Abstract
The contributions of wind, water baroclinicity, and evaporation to the formation of water circulation over the depressions of the Middle and Southern Caspian are calculated numerically. The results show that all three factors—the wind, baroclinicity, and evaporation—are involved in the formation and maintenance of cyclonic water circulation over the depressions. The hydrodynamic basis of the formation of upwelling at the western and eastern coasts of the Middle Caspian are analyzed. A hypothesis is proposed regarding a more complicated, binuclear structure of the upwelling at the eastern shore of the Middle Caspian, and a theoretical substantiation of this hypothesis is given. From theoretical considerations, it is derived that the upwelling at the western shore of the Middle Caspian is of wind nature, but is governed by the integral effect of the spatial distribution of wind, rather than local alongshore wind.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ariel’, N.Z. and Murashova, A.V., Calculation of improved nomograms for determining the coefficients of resistance, heatand mass exchange over the sea, Tr. Gl. Geofiz. Obs. im. A.I. Voeikova, 1981, No. 454, pp. 9–23.
Arkhipkin, V.S., The structure and dynamics of coastal upwelling in the Caspian Sea, in Kaspiiskoe more. Struktura i dinamika vod (The Caspian Sea: Water Structure and Dynamics), Moscow: Nauka, 1990, pp. 61–74.
German, V.Kh. and Levikov, S.P., Veroyatnostnyi analiz i modelirovanie kolebanii urovnya morya (Probabilistic Analysis and Simulation of Sea Level Variations), Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1988.
Ginzburg, A.I., Kostyanoi, A.G., Solov’ev, D.M., and Sheremet, N.A., Frontal upwelling zone at the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea: satellite observations, Issled. Zemli Kosmosa, 2000, No. 4, pp. 3–12.
Zyryanov, V.N., Teoriya ustanovivshikhsya okeanicheskikh techenii (Theory of Steady-State Oceanic Currents), Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.
Zyryanov, V.N., Topograficheskie vikhri v dinamike morskikh techenii (Topographic Vortices in Sea Current Dynamics), Moscow: IVP RAN, 1995.
Zyryanov, V.N., Numerical simulation of steady-state currents of the Sea of Okhotsk: a prognostic model, Proceeding VNIRO, 1977, v. CXIX, pp. 24.30.
Ibraev, R.A., Matematicheskoe modelirovanie termogidrodinamicheskikh protsessov v Kaspiiskom more (Mathematical simulation of thermohydrodynamic processes in the Caspian Sea), Moscow: GEOS, 2008.
Kaz’min, A.S., Fronts of Bengel’skii upwelling: analysis of ship and satellite data, Issled. Zemli Kosmosa, 1992, No. 5, pp. 44–55.
The Caspian Sea, Project “Seas,” 1992, vol. VI, No. 1.
Kizner, Z.I. and Fel’zenbaum, A.I., On currents in the ocean caused by precipitation and evaporation, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Fiz. Atmos. Okeana, 1976, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 531–538.
Klevtsova, H.D., Currents at the western coast of the Middle and Southern Caspian from Chechen Island to the Kura mouth, Sb. Rabot Bakinskoi GMO, 1968, No. 4, pp. 153–159.
Knipovich, H.M., Tr. Kaspiiskoi Ekspeditsii 1914-1915 (Works of the Caspian Expedition 1914-1915 years), 1921, v. 1.
Kosarev, A.H., Gidrologiya Kaspiiskogo i Aral’skogo morei (Hydrology of the Caspian and Aral Seas), Moscow: Izd. MGU, 1975.
Kurdyumov, D.G. and Oztsoi, E., Monthly mean characteristics of the intra-annual variability of the Caspian Sea water circulation from an eddy-resolving thermohydrodynamical model, Okeanologiya, 2004, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 789–798.
Lavrova, O.Yu., Mityagi-na,M.I., Sabinin, K.D., and Serebryanyi, A.N., Sattellite observations of surface manifestations of internal waves in the Caspian Sea, Issled. Zemli Kosmosa, 2011, No. 2, pp. 40–48.
Lukashin, V.N., Lisitsyn, A.P., Navigatskii, A.N., Museeva, E.I., Ambrosimov, A.K., and Gaivoronskaya, L.A., On vertical particle fluxes in the Caspian Sea, Okeanologiya, 2014, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 195–204.
Marchuk, G.I., Chislennye resheniya zadach dinamiki atmosfery i okeana (Numerical Solutions of Problems of Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics), Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1974.
Panin, G.N., Mamedov, R.M., and Mitrofanov, I.V., Sovremennoe sostoyanie Kaspiiskogo morya (Current State of the Caspian Sea), Moscow: Nauka, 2005.
Panin, G.N., Nasonov, A.E., and Foken, T., Evaporation and heat exchange of a body of water with the atmosphere in a shallow zone, Izv., Atmos. Ocean. Phys., 2006, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 337–353.
Fel’zenbaum, A.I., Sea current dynamics, Itogi Nauki Tech., Ser.: Mech., 1968, pp. 97–338.
Ioshida, K., A theoretical model of wind-driven currents induced density field in oceans, I. J. Ocean Japan, 1965, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 25–37.
Hidaka, K., Dynamics of ocean currents parallel to a long straight coast, Proc. Japan Acad., 1980, Vol. 56, No. 3, Ser. B, pp. 114–119.
http://esimoru
http://wwwmarlin-yugcom/ru/shownewsphp? news_id=32
Huthnance, J., On mass transports generated by tides and long waves, J. Fluid Mech., 1981, Vol. 102, pp. 367–387.
Moore, D., The mass transport velocity induced by free oscillations at a single frequency, Geophysical Fluid Dyn., 1970, Vol. 1, pp. 237–247.
Peter, F., Kipfer, R., Acherman, D., Hofer, M., Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Beyerle, U., Imboden, D.M., Rozanski, K., and Frohlich, K., Analysis of deep-water exchange in the Caspian Sea based on environmental tracers, Deep-Sea Res., 2000, Vol. 1, No. 47, pp. 621–654.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © V.N. Zyryanov, 2016, published in Vodnye Resursy, 2016, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 149–163.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zyryanov, V.N. Hydrodynamic basis of formation of large-scale water circulation in the Caspian Sea: 2. Numerical calculations. Water Resour 43, 292–305 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807816020184
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807816020184