Abstract
Let d ≥ 2 and \(E\subset\mathbb{R}^d\) be a set. A ridge function on E is a function of the form φ(a · x), where \(x=(x_1,...,x_d)\in{E},\;a=(a_1,...,a_d)\in\mathbb{R}^d\;\backslash\left\{0\right\},\;a \cdot x = \sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^d {{a_j}{x_j}}\), and φ is a real-valued function. Ridge functions play an important role both in approximation theory and mathematical physics and in the solution of applied problems. The present paper is of survey character. It addresses the problems of representation and approximation of multidimensional functions by finite sums of ridge functions. Analogs and generalizations of ridge functions are also considered.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. L. Agranovsky and E. T. Quinto, “Injectivity sets for the Radon transform over circles and complete systems of radial functions,” J. Funct. Anal. 139 (2), 383–414 (1996).
R. A. Aliev and V. E. Ismailov, “On a smoothness problem in ridge function representation,” Adv. Appl. Math. 73, 154–169 (2016).
V. I. Arnol’d, “On functions of three variables,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 114 (4), 679–681 (1957) [Am. Math. Soc. Transl., Ser. 2, 28, 51–54 (1963)].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Approximation of polynomials in two variables by functions of the form φ(x) + Ψ(y),” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 193 (5), 967–969 (1970) [Sov. Math., Dokl. 11, 1034–1036 (1970)].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Approximation of polynomials in two variables by sums of functions of one variable,” Izv. Akad. Nauk Azerb. SSR, Ser. Fiz.-Tekh. Mat. Nauk, No. 2, 23–29 (1971).
M.-B. A. Babaev, “On obtaining close estimates in the approximation of functions of many variables by sums of functions of a fewer number of variables,” Mat. Zametki 12 (1), 105–114 (1972) [Math. Notes 12, 495–500 (1972)].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “On the properties of the best approximation function,” Izv. Akad. Nauk Azerb. SSR, Ser. Fiz.-Tekh. Mat. Nauk, No. 3, 20–25 (1972).
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Approximation of functions of three variables by sums of functions of two variables,” Soobshch. Akad. Nauk Gruz. SSR 83 (2), 309–312 (1976).
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Direct theorems for approximation of functions of many variables by sums of functions of a fewer number of variables,” in Special Issues in Function Theory (Elm, Baku, 1980), Issue 2, pp. 3–30 [in Russian].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Extremal elements and the value of the best approximation of a monotone function on Rn by sums of functions of fewer variables,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 265 (1), 11–13 (1982) [Sov. Math., Dokl. 26, 1–4 (1982)].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Extremal properties and two-sided estimates in approximation by sums of functions of lesser number of variables,” Mat. Zametki 36 (5), 647–659 (1984) [Math. Notes 36, 821–828 (1984)].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Best approximation by functions of fewer variables,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 279 (2), 273–277 (1984) [Sov. Math., Dokl. 30, 629–632 (1984)].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Estimates of best approximation by quasipolynomials,” in Theory of Functions and Approximations: Proc. 2nd Saratov Winter School, 1984 (Saratov. Univ., Saratov, 1986), Part 1, pp. 91–98 [in Russian].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “The approximation of Sobolev classes of functions by sums of products of functions of fewer variables,” Tr. Mat. Inst. im. V.A. Steklova, Akad. Nauk SSSR 180, 30–32 (1987) [Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 180, 31–33 (1989)].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Best approximation by bilinear forms,” Mat. Zametki 46 (2), 21–33 (1989) [Math. Notes 46, 588–596 (1989)].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “Approximation of Sobolev classes of functions by sums of products of functions of fewer variables,” Mat. Zametki 48 (6), 10–21 (1990) [Math. Notes 48, 1178–1186 (1990)].
M.-B. A. Babaev, “On the degree of approximation of the Sobolev class Wr q by bilinear forms in Lp for 1 = q = p = 2,” Mat. Sb. 182 (1), 122–129 (1991) [Math. USSR, Sb. 72 (1), 113–120 (1992)].
A. R. Barron, “Universal approximation bounds for superpositions of a sigmoidal function,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 39 (3), 930–945 (1993).
P. L. Bartlett, V. Maiorov, and R. Meir, “Almost linear VC-dimension bounds for piecewise polynomial networks,” Neural Comput. 10 (8), 2159–2173 (1998).
N. Bary, “Mémoire sur la représentation finie des fonctions continues. I: Les superpositions de fonctions absolument continues,” Math. Ann. 103, 185–248 (1930).
N. Bary, “Mémoire sur la représentation finie des fonctions continues. II: Le théorème fondamental sur la représentation finie,” Math. Ann. 103, 598–653 (1930).
D. Bazarkhanov and V. Temlyakov, “Nonlinear tensor product approximation of functions,” J. Complexity 31 (6), 867–884 (2015).
D. Braess and A. Pinkus, “Interpolation by ridge functions,” J. Approx. Theory 73 (2), 218–236 (1993).
Yu. A. Brudnyi, “Approximation of functions of n variables by quasipolynomials,” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 34 (3), 564–583 (1970) [Math. USSR, Izv. 4 (3), 568–586 (1970)].
M. D. Buhmann, “Radial functions on compact support,” Proc. Edinb. Math. Soc., Ser. 2, 41 (1), 33–46 (1998).
M. D. Buhmann, “Radial basis functions,” Acta Numerica 9, 1–38 (2000).
M. D. Buhmann and A. Pinkus, “Identifying linear combinations of ridge functions,” Adv. Appl. Math. 22 (1), 103–118 (1999).
E. J. Candès, “Harmonic analysis of neural networks,” Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 6 (2), 197–218 (1999).
E. J. Candès, “Ridgelets: estimating with ridge functions,” Ann. Stat. 31 (5), 1561–1599 (2003).
R. Courant and D. Hilbert, Methoden der mathematischen Physik (J. Springer, Berlin, 1937), Vol.2.
C. de Boor, R. A. DeVore, and A. Ron, “Approximation from shift-invariant subspaces of L2(Rd),” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 341 (2), 787–806 (1994).
N. G. de Bruijn, “Functions whose differences belong to a given class,” Nieuw Arch. Wiskd., Ser. 2, 23, 194–218 (1951).
N. G. de Bruijn, “A difference property for Riemann integrable functions and for some similar classes of functions,” Nederl. Akad. Wet., Proc., Ser. A 55, 145–151 (1952).
R. A. DeVore, K. I. Oskolkov, and P. P. Petrushev, “Approximation by feed-forward neural networks,” Ann. Numer. Math. 4, 261–287 (1997).
S. P. Diliberto and E. G. Straus, “On the approximation of a function of several variables by the sum of functions of fewer variables,” Pac. J. Math. 1, 195–210 (1951).
D. L. Donoho and I. M. Johnstone, “Projection-based approximation and a duality with kernel methods,” Ann. Stat. 17 (1), 58–106 (1989).
J. Duchon, “Splines minimizing rotation-invariant semi-norms in Sobolev spaces,” in Constructive Theory of Functions of Several Variables: Proc. Conf. Oberwolfach, 1976 (Springer, Berlin, 1977), Lect. Notes Math. 571, pp. 85–100.
N. Dyn, F. J. Narcowich, and J. D. Ward, “Variational principles and Sobolev-type estimates for generalized interpolation on a Riemannian manifold,” Constr. Approx. 15 (2), 175–208 (1999).
R. E. Edwards, “Spans of translates in Lp(G),” J. Aust. Math. Soc. 5, 216–233 (1965).
S. Ellacott and D. Bose, Neural Networks: Deterministic Methods of Analysis (Int. Thomson Comput. Press, London, 1996).
J. H. Friedman and W. Stuetzle, “Projection pursuit regression,” J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 76, 817–823 (1981).
A. L. Garkavi, V. A. Medvedev, and S. Ya. Khavinson, “On the existence of a best uniform approximation of a function of several variables by the sum of functions of fewer variables,” Mat. Sb. 187 (5), 3–14 (1996) [Sb. Math. 187, 623–634 (1996)].
M. v. Golitschek and W. A. Light, “Approximation by solutions of the planar wave equation,” SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 29 (3), 816–830 (1992).
Y. Gordon, V. Maiorov, M. Meyer, and S. Reisner, “On the best approximation by ridge functions in the uniform norm,” Constr. Approx. 18 (1), 61–85 (2002).
H. Herrlich, Axiom of Choice (Springer, Berlin, 2006), Lect. Notes Math. 1876.
V. E. Ismailov, “Methods for computing the least deviation from the sums of functions of one variable,” Sib. Mat. Zh. 47 (5), 1076–1082 (2006) [Sib. Math. J. 47, 883–888 (2006)].
V. E. Ismailov, “Characterization of an extremal sum of ridge functions,” J. Comput. Appl. Math. 205 (1), 105–115 (2007).
V. E. Ismailov, “On the representation by linear superpositions,” J. Approx. Theory 151 (2), 113–125 (2008).
V. E. Ismailov, “On the proximinality of ridge functions,” Saraevo J. Math. 5 (1), 109–118 (2009).
V. E. Ismailov, “A review of some results on ridge function approximation,” Azerb. J. Math. 3 (1), 3–51 (2013).
V. E. Ismailov and A. Pinkus, “Interpolation on lines by ridge functions,” J. Approx. Theory 175, 91–113 (2013).
Y. Ito and K. Saito, “Superposition of linearly independent functions and finite mappings by neural networks,” Math. Sci. 21 (1), 27–33 (1996).
F. John, Plane Waves and Spherical Means Applied to Partial Differential Equations (Interscience, New York, 1955).
L. K. Jones, “A simple lemma on greedy approximation in Hilbert space and convergence rates for projection pursuit regression and neural network training,” Ann. Stat. 20 (1), 608–613 (1992).
L. K. Jones, “The computational intractability of training sigmoidal neural networks,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 43 (1), 167–173 (1997).
B. S. Kashin, “On some properties of the space of trigonometric polynomials that are related to uniform convergence,” Soobshch. Akad. Nauk Gruz. SSR 93 (2), 281–284 (1979).
S. Ya. Khavinson, “A Chebyshev theorem for the approximation of a function of two variables by sums of the type φ(x) + ψ(y),” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 33 (3), 650–666 (1969) [Math. USSR, Izv. 3 (3), 617–632 (1969)].
S. Ya. Khavinson, Best Approximation by Linear Superpositions (Approximate Nomography) (Am. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1997), Transl. Math. Monogr. 159.
G. M. Khenkin, “Linear superpositions of continuously differentiable functions,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 157 (2), 288–290 (1964) [Sov. Math., Dokl. 5, 948–950 (1964)].
A. N. Kolmogorov, “On the representation of continuous functions of several variables by superpositions of continuous functions of a smaller number of variables,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 108 (2), 179–182 (1956) [Am. Math. Soc. Transl., Ser. 2, 17, 369–373 (1961)].
A. N. Kolmogorov, “On the representation of continuous functions of many variables by superposition of continuous functions of one variable and addition,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 114 (5), 953–956 (1957) [Am. Math. Soc. Transl., Ser. 2, 28, 55–59 (1963)].
V. N. Konovalov, K. A. Kopotun, and V. E. Maiorov, “Convex polynomial and ridge approximation of Lipschitz functions in Rd,” Rocky Mt. J. Math. 40 (3), 957–976 (2010).
V. N. Konovalov, D. Leviatan, and V. E. Maiorov, “Approximation by polynomials and ridge functions of classes of s-monotone radial functions,” J. Approx. Theory 152 (1), 20–51 (2008).
V. N. Konovalov, D. Leviatan, and V. E. Maiorov, “Approximation of Sobolev classes by polynomials and ridge functions,” J. Approx. Theory 159 (1), 97–108 (2009).
V. N. Konovalov and V. E. Maiorov, “Widths of some classes of convex functions and bodies,” Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Mat. 74 (1), 135–158 (2010) [Izv. Math. 74, 127–150 (2010)].
S. V. Konyagin and A. A. Kuleshov, “On the continuity of finite sums of ridge functions,” Mat. Zametki 98 (2), 308–309 (2015) [Math. Notes 98, 336–338 (2015)].
S. V. Konyagin and A. A. Kuleshov, “On some properties of finite sums of ridge functions defined on convex subsets of Rn,” Tr. Mat. Inst. im. V.A. Steklova, Ross. Akad. Nauk 293, 193–200 (2016) [Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 293, 186–193 (2016)].
S. V. Konyagin and V. N. Temlyakov, “Some error estimates in learning theory,” in Approximation Theory: A Volume Dedicated to Borislav Bojanov, Ed. by D. K. Dimitrov, G. Nikolov, and R. Uluchev (Marin Drinov Acad. Publ. House, Sofia, 2004), pp. 126–144.
A. Kroó, “On approximation by ridge functions,” Constr. Approx. 13 (4), 447–460 (1997).
A. A. Kuleshov, “On some properties of smooth sums of ridge functions,” Tr. Mat. Inst. im. V.A. Steklova, Ross. Akad. Nauk 294, 99–104 (2016) [Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 294, 89–94 (2016)].
A. A. Kuleshov, “Continuous sums of ridge functions on a convex body and the class VMO,” Mat. Zametki 102 (6), 866–873 (2017) [Math. Notes 102, 799–805 (2017)].
A. A. Kuleshov, “Continuous sums of ridge functions on a convex body with Dini condition on moduli of continuity at boundary points,” Anal. Math. (in press).
V. Kůrková, “Approximation of functions by perceptron networks with bounded number of hidden units,” Neural Networks 8 (5), 745–750 (1995).
V. Kůrková, “Trade-off between the size of parameters and the number of units in one-hidden-layer networks,” Neural Network World 6 (2), 191–200 (1996).
W. Light, “Ridge functions, sigmoidal functions and neural networks,” in Approximation Theory VII: Proc. 7th Int. Symp., Austin, TX, 1992, Ed. by E. W. Cheney et al. (Academic, Boston, 1993), pp. 163–206.
W. A. Light and H. S. J. Wayne, “Some aspects of radial basis function approximation,” in Approximation Theory, Spline Functions and Applications: Proc. NATO Adv. Study Inst., Maratea, 1991, Ed. by S. P. Singh et al. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1992), pp. 163–190.
S. Lin, F. Cao, and Z. Xu, “Essential rate for approximation by spherical neural networks,” Neural Networks 24 (7), 752–758 (2011).
V. Ya. Lin and A. Pinkus, “Fundamentality of ridge functions,” J. Approx. Theory 75 (3), 295–311 (1993).
V. Ya. Lin and A. Pinkus, “Approximation of multivariate functions,” in Advances in Computational Mathematics: Proc. Conf., New Delhi, 1993, Ed. by H. P. Dikshit and C. A. Micchelli (World Sci., Singapore, 1994), pp. 257–265.
B. F. Logan and L. A. Shepp, “Optimal reconstruction of a function from its projections,” Duke Math. J. 42 (4), 645–659 (1975).
W. R. Madych and S. A. Nelson, “Multivariate interpolation and conditionally positive definite functions. II,” Math. Comput. 54, 211–230 (1990).
V. E. Maiorov, “On best approximation by ridge functions,” J. Approx. Theory 99 (1), 68–94 (1999).
V. Maiorov, “On best approximation of classes by radial functions,” J. Approx. Theory 120 (1), 36–70 (2003).
V. Maiorov, “On lower bounds in radial basis approximation,” Adv. Comput. Math. 22 (2), 103–113 (2005).
V. Maiorov, “Optimal non-linear approximation using sets of finite pseudodimension,” East J. Approx. 11 (1), 1–19 (2005).
V. Maiorov, “Pseudo-dimension and entropy of manifolds formed by affine-invariant dictionary,” Adv. Comput. Math. 25 (4), 435–450 (2006).
V. Maiorov, “Approximation by neural networks and learning theory,” J. Complexity 22 (1), 102–117 (2006).
V. E. Maiorov, “Best approximation by ridge functions in Lp-spaces,” Ukr. Math. J. 62 (3), 452–466 (2010).
V. Maiorov, “Geometric properties of the ridge function manifold,” Adv. Comput. Math. 32 (2), 239–253 (2010).
V. E. Maiorov and R. Meir, “On the near optimality of the stochastic approximation of smooth functions by neural networks,” Adv. Comput. Math. 13 (1), 79–103 (2000).
V. Maiorov and R. Meir, “Lower bounds for multivariate approximation by affine-invariant dictionaries,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 47 (4), 1569–1575 (2001).
V. E. Maiorov, R. Meir, and J. Ratsaby, “On the approximation of functional classes equipped with a uniform measure using ridge functions,” J. Approx. Theory 99 (1), 95–111 (1999).
V. E. Maiorov, K. I. Oskolkov, and V. N. Temlyakov, “Gridge approximation and Radon compass,” in Approximation Theory: A Volume Dedicated to B. Sendov, Ed. by B. D. Bojanov (DARBA, Sofia, 2002), pp. 284–309.
V. Maiorov and A. Pinkus, “Lower bounds for approximation by MLP neural networks,” Neurocomputing 25, 81–91 (1999).
Y. Makovoz, “Random approximants and neural networks,” J. Approx. Theory 85 (1), 98–109 (1996).
D. E. Marshall and A. G. O’Farrell, “Uniform approximation by real functions,” Fundam. Math. 104, 203–211 (1979).
R. Meir and V. E. Maiorov, “On the optimality of neural-network approximation using incremental algorithms,” IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. 11 (2), 323–337 (2000).
H. N. Mhaskar, “Neural networks for optimal approximation of smooth and analytic functions,” Neural Comput. 8 (1), 164–177 (1996).
H. N. Mhaskar and C. A. Micchelli, “Approximation by superposition of sigmoidal and radial basis functions,” Adv. Appl. Math. 13 (3), 350–373 (1992).
H. N. Mhaskar and C. A. Micchelli, “Degree of approximation by neural and translation networks with a single hidden layer,” Adv. Appl. Math. 16 (2), 151–183 (1995).
H. N. Mhaskar, F. J. Narcowich, and J. D. Ward, “Approximation properties of zonal function networks using scattered data on the sphere,” Adv. Comput. Math. 11 (2–3), 121–137 (1999).
F. J. Narcowich, J. D. Ward, and H. Wendland, “Refined error estimates for radial basis function interpolation,” Constr. Approx. 19 (4), 541–564 (2003).
Yu. P. Ofman, “Best approximation of functions of two variables by functions of the form φ(x) + ψ(y),” Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 25 (2), 239–252 (1961) [Am. Math. Soc. Transl., Ser. 2, 44, 12–28 (1965)].
A. Olevskii, “Completeness in L2(R) of almost integer translates,” C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sér. 1, 324 (9), 987–991 (1997).
K. I. Oskolkov, “Ridge approximation, Chebyshev–Fourier analysis and optimal quadrature formulas,” Tr. Mat. Inst. im. V.A. Steklova, Ross. Akad. Nauk 219, 269–285 (1997) [Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 219, 265–280 (1997)].
K. I. Oskolkov, “Linear and nonlinear methods of relief approximation,” in Metric Theory of Functions and Related Problems of Analysis (AFTs, Moscow, 1999), pp. 165–195. Engl. transl.: J. Math. Sci. 155 (1), 129–152 (2008).
P. P. Petrushev, “Approximation by ridge functions and neural networks,” SIAM J. Math. Anal. 30 (1), 155–189 (1999).
A. Pinkus, “Some density problems in multivariate approximation,” in Approximation Theory: Proc. IDoMAT 95 (Akad. Verlag, Berlin, 1995), pp. 277–284.
A. Pinkus, “TDI-subspaces of C(Rd) and some density problems from neural networks,” J. Approx. Theory 85 (3), 269–287 (1996).
A. Pinkus, “Approximating by ridge functions,” in Surface Fitting and Multiresolution Methods (Vanderbilt Univ. Press, Nashville, TN, 1997), pp. 279–292.
A. Pinkus, “Approximation theory of the MLP model in neural networks,” Acta Numerica 8, 143–195 (1999).
A. Pinkus, Ridge Functions (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2015), Cambridge Tracts Math. 205.
G. Pisier, “Remarques sur un résultat non publié de B. Maurey,” in Séminaire d’Analyse Fonctionnelle 1980–1981 (éc. Polytech., Cent. Math., Palaiseau, 1981), Exp.5.
M. K. Potapov, “Approximation ‘by an angle’,” in Proc. Conf. on Constructive Theory of Functions (Approximation Theory), Budapest, 1969 (Akad. Kiadó, Budapest, 1972), pp. 371–399.
M. K. Potapov, “Approximation ‘by an angle’ and embedding theorems,” Math. Balk. 2, 183–198 (1972).
M. K. Potapov, “The Hardy–Littlewood and Marcinkiewicz–Littlewood–Paley theorems, approximation ‘by an angle’, and the imbedding of certain classes of functions,” Mathematica 14 (2), 339–362 (1972).
M. K. Potapov, “Imbedding classes of functions with dominant mixed modulus of smoothness,” Tr. Mat. Inst. im. V.A. Steklova, Akad. Nauk SSSR 131, 199–210 (1974) [Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 131, 206–218 (1975)].
M. K. Potapov, “Imbedding theorems in a mixed metric,” Tr. Mat. Inst. im. V.A. Steklova, Akad. Nauk SSSR 156, 143–156 (1980) [Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 156, 155–171 (1983)].
M. K. Potapov, B. V. Simonov, and S. Yu. Tikhonov, “Mixed moduli of smoothness in Lp, 1 < p < 8: a survey,” Surv. Approx. Theory 8, 1–57 (2013).
M. J. D. Powell, “The theory of radial basis function approximation in 1990,” in Advances in Numerical Analysis, Vol. 2: Wavelets, Subdivision Algorithms, and Radial Basis Functions, Ed. by W. Light (Clarendon, Oxford, 1992), pp. 105–210.
J. Ratsaby and V. Maiorov, “On the value of partial information for learning from examples,” J. Complexity 13 (4), 509–544 (1997).
R. Schaback, “Approximation by radial basis functions with finitely many centers,” Constr. Approx. 12 (3), 331–340 (1996).
L. Schwartz, “Sur certaines familles non fondamentales de fonctions continues,” Bull. Soc. Math. France 72, 141–145 (1944).
E. M. Stein and G. Weiss, Introduction to Fourier Analysis on Euclidean Spaces (Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1971).
M. I. Stesin, “Aleksandrov diameters of finite-dimensional sets and classes of smooth functions,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 220 (6), 1278–1281 (1975) [Sov. Math., Dokl. 16, 252–256 (1975)].
V. N. Temlyakov, Approximation of Periodic Functions (Nova Sci. Publ., Commack, NY, 1993).
V. N. Temlyakov, “On approximation by ridge functions,” Preprint (Dept. Math., Univ. S. Carol., Columbia, SC, 1996).
V. N. Temlyakov, “Nonlinear methods of approximation,” Found. Comput. Math. 3 (1), 33–107 (2003).
V. Temlyakov, Greedy Approximation (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2011).
V. M. Tikhomirov, Some Problems in Approximation Theory (Mosk. Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1976) [in Russian].
S. B. Vakarchuk, “K-functionals and n-widths of classes of periodic functions of two variables,” East J. Approx. 8 (2), 161–182 (2002).
S. B. Vakarchuk and A. V. Shvachko, “Kolmogorov-type inequalities for derived functions of two variables with application for approximation by an ‘angle’,” Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Mat., No. 11, 3–22 (2015) [Russ. Math. 59 (11), 1–18 (2015)].
F. P. Vasil’ev, Optimization Methods (Faktorial, Moscow, 2002) [in Russian].
N. Ya. Vilenkin, Special Functions and the Theory of Group Representations (Nauka, Moscow, 1965; Am. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1968).
A. G. Vitushkin, “Some properties of linear superpositions of smooth functions,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 156 (5), 1003–1006 (1964) [Sov. Math., Dokl. 5, 741–744 (1964)].
A. G. Vitushkin, “Proof of the existence of analytic functions of several complex variables which are not representable by superpositions of continuously differentiable functions of fewer variables,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 156 (6), 1258–1261 (1964) [Sov. Math., Dokl. 5, 793–796 (1964)].
A. G. Vitushkin, “On Hilbert’s thirteenth problem,” in Hilbert’s Problems, Ed. by P. S. Aleksandrov (Nauka, Moscow, 1969), pp. 163–170 [in Russian].
B. A. Vostretsov and M. A. Kreines, “Approximation of continuous functions by superpositions of plane waves,” Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 140 (6), 1237–1240 (1961) [Sov. Math., Dokl. 2, 1326–1329 (1961)].
H. Wendland, “Piecewise polynomial, positive definite and compactly supported radial functions of minimal degree,” Adv. Comput. Math. 4, 389–396 (1995).
H. Wendland, “Error estimates for interpolation by compactly supported radial basis functions of minimal degree,” J. Approx. Theory 93 (2), 258–272 (1998).
Z.-M. Wu and R. Schaback, “Local error estimates for radial basis function interpolation of scattered data,” IMA J. Numer. Anal. 13 (1), 13–27 (1993).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Original Russian Text © S.V. Konyagin, A.A. Kuleshov, V.E. Maiorov, 2018, published in Trudy Matematicheskogo Instituta imeni V.A. Steklova, 2018, Vol. 301, pp. 155–181.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Konyagin, S.V., Kuleshov, A.A. & Maiorov, V.E. Some Problems in the Theory of Ridge Functions. Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 301, 144–169 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0081543818040120
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0081543818040120