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Experimental Investigation into Interaction between Amphibole and Highly Saline H2O–NaCl–KCl Fluid at 750°C, 700 MPa: Implications to Alkaline Metasomatism of Amphibole Rocks

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Abstract

The paper presents experimental data on the interaction of amphibole with NaCl–H2O and (K, Na)Cl–H2O solutions at varying salt content. When interacting with H2O–NaCl fluid, amphibole remains the predominant mineral in all experiments, and the newly formed minerals are Na-phlogopite, plagioclase, and nepheline/sodalite. At \({{a}_{{{{{\text{H}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}}}}\) > 0.6, the amphibole melts. When amphibole interacts with H2O–NaCl–KCl fluid at \({{X}_{{{{{\text{H}}}_{2}}{\text{O}}}}}\) < 0.40 and ХKCl/(ХKCl + ХNaCl) in the fluid, defined as ХNaCl = 0.506 – 0.84ХKCl, the amphibole is replaced by the association of nepheline with sodic plagioclase, sodalite, and biotite. At ХKCl/(ХKCl + ХNaCl) > 0.3, nepheline, sodalite, and plagioclase become unstable, K-feldspar is formed, and biotite, clinopyroxene, and amphibole remain stable. At ХKCl/(ХKCl + ХNaCl) > 0.5, the association Cpx + Bt + Kfs + Grt (grossular–andradite) is stable. Thus, grossular–andradite garnet is an indicator of a high potassium activity in the fluid, whereas nepheline testifies that the sodium activity was high. Na → K exchange is typical of the amphibole and biotite, and Ca → Na exchange occurs in the clinopyroxene, and all of these minerals (but neither nepheline nor garnet) remain generally stable within a wide range of the K/Na ratio in the fluid. Clinopyroxene in the experiments spans Ca–Fe–Mg compositions with a varying, sometimes high, Al content, and the amphiboles belong to the pargasite–hastingsite series. With an increase in \({{a}_{{{{{\text{H}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}}}}\) (\({{X}_{{{{{\text{H}}}_{{\text{2}}}}{\text{O}}}}}\) > 0.57), i.e., a decrease in the gross salinity of the fluid, melts are generated, and their composition varies from trachyte to phonolite. An increase in the ХKCl/(ХKCl + ХNaCl) ratio in the fluids leads to a decrease in alumina content of the melts. An increase in the total salinity of the fluid leads to an increase in the content of potassium in the melt and a decrease in the content of chlorine in it. The experiments have shown that interaction between amphibole and fluids containing high NaCl and KCl concentrations results in mineral associations typically produced by alkaline metasomatism of amphibole-bearing rocks and concomitant HCl enrichment in the fluid phase. The substitution of highly saline fluids for highly acidic ones leads to the leaching of Ca, Mg, Fe from the metamorphic rocks, and the transport and redeposition of these components. It follows that significant removal of FeO, MgO, CaO from rocks is sometimes a consequence of the interaction of the host rocks with saline aqueous solutions.

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Notes

  1. Gl—quenched melt(s), Hbl—amphibole, Hbl1—amphibole of the pargasite–hastingsite series in the experimental products, Hbl2—rim of Fe-rich amphibole in the experimental products, Act—actinolite, Andr—andradite, Ann—annite, Ap—apatite, Arf—arfvedsonite, Bt—biotite, Cpx—clinopyroxene, Crn—corundum, Di—diopside, Eck—eckermannite, Ed—edenite, Ep—epidote, Fsp—K–Na feldspar, Gln—glaucophane, Grs—grossular, Grt—garnet, Hyp—hypersthene, Kfs—potassic feldspar, Ktp—kataphorite, Le—leucite, Na-Phl—Na-phlogopite, Ne—nepheline, Ol—olivine, Or—orthoclase, Pl—plagioclase, Prg—pargasite, Rbk—riebeckite, Rct—richterite, Sdl—sodalite, Tch—tschermakite, Tr—tremolite, Wo—wollastonite. XFe = Fe/(Fe + Mg) is Fe mole fraction, XKCl, XNaCl, and \({{X}_{{{{{\text{H}}}_{2}}{\text{O}}}}}\) are the KCl, NaCl, and H2O mole fractions in fluid, respectively, fO2—is oxygen fugacity, ASI = Al2O3/(K2O + Na2O + CaO), ANK = Al2O3/(K2O + Na2O), molecular ratios, MALI = (K2O + Na2O)–CaO, weight concentrations, p.f.u. is the number of atoms of a cation or anion per formula of a mineral.

  2. Additional materials for the Russian and English on-line versions of this paper are available at https://elibrary.ru/ and http://link.springer.com Supplementary 1 and present: ESM_1.pdf: chemical composition of the clinopyroxene; ESM_2.pdf: chemical composition of the amphibole; ESM_3.pdf: chemical composition of the feldspars; ESM_4.pdf: chemical composition of the quenched melts.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank L.Ya. Aranovich (Institute of the Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences) for valuable comments that led us to improve the manuscript.

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This study was carried out under government-financed research projects FMUF-2022-0004 and 1021051302305-5-1.5.2;1.5.4 for Korzhinskii Institute of Experimental Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences.

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    L. I. Khodorevskaya, D. A. Varlamov & O. G. Safonov

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Khodorevskaya, L.I., Varlamov, D.A. & Safonov, O.G. Experimental Investigation into Interaction between Amphibole and Highly Saline H2O–NaCl–KCl Fluid at 750°C, 700 MPa: Implications to Alkaline Metasomatism of Amphibole Rocks. Petrology 31, 394–412 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869591123040057

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