Abstract
Melt inclusions were studied by various methods, including electron and ion microprobe analysis, to determine the compositions of melts and mechanisms of formation of rare-metal peralkaline granites of the Khaldzan Buregtey massif in Mongolia. Primary crystalline and coexisting melt inclusions were found in quartz from the rare-metal granites of intrusive phase V. Among the crystalline inclusions, we identified potassium feldspar, albite, tuhualite, titanite, fluorite, and diverse rare-metal phases, including minerals of zirconium (zircon and gittinsite), niobium (pyrochlore), and rare earth elements (parisite). The observed crystalline inclusions reproduce almost the whole suite of major and accessory minerals of the rare-metal granites, which supports the possibility of their crystallization from a magmatic melt. Melt inclusions in quartz from these rocks are completely crystallized. Their daughter mineral assemblage includes quartz, microcline, aegirine, arfvedsonite, polylithionite, a zirconosilicate, pyrochlore, and a rare-earth fluorocarbonate. The melt inclusions were homogenized in an internally heated gas vessel at a temperature of 850°C and a pressure of 3 kbar. After the experiments, many inclusions were homogeneous and consisted of silicate glass. In addition to silicate glass, some inclusions contained tiny quench zircon crystals confined to the boundary of inclusions, which indicates that the melts were saturated in zircon. In a few inclusions, glass coexisted with a CO2 phase. This allowed us to estimate the content of CO2 in the inclusion as 1.5 wt %. The composition of glasses from the homogeneous melt inclusions is similar to the composition of the rare-metal granites, in particular, with respect to SiO2 (68–74 wt %), TiO2 (0.5–0.9 wt %), FeO (2.2–4.6 wt %), MgO (0.02 wt %), and Na2O + K2O (up to 8.5 wt %). On the other hand, the glasses of melt inclusions appeared to be strongly depleted compared with the rocks in CaO (0.22 and 4 wt %, respectively) and Al2O3 (5.5–7.0 and 9.6 wt %, respectively). The agpaitic index is 1.1–1.7. The melts contain up to 3 wt % H2O and 2–4 wt % F. The trace element analysis of glasses from homogenized melt inclusions in quartz showed that the rare-metal granites were formed from extensively evolved rare-metal alkaline melts with high contents of Zr, Nb, Th, U, Ta, Hf, Rb, Pb, Y, and REE, which reflects the metallogenic signature of the Khaldzan Buregtey deposit. The development of unique rare metal Zr–Nb–REE mineralization in these rocks is related to the prolonged crystallization differentiation of melts and assimilation of enclosing carbonate rocks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andreeva, I.A., Kovalenko, V.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., et al., Immiscibility of silicate and salt (Li,Na,F) melts in comendite at the Zaart Khudag ore occurrence, Central Mongolia: evidence from melt inclusions, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2007, vol. 414, no. 1, pp. 655–660.
Andreeva, I.A. and Kovalenko, V.I., Evolution of the trachydacite and pantellerite magmas of the bimodal volcanic association of Dzarta-Khuduk, Central Mongolia: investigation of inclusions in minerals, Petrology, 2011, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 348–369.
Andreeva, O.A., Andreeva, I.A., Yarmolyuk, V.V., and Borisovskiy, S.E., Evolution of melts of the Changbaishan Tianchi Volcano (China–North Korea) as a model of ore–magmatic system formation: data from melt inclusions studies, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2016, vol. 466, no. 1, pp. 82–87.
Antipin, V.S., Andreeva, I.A., Kovalenko, V.I., and Kuznetsov, V.A., Geochemical specifics of ongonites in the Ary-Bulak Massif, Eastern Transbaikalia, Petrology, 2009, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 558–569.
Badanina, E.V., Thomas, R., Syritso, L.F., et al., High boron concentration in an Li–F granitic melt, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2003, vol. 390, no. 1, pp. 529–532.
Badanina, E.V., Veksler, I.V., Thomas, R., et al., Magmatic evolution of Li–F, rare-metal granites: a case study of melt inclusions in the Khangilay complex, eastern Transbaikalia (Russia), Chem. Geol., 2004, vol. 210, pp. 113–133.
Badanina, E.V., Trumbull, R.B., Dulski, P., et al., The behavior of rare-earth and lithophile trace elements in raremetal granites: a study of fluorite, melt inclusions and host rocks from the Khangilay Complex, Transbaikalia, Russia, Can. Mineral., 2006, vol. 44, pp. 667–692.
Badanina, E.V., Syritso, L.F., Abushkevich, V.S., et al., Geochemistry of ultra-potassic rhyodacite magmas from the area of the Orlovka Massif of Li–F Granites in Eastern Transbaikalia: evidence from study of melt inclusions in quartz, Petrology, 2008, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 299–311.
Badanina, E.V., Syritso, L.F., Volkova, E.V., et al., Composition of Li–F granite melt and its evolution during the formation of the ore-bearing Orlovka Massif in Eastern Transbaikalia, Petrology, 2010, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 131–157.
Beus, A.A., Severov, V.A., Sitnin, A.A., and Subbotin, K.D., Al’bitizirovannye i greizenizirovannye granity (apogranity) (Albitized and Greisenized Granites (Apogranites)), Moscow: AN SSSR, 1962.
Chabiron, A., Alyoshin, A.P., Cuney, M., et al., Geochemistry of the rhyolitic magmas from the Streltsovka caldera (Transbaikalia, Russia): a melt inclusion study, Chem. Geol., 2001, vol. 175, pp. 273–290.
Gramenitskii, E.N., Shchekina, T.I., and Devyatova, V.N., Fazovye otnosheniya vo ftorsoderzhashchikh granitnoi i nefelin- sienitovoi sistemakh i raspredelenie elementov mezhdu fazami (Phase Relations in Fluorine-Bearing Granitic and Nepheline-Syenite Systems and Element Partitioning between Phases), Moscow: GEOS, 2005.
Kartashov, P.M., Troneva, N.V., Mokhov, A.V., et al., Defect zinc-bearing senite from rare-metal alkali granites of Khaldzan-Buregtega (Mongolian Altai), Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 1993, vol. 332, no. 6, pp. 755–758.
Kempe, U., Mockel, R., Graupner, T., et al., The genesis of Zr–Nb–TR mineralisation at Khalzan Buregte (western Mongolia) reconsidered, Ore Geol. Rev., 2015, vol. 64, pp. 602–625.
Koval’, P.V., Petrologiya i geokhimiya al’bitizirovannykh granitov (Petrology and Geochemistry of Albitized Granites), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1975.
Kovalenko, V.I., Petrologiya i geokhimiya redkometal’nykh granitoidov (Petrology and Geochemistry of Rare-Metal Granitoids), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1977.
Kovalenko, V.I. and Kovalenko, N.I., Ongonity–subvulkanicheskie analogi redkometal’nykh Li–F granitov (Ongonites–Subvolcanic Analogues of Rare-Metal Granites), Moscow: Nauka, 1976.
Kovalenko, N.I., Kovalenko, V.I., and Belykh, L.A., Experimental studies of melting and crystallization of topaz-bearing quartz keratophyres (ongonites) in the presence of water and HF solutions, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1974, vol. 215, no. 3, pp. 681–684.
Kovalenko, V.I., Goreglyad, A.V., and Tsareva, G.M., Khaldzan-Buregtei Massif–A new occurrence of the raremetal granitoids of Mongolia, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1985, vol. 280, no. 4, pp. 954–959.
Kovalenko, V.I., Tsareva, G.M., and Tsepin, A.I., Chemical composition of magmas of rare-metal alkaline granites, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1990, vol. 311, no. 1, pp. 188–193.
Kovalenko, V.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., and Bogatikov, O.A., Polygenic nature of relationship between mineralization and magmatism, Geokhimiya, 1993, no. 4, pp. 467–486.
Kovalenko, V.I., Naumov, V.B., Solovova, I.P., et al., Volatiles, compositions, and conditions of crystallization of magmas of the basalt–pantellerite association of the Pantelleria islands: evidence from melt and fluid inclusions, Petrologiya, 1994, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 24–42.
Kovalenko, V.I., Tsaryeva, G.M., Goreglyad, A.V., et al., The peralkaline granite-related Haldzan-Buregtey rare metal (Zr, Nb, REE) deposit, western Mongolia, Econ. Geol., 1995, vol. 90, pp. 530–547.
Kovalenko, V.I., Pukhtel, I.S., Yarmolyuk, V.V., et al., The Sm–Nd isotopic systematics of ophiolites in the Ozernaya Zone (Mongolia), Stratigr. Geol. Correl., 1996a, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 107–113.
Kovalenko, V.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., Pukhtel’, I.S., et al., Igneous rocks and magma sources of the Ozernaya Zone ophiolites, Mongolia, Petrology, 1996b, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 420–459.
Kovalenko, V.I., Kostitsyn, Yu.A., Yarmolyuk, V.V., et al., Magma sources and the isotopic (Sr and Nd) evolution of Li–F rare-metal granites, Petrology, 1999, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 383–409.
Kovalenko, V.I., Naumov, V.B., Yarmolyuk, V.V., and Dorofeeva, V.A., Volatile components (H2O, CO2, Cl, F, and S) in magmas of intermediate and acid compositions from distinct geodynamic settings: evidence from melt inclusions and chill glasses, Petrology, 2000, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 525–556.
Kovalenko, V.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., Vladykin, N.V., et al., Epochs of formation, geodynamic setting, and sources of rare-metal magmatism in Central Asia, Petrology, 2002, vol. 10, no. 3, 199–221.
Kovalenko, V.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., Kovach, V.P., et al., Multiple magma sources for the peralkaline granitoids and related rocks of the Khaldzan Buregte Group of massifs, Western Mongolia: isotopic (neodymium, strontium, and oxygen) and geochemical data, Petrology, 2004a, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 497–518.
Kovalenko, V.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., Sal’nikova, E.B., et al., The Khaldzan-Buregtei Massif of peralkaline rare-metal igneous rocks: structure, geochronology, and geodynamic setting in the Caledonides of Western Mongolia, Petrology, 2004b, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 412–436.
Kovalenko, V.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., Kozlovskii, A.M., et al., Two types of magma sources of rare-metal alkali granites, Geol. Ore Deposits, 2007, vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 442–466.
Kovalenko, V.I., Kozlovskii, A.M., and Yarmolyuk, V.V., Variations in the Nd isotopic ratios and canonical ratios of concentrations of incompatible elements as an indication of mixing sources of alkali granitoids and basites in the Khaldzan–Buregtei Massif and the Khaldzan–Buregtei rare-metal deposit in Western Mongolia, Petrology, 2009, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 227–252.
Kozlovskii, A.M., Kovalenko, V.I., Yarmolyuk, V.V., and Naumov, V.B., Pantellerite melts of the Tost Range, Southern Mongolia: major and trace element compositions and volatile components (data of melt inclusion study), Petrology, 2005, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 16–34.
Kuznetsov, V.A., Andreeva, I.A., Kovalenko, V.I., et al., The Late Visean–Serpukhovian Stage of reef formation in Russia and adjacent countries, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2004, vol. 396, no. 4, pp. 474–476.
Lanzo, G., Landi, P., and Rotolo, S.G., Volatiles in pantellerite magmas: a case study of the green tuff Plinian eruption (Island of Pantelleria, Italy), J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 2013, vol. 262, pp. 153–163.
Marshall, P., Notes on some volcanic rocks of the North Island of New Zealand, N.Z. J. Sci. Technol, 1932, vol. 13, pp. 198–202.
Naumov, V.B., Kovalenko, V.I., Goreglyad, A.V., and Yarmolyuk, V.V., Conditions of crystallization of alkaline granites and comendites of the South Gobi belt of Mongolia: evidence from melt inclusion study, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1980, vol. 255, pp. 1244–1247.
Peretyazhko, I.S. and Savina, E.A., Tetrad effects in the rare earth element patterns of granitoid rocks as an indicator of fluoride–silicate liquid immiscibility in magmatic systems, Petrology, 2010a, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 514–544.
Peretyazhko, I.S. and Savina, E.A., Fluid and magmatic processes in the formation of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia), Russ. Geol. Geophys., 2010b, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 111–1125.
Peretyazhko, I.S., Zagorsky, V.E., Tsareva, E.A., and Sapozhnikov, A.N., Immiscibility of calcium fluoride and aluminosilicate melts in ongonite from the Ary-Bulak Intrusion, Eastern Transbaikal Region, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2007, vol. 413, no. 2, pp. 315–320.
Reyf, F.G., Immiscible phases of magmatic fluid and their relation to Be and Mo mineralization at the Yermakovka F–Be deposit, Transbaikalia, Russia, Chem. Geol., 2004, vol. 210, pp. 49–71.
Salvi, S. and Williams-Jones, A.E., The role of hydrothermal processes in concentrating high-field strength elements in the Strange Lake peralkaline complex, northeastern Canada, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1996, vol. 60, pp. 1917–1932.
Salvi, S. and Williams-Jones, A.E., Alteration, HFSE mineralisation and hydrocarbon formation in peralkaline igneous systems: insights from the Strange Lake Pluton, Canada, Lithos, 2006, vol. 91, pp. 19–34.
Schmitt, A.K., Trumbull, R.B., Dulski, P., and Emmermann, R., Zr–Nb–REE mineralization in peralkaline granites from the Amis Complex, Brandberg (Namibia): evidence for magmatic pre-enrichment from melt inclusions, Econ. Geol., 2002, vol. 97, pp. 399–413.
Sobolev, A.V., Melt inclusions in minerals as a source of principle petrological information, Petrology, 1996, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 209–220.
Solovova, I.P., Girnis, A.V., and Kovalenko, V.I., Fluoride and chloride melts included in phenocrysts of agpaitic acid volcanic rocks from Pantelleria Island, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2010, vol. 433, no. 3, pp. 978–981.
Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes, in Magmatism in the Ocean Basins, Saunders A.S. and Norry, M.J., Eds., Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 1989, vol. 42, pp. 313–345.
Thomas, R., Foerster, H.-J., Rickers, K., and Webster, J.D., Formation of extremely F-rich hydrous melt fractions and hydro-thermal fluids during differentiation of highly-evolved tin-granite magmas: a melt/fluid inclusion study, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 2005, vol. 148, pp. 582–601.
Trueman, D.L., Pedersen, J.C., et al. The Thor Lake, NWT, rare-metal deposits, Granite-Related Mineral Deposits: Geology, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting, Taylor, R.P. and Strong, D.F., Eds., Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1988, vol. 39, pp. 279–284.
Tsareva, G.M., Kartashov, P.M., Dubrovinskii, L.S., and Kovalenko, V.I., Gittinsite from rare-metal alkaline granites of Western Mongolia, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 1993, vol. 331, no. 1, pp. 82–86.
Vasyukova, O. and Williams-Jones, A.E., Fluoride–silicate melt immiscibility and its role in REE ore formation: evidence from the Strange Lake rare metal deposit, Quebec–Labrador, Canada, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2014, vol. 139, pp. 110–130.
Veksler, I.V., Dorfman, A.M., Kamenetsky, M., et al., Partitioning of lanthanides and Y between immiscible silicate and fluoride melts, fluorite and cryolite and the origin of the lanthanide tetrad effect in igneous rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2005, vol. 69, pp. 2847–2860.
Watson, E.W., Zircon saturation in felsic liquids: experimental results and applications to trace element geochemistry, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 1979, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 407–419.
Webster, J.D., Burt, D.M., and Aguilion, R.A., Volatile and lithophile trace-element geochemistry of heterogeneous Mexican tin rhyolite magmas deduced from compositions of melt inclusions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1996, vol. 60, pp. 3267–3283.
Yarmolyuk, V.V., Kovalenko, V.I., Kovach, V.P., et al., Isotopic composition, sources of crustal magmatism, and crustal structure of Caledonides of the Ozernaya Zone, Central Asian Foldbelt, Dokl. Earth Sci., 2002, vol. 387, no. 3, pp. 1043–1047.
Zaraiskii, G.P., Conditions of formation of rare-metal deposits related to the granitoid magmatism, in Smirnovskii sbornik-2004 (Smirnov Volume-2004), Moscow: Fond im. Ak. V.I. Smirnova, 2004, pp. 105–192.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © I.A. Andreeva, 2016, published in Petrologiya, 2016, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 499–514.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Andreeva, I.A. Genesis and mechanisms of formation of rare-metal peralkaline granites of the Khaldzan Buregtey massif, Mongolia: Evidence from melt inclusions. Petrology 24, 462–476 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869591116050027
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0869591116050027