Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Waxes by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorimetric Detection

  • ARTICLES
  • Published:
Journal of Analytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the ppb level in waxes has been developed. It consists of single extraction of the aromatic fraction from 5 g of melted wax into 40 mL of acetonitrile, followed by partial evaporation of the solvent. Quantification of PAHs was performed by HPLC with fluorimetric detection (HPLC-FL) using two-channel programmable excitation and emission wavelengths. On-column limits of detection (LODs) were 0.1–1 pg. The average recovery of PAHs was 68%. Calculated LODs of PAHs in wax samples were 3–23 μg/kg. No interferences of small amounts of wax were observed during the FL detection. Selection of the best solvent was made by means of the Chemcad simulation of the extraction process. The most promising systems were verified experimentally. Other detection modes, such as ultraviolet, gas chromatography−mass spectrometric and gas chromatography with flame ionization, were compared with the proposed HPLC-FL.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Abdel-Shafy, H.I. and Mansour, M.S.M., Egypt.J. Pet., 2016, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 107.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Zelinkova, Z. and Wenzl, T., Polycyclic Aromat. Compd, 2015, vol. 35, nos. 2–4, p. 248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Singh, L., Varshney, J.G., and Agarwal, T., Food Chem., 2016, vol. 199, p. 768.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Huang, Y., Wei, J., Song, J., Chen, M., and Luo, Y., Chemosphere, 2013, vol. 92, no. 8, p. 1010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bansal, V., Kumar, P., Kwon, E.E., and Kim, K.-H., Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2017, vol. 57, no. 15, p. 3297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Cai, S.-S., Syage, J.A., Hanold, K.A., and Balogh, M.P., Anal. Chem., 2009, vol. 81, no. 6, p. 2123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Xiaoli, Z., Eur. Chem. Bull., 2012, vol. 1, no. 16, p. 210.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Westneat, D.F., Anal. Chem., 1961, vol. 33, no. 6, p. 810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Pandey, M.K., Mishra, K.K., Khanna, S.K., and Das, M., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 2004, vol. 81, no. 12, p. 1131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Shiraishi, Y. and Shirotori, T., Food Hyg.Saf. Sci., 1977, vol. 18, no. 5, p. 426.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hopia, A., Pyysalo, H., and Wickstrom, K., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 1986, vol. 63, no. 7, p. 889.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fromberg, A., Højgård, A., and Duedahl-Olesen, L., Food Addit. Contam., 2007, vol. 24, no. 7, p. 758.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Jennings, D.W. and Weispfennig, K., Fluid Phase Equilib., 2005, vol. 227, no. 1, p. 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by The National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) strategic program of research and development, “Environment, agriculture and forestry” – BIOSTRATEG “The new packaging with the use of renewable raw materials and innovative impregnating paraffin” (grant number BIOSTRATEG2/298537/7/ NCBR/2016).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland

    Tomasz Krawczyk & Dymitr Czechowicz

  2. Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, 47-225, Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland

    Jolanta Iłowska

Authors
  1. Tomasz Krawczyk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dymitr Czechowicz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jolanta Iłowska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tomasz Krawczyk.

Ethics declarations

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tomasz Krawczyk, Czechowicz, D. & Iłowska, J. Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Waxes by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorimetric Detection. J Anal Chem 75, 495–502 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934820040073

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061934820040073

Keywords:

Search

Navigation