prescription for Exascale Computing. http://www.mono-lithic3d.com/blog/thedally-nvidia-stanford-prescription-for-exascale-computing
Sutter, H., The Free Lunch Is Over: A Fundamental Turn Toward Concurrency in Software. http://www.gotw.ca/publications/concurrency-ddj.htm
Toward Exascale Computing with Heterogeneous Architectures. http://sc10.supercomputing.org/schedule/event_detail.php?evid=pan129
Tiffany, T., DOE Exascale Roadmap Highlights Big Data. http://www.hpcwire.com/2014/04/07/doe-exascaleroadmap-highlights-big-data/
Hemsoth, N., Details Emerging on Japan’s Future Exascale System. http://www.hpcwire.com/2014/03/18/details-emerge-japans-future-exascale-system/
Hemsoth, N., Peek into China’s Plans for Top Supercomputer Shows No Slowdown. http://www.hpcwire.com/2014/03/20/peek-chinas-plans-top-supercomputershows-slowdown/
Gelber, R., China Looks to a National Processor Architecture. http://www.hpcwire.com/hpcwire/2012-04-24/china_looks_to_a_national_processor_architecture.html
Anthony, S., HP Bets It All on The Machine, a New Computer Architecture Based on Memristors and Silicon Photonics. http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/184165-hp-bets-it-all-on-the-machine-a-new-computerarchitecture-based-on-memristors-and-silicon-photonics
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © Yu.I. Mitropol’skii, 2015, published in Mikroelektronika, 2015, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 163–179.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mitropol’skii, Y.I. Electronic components and architecture of future supercomputers. Russ Microelectron 44, 139–153 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063739715030063
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063739715030063