Abstract—
Data on life strategies of Pacific salmon of the genus Oncorhynchus are reviewed, and possible mechanisms of their realization in the ontogeny are discussed. Reproductive success and maintenance of intraspecific diversity are provided due to synchronization of maturity dates in the individuals with different life strategies. The following hypothesis is proposed. A complex of factors determining the ontogenetic vector of the individuals is not restricted by temperature, food availability, or accessibility of rearing areas. The key factors for realization of a certain life strategy are the presence of essential carotenoid pigment astaxanthin in rearing areas and physiological ability of the fish for its assimilation and accumulation. Relations between the life strategies in different species and populations of Pacific salmon and sex composition of individuals with different life strategies are mainly determined by astaxanthin availability.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
In this context, the term “food abundance” is used as not only the real abundance of feeding organisms but the availability of the feeding objects (to take into account the features of food searching in Pacific salmon) is also included.
REFERENCES
Akulin, V.N., Seasonal changes of the content of fat in juveniles of sockeye salmon and food zooplankton in the Dal’nee Lake, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1968, vol. 64, pp. 81–90.
Akulin, V.N., Gavrenkov, Yu.I., Markovtsev, V.G., Find of the living form of the masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort) (Salmonidae) in a reservoir of Artemovsk hydroelectric complex (Southern Primorye), Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1984, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 856–859.
Altukhov, Yu.P., Dynamics of gene pool under anthropogenic impact, Vestn. Vavilovsk. O-va Genet. Sel., 2004, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 40–59.
Anderson, D.C. and Narver, D.W., Fish Populations of Carnation Creek and other Barkley Sound Streams, Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Report Series 1351, Ottawa, 1975.
Ando, S., Fukuda, N., Mori, Y., et al., Characteristics of carotenoid distribution in various tissues from red- and white-fleshed chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), Aquacult. Fish Manage., 1994, vol. 25, pp. 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1994.tb00671.x
Anisimova, L.A. and Markevich, G.N., Hydrological regime and hydrochemical basis of productivity of the Kronotskoe Lake in June–September 2013, in Chteniya pamyati V.Ya. Levanidova (Vladimir Ya. Levanidov’s Biennial Memorial Meetings), Vladivostok: Dal’nauka, 2014, no. 6, pp. 38–43.
Barabanshchikov, E.I. and Shapovalov, M.E., Living form of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) in the Ussuri River basin (Primorskii krai), in Byulleten’ no. 10 izucheniya tikhookeanskikh lososei na Dal’nem Vostoke (Bulletin No. 10 of the Study of Pacific Salmon of the Far East), Vladivostok: TINRO-Tsentr, 2015, pp. 140–146.
Bazarkina, L.A., Diapause of copepods (Cyclops scutifer) in the Lake Azabache, Zool. Zh., 1993, vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 22–28.
Bazarkina, L.A., Abundance regulation mechanisms in populations of planktonic crustaceans in the mesotrophic salmon Lake Azabache (Kamchatka), Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski: Kamchatka Sci. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr., 2004.
Bedritskii, A.I., Rezul’taty issledovanii izmeneniya klimata Rossii (The Study of Climate Change in Russia), Moscow: Viva-Star, 2005.
Bell, M.C., Fisheries Handbook of Engineering Requirements and Biological Criteria, Portland, OR: U.S. Army Corps Eng., North Pacific Division, 1990.
Belousova, S.P., Zooplankton of the pelagial of Lake Azabache (Kamchatka) and its role in feeding of juveniles of the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (Walb.), Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Vladivostok: Pac. Sci. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr., 1972.
Belousova, S.P., Feeding of juveniles of the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (Walb.) in the Lake Azabache, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1974, vol. 90, pp. 81–92.
Bilby, R.E., Fransen, B.R., Bisson, P.A., and Walter, J.K., Response of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and steelhead O. mykiss to the addition of salmon carcasses to two streams in southwest Washington, U.S.A., Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 1998, vol. 55, pp. 1909–1918. https://doi.org/10.1139/f98-094
Birman, I.B., Morskoi period zhizni i voprosy dinamiki stad tikhookeanskikh lososei (Marine Life Period and Herd Dynamics of Pacific Salmon), Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1985.
Bonk, A.A., Kharakteristika presnovodnykh vodoemov Kamchatki. Uchebno-spravochnoe posobie (Characteristic of Freshwater Reservoirs of Kamchatka: Manual and Handbook), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski: Kamchat. Gos. Tekh. Univ., 2015.
Bugaev, V.F., Aziatskaya nerka (presnovodnyi period zhizni, struktura lokal’nykh stad, dinamika chislennosti): monografiya (Asian Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (Freshwater Life Period, Structure of Local Herds, and Population Dynamics): Monograph), Moscow: Kolos, 1995.
Bugaev, V.F., Vronskii, B.B., Zavarina, L.O., et al., Ryby reki Kamchatka (chislennost’, promysel, problemy) (Fishes of the Kamchatka River: Abundance, Fishery, and Problems), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski: Kamchatpress, 2007.
Bulygina, O.N., Razuvaev, V.N., Trofimenko, L.T., and Shvets, N.V., RF Inventor’s Certificate no. 2014621485, 2019. http://meteo.ru/data/156-temperature#oпиcaниe-мaccивa-дaнныx. Accessed January 31, 2019.
Burgner, R.L., Life history of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), in Pacific Salmon Life Histories, Groot, C. and Margolis, L., Eds., Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 1991, pp. 1–119.
Chapman, D.W., Aggressive behavior in juvenile coho salmon as a cause of emigration, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 1962, vol. 19, pp. 1047–1080. https://doi.org/10.1139/f62-069
Chebanova, V.V., Role of benthos and drift of bottom invertebrates in feeding of young salmon, Issled. Vodn. Biol. Resur. Kamchat. Sev.-Zapadn. Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, 2002, no. 6, pp. 260–271.
Craig, J.K. and Foote, C.J., Counter gradient variation and secondary sexual color: phenotypic convergence promotes genetic divergence in carotenoid use between sympatric anadromous and nonanadromous morphs of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), Evolution, 2001, vol. 55, pp. 380–391. https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0380:cvassc]2.0.co;2
Craig, J.K., Foote, C.J., and Wood, C.C., Counter gradient variation in carotenoid use between sympatric morphs of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) exposes non-anadromous hybrids in the wild by their mismatched spawning color, Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 2005, vol. 84, pp. 287–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00430.x
Dill, L.M., Aggressive distance in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Can. J. Zool., 1978, vol. 56, pp. 1441–1446. https://doi.org/10.1139/z78-198
Efanov, V.N. and Kochneva, Z.P., Secondary catch of mature male of pink salmon less then 1 year, Biol. Morya (Vladivostok), 1980, no. 2, p. 88.
Flain, M., Precocious male quinnat salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, in New Zealand, N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res., 1970, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1970.9515339
Foerster, R.E., The sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can., 1968, vol. 162.
Foster, R.W., Bagatell, C., and Fuss, H.J., Return of one-year old pink salmon to a stream in Puget Sound, Progr. Fish Cult., 1981, vol. 43, p. 31. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1981)43[31:roopst]2.0.co;2
Glubokovskii, M.K., Evolyutsionnaya biologiya lososevykh ryb (Evolutionary Biology of Salmon Fishes), Moscow: Nauka, 1995.
Golovanov, I.S., Natural reproduction of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) (Salmonidae) at the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1982, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 568–575.
Gorshkova, G.V. and Gorshkov, S.A., Dwarf form of the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (Walb.) from the Lake Azabache (Kamchatka), Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1977, vol. 17, no. 2 (103), pp. 220–225.
Gribanov, V.I., The coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walb.)): biological overview, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1948, vol. 28, pp. 43–101.
Gritsenko, O.F., Prokhodnye ryby ostrova Sakhalin (sistematika, ekologiya, promysel) (Migratory Fishes of the Sakhalin Island: Systematics, Ecology, and Fishery), Moscow: VNIRO, 2002.
Gritsenko, O.F. and Churikov, A.A., Biology of chars of genus Salvelinus and their role in ichthyocenoses of the bays of northeastern Sakhalin, Part 2: Feeding, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1977, vol. 17, no. 4 (195), pp. 668–676.
Gross, M.R., Sunfish, salmon and the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics in fishes, in Fish Reproduction Strategies and Tactics, Potts, G. and Wooton, R., Eds., London: Academic, 1984, pp. 55–75.
Gross, M.R., Evolution of diadromy in fishes, Am. Fish. Soc. Symp., 1987, vol. 1, pp. 14–25.
Gruzdeva, M.A., Malyutina, A.M., Kuzishchin, K.V., et al., Regularities of the life history strategy adoption in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou from the Kol River (Western Kamchatka) in regard to the processes of growth and sexual maturation, J. Ichthyol., 2013, vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 585–599.
Hard, J.J., Kope, R.G., Grant, W.S., et al., Status Review of Pink Salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFSNWFSC-25, Washington, DC: US Dep. Comm., Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Admin., Natl. Mar. Fish. Service, 1996.
Heintz, R.A., Wipfli, M.S., and Hudson, J.P., Identification of marine-derived lipids in juvenile coho salmon and aquatic insects through fatty acid analysis, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 2010, vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 840–854. https://doi.org/10.1577/t09-115.1
Hikita, T., Further Records on the Small Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Caught in Hokkaido, Japan, Scientific Reports of the Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery no. 38, Sapporo: Natl. Salmon Resour. Center, 1984, pp. 83–88.
Honda, N., Suzuki, A., Amita, K., et al., Studies on reproduction of landlocked masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou in Okutadami reservoir. I. Vertical distribution and feeding habits of fish, Rep. Niigata Prefect. Inland Water Fish. Exp. Stn., 1980, vol. 8, pp. 5–15.
Hsu, T.-H., Chen, Ch.-Y., and Gwo, J.-Ch., Causes of the skewed sex ratio in the critically endangered Formosa landlocked salmon of Taiwan, Endangered Species Res., 2016, vol. 30, pp. 45–52. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00719
Hunter, J.G., Survival and production of pink and chum salmon is a coastal stream, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 1959, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 835–886. https://doi.org/10.1139/f59-061
Ivankov, V.N. and Bronevskii, A.M., Neoteny in salmon, in Lososevidnye ryby (morfologiya, sistematika i ekologiya) (Salmon-Like Fishes: Morphology, Systematics, and Ecology), Leningrad: Nauka, 1976, pp. 39–40.
Ivankov, V.N. and Bronevskii, A.M., Post-larval neoteny in fishes, Zool. Zh., 1978, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 87–93.
Ivankov, V.N., Mitrofanov, Yu.A., and Bushuev, V.P., A case of early maturing of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) under first year of life, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1975, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 556–557.
Ivankov, V.N., Padetskii, S.N., Floryak, V.S., et al., Neotenic females of the masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort) from the Krivaya River (Southern Primorye), Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1981, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 938–942.
Ivankov, V.N., Mitrofanov, Yu.A., and Omel’chenko, V.T., Maturity of pink salmon at the first year of life, Biol. Morya (Vladivostok), 1987, no. 1, pp. 28–31.
Iwamoto, R.N., Myers, J.M., and Hershberger, W.K., Heritability and genetic correlation for flesh colorations in pen-reared coho salmon, Aquaculture, 1990, vol. 86, pp. 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90111-y
Johnson, J., Johnson, T., and Copeland, T., Defining life histories of precocious male parr, minijack, and jack chinook salmon using scale patterns, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 2012, vol. 141, pp. 1545–1556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2012.705256
Kaeriyama, M., Urawa, S., and Suzuki, T., Anadromous Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Derived from Nonanadromous Kokanees: Life History in Lake Toro, Scientific Reports of the Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery no. 46, Sapporo: Natl. Salmon Resour. Center, 1992, pp. 157–174.
Kaev, A.M., On catching humpback salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta of rare age, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2002, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 415–416. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021809400054
Karpenko, V.I., Rannii morskoi period zhizni tikhookeanskikh lososei (Early Marine Life Period of Pacific Salmon), Moscow: VNIRO, 1998.
Kato, F., Life histories of masu and amago salmon (Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus rhodurus), in Pacific Salmon Life Histories, Groot, C. and Margolis, L., Eds., Vancouver. B.C.: UBC Press. 1991, pp. 449–520.
Kirillova, E.A., Downstream migration of juveniles of the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch: the pattern and mechanisms, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Moscow: Inst. Probl. Ecol. Evol., Russ. Acad. Sci., 2009.
Kirillova, E.A., Kirillov, P.I., and Pavlov, D.S., Change of the structure of ichthyofauna of Kuril Lake (Southern Kamchatka), in Chteniya pamyati V.Ya. Levanidova (Vladimir Ya. Levanidov’s Biennial Memorial Meetings), Vladivostok: Dal’nauka, 2014, no. 6, pp. 301–310.
Kobayashi, T. and Harada, S., Ecological Observation on the Salmon of Nishibetsu River, II. The Moving, Growth and Feeding Habit of Pink Salmon Fry, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum), during Seaward Migration, Scientific Reports of the Hokkaido Salmon Hatchery no. 22, Sapporo: Natl. Salmon Resour. Center, 1966, pp. 1–10.
Kovtun, A.A., Biologiya kizhucha ostrova Sakhalin (Biology of Coho Slamon of the Sakhalin Island), Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakh. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2005.
Kozlov, V.I., Spravochnik fermera-rybovoda (Handbook of Fish Farmer), Moscow: VNIRO, 1998.
Krogius, F.V., Krokhin, E.M., and Menshutkin, V.V., Tikhookeanskii losos’-nerka v ekosisteme ozera Dal’nego (Kamchatka) (Pacific Sockeye Salmon in the Ecosystem of Dal’nee Lake (Kamchatka)), Leningrad: Nauka, 1987.
Krokhin, E.M., The data on dwarf form of the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka Walb in the Dal’nee Lake, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1967, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 434–445.
Krokhin, E.M., Physical and geographic description of the Lake Azabach, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1972, vol. 82, pp. 3–17.
Krokhin, E.M. and Krogius, F.V., Biological studies of the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka: reserves and population dynamics in Kamchatka waters, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1956, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 3–20.
Krykhtin, M.L., The river life period of the masu salmon, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1962, vol. 48, pp. 81–132.
Kurenkov, S.I., Morphological features of the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from the Kronotskoe Lake, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1972, vol. 82, pp. 125–134.
Kurenkov, S.I., Living coho salmon in Kamchatka, Vopr. Geogr. Kamchat., 1977, no. 7, pp. 52–55.
Kurenkov, I.I., Plankton of the Kronotskoe Lake (Kamchatka), Tr. Biol.-Pochv. Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1978, vol. 49 (152), pp. 46–55
Kurenkov, S.I., Population structure of the sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from the Kronotskoe Lake, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Moscow: Moscow State Univ., 1979.
Lehnert, S.J., Heath, D.D., Devlin, R.H., and Pitcher, T.E., Post-spawning sexual selection in red and white chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Behav. Ecol., 2016, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arw142
Lepskaya, E.V. and Maslov, A.V., Prolonged changes of hydrometeorological conditions in the Kuril Lake basin (Kamchatka) and specific transformation of “fish” phosphor in the lake ecosystem, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2009, vol. 158, pp. 293–302.
Levanidov, V.Ya., Feeding and growth of chum salmon fries in fresh waters, Zool. Zh., 1955, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 371–379.
Lin, Y.-S. and Chang, K.-H., Conservation of the Formosan landlocked salmon Oncorhynchus masou formosanus in Taiwan, a historical review, Physiol. Ecol. Jpn., Spec., 1989, vol. 1, pp. 647–652.
Lobanov, V.A. and Toshchakova, G.G., Features and reasons of modern climate changes in Russia, Geogr. Vestn., 2016, vol. 3 (38), pp. 79–89.
Machidori, S. and Kato, F., Spawning populations and marine life of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou), Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm., 1984, vol. 43.
Makiguchi, Y., Liao, L.-Y., Konno, Y., et al., Site fidelity of and habitat use by the Formosan landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus) during typhoon season in Chichiawan stream, Taiwan as assessed by nano-tag radio telemetry, Zool. Stud., 2009, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 460–467.
Marchenko, S.L., Volobuev, V.V., and Makarov, D.V., Biological structure of the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) of the continental coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, Issled. Vodn. Biol. Resur. Kamchat. Sev.-Zapadn. Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, 2013, no. 29, pp. 70–83.
Marchenko, S.L., Golovanov, I.S., Khovanskaya, L.L., et al., Living sockeye salmon from the Kisi Lake (Ola River), Materialy VIII Vserossiiskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Prirodnye resursy, ikh sovremennoe sostoyanie, okhrana, promyslovoe i tekhnicheskoe ispol’zovanie” (Proc. VIII All-Russ. Sci.-Pract. Conf. “Nature Resources: Modern State, Protection, Commercial and Technical Use”), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski: Kamchat. Gos. Tekh. Univ., 2017, part 1, pp. 154–156.
McCallum, I.M., Cheng, K.M., and March, B.E., Carotenoid pigmentation in two strains of two strains of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and their crosses, Aquaculture, 1987, vol. 67, pp. 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(87)90214-6
Meshkova, M.G., Smirnov, B.P., Vvedenskaya, T.L., and Zorbidi, Zh.Kh., Specific biology of the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum (Salmonidae) from the Bol’shoi Vilyui Lake, Tr. Kamchat. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2004, no. 7, pp. 171–180.
Mikulin, A.E. and Soin, S.G., Functional role of carotenoids in embryonic development of teleosts, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1975, vol. 15, no. 5 (94), pp. 833–844.
Mnogoletnie dannye o rezhime i resursakh poverkhnostnykh vod sushi. Tom 1. RSFSR. Vyp. 21. Basseiny Ussuri i rek Yaponskogo morya (Long-Term Data on Regime and Resources of Surface Waters, Vol. 1: RSFSR, No. 21: The Ussuri River and Rivers of the Sea of Japan Basins), Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986.
Moiseev, P.A., Formation of living form of the masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou morpha formosanus (Jordan et Oshima) in the Sedanka River basin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1957, vol. 112, no. 1, pp. 163–164.
Morita, K. and Nagasawa, T., Latitudinal variation in the growth and maturation of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) parr, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 2010, vol. 67, pp. 955–965. https://doi.org/10.1139/f10-028
Mullan, J.W., Rockhold, A., and Chrisman, C.R., Life histories and precocity of chinook salmon in the mid-Columbia River, Progr. Fish. Cult., 1992, vol. 54, pp. 25–28.
Munakata, A., Migratory behaviors in masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) and the influence of endocrinological factors, Aqua-BioScience Monogr., 2012, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 29–65. https://doi.org/10.5047/absm.2012.00502.0029
Murray, C.B. and McPhail, J.D., Effect of incubation temperature on the development of five species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus) embryos and alevins, Can. J. Zool., 1988, vol. 66, pp. 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1139/z88-038
Nagtegaal, D.A., Carter, E.W., Hop Wo, N.K., and Jones, K.B., Adult Chinook Escapement Assessment Conducted on the Cowichan River during 2002, Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences no. 2655, Ottawa, 2004.
Nikiforov, S.N. and Ignat’ev, Yu.I., Biology of the masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort) (Salmonidae) juveniles in the water basin of the southern part of Sakhalin, Tr. Sakh. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2008, vol. 10, pp. 57–76.
Nikiforova, G.V., On the finding of mature fingerlings of the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Southeastern Sakhalin water bodies, J. Ichthyol., 1996, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 801–802.
Nikol’skii, G.V., Struktura vida i zakonomernosti izmenchivosti ryb (The Species Structure and Variability Dynamics of Fishes), Moscow: Pishchevaya Prom-st’, 1980.
Oshima, M., Masu Salmon, Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort), and Biva Salmon, Oncorhynchus rhodurus (Jordan et McGregor) Tokyo: Nireshobo, 1955.
Ostroumov, A.G., Living kokanee salmon Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi (Suckley) in the Vorovskaya River basin (Western Kamchatka), Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1977, vol. 17, no. 5 (106), pp. 941–943.
Pavlov, D.S. and Savvaitova, K.A., On the problem of ratio of anadromy and residence in Salmonids (Salmonidae), J. Ichthyol., 2008, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 778–791. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945208090099
Pavlov, D.S. and Savvaitova, K.A., Intraspecific structure of fish. Anadromy and residency in salmon, in Aktual’nye problemy sovremennoi ikhtiologii (k 100-letiyu G.V. Nikol’skogo) (Urgent Problems in Modern Ichthyology: To the 100th Anniversary of G.V. Nikol’skii), Moscow: KMK, 2010, pp. 33–61.
Pavlov, D.S., Savvaitova, K.A., and Kuzishchin, K.V., Epigenetic variations of life history strategies in Red Data Book species—mykiss (Parasalmo mykiss (Walb.)) to the problem of species conservation, Dokl. Biol. Sci., 1999, vol. 367, pp. 709–713.
Pavlov, D.S., Savvaitova, K.A., Kuzishchin, K.V., et al., Tikhookeanskie blagorodnye lososi i foreli Azii (Pacific Noble Salmon and Trouts of Asia), Moscow: Nauchnyi Mir, 2001.
Pavlov, D.S., Savvaitova, K.A., Kuzishchin, K.V., et al., Diversity of life strategies and population structure of Kamchatka mykiss Parasalmo mykiss in the ecosystems of small salmon rivers of various types, J. Ichthyol., 2008, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1134/s0032945208010049
Pavlov, D.S., Kuzishchin, K.V., Gruzdeva, M.A., et al., Life history strategy diversity in the Kamchatka Dolly Varden char Salvelinus malma (Walbaum) (Salmonidae, Salmoniformes): ontogenetic reconstructions based on the data of x-ray fluorescence analysis of the microchemistry of recording structures, Dokl. Biol. Sci., 2013, vol. 450, no. 1, pp. 142–145. https://doi.org/10.7868/s0869565213150267
Perales, K.M., Rowan, J., and Moyle, P.B., Evidence of landlocked chinook salmon populations in California, N. Am. J. Fish. Manage., 2015, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1101–1105. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2015.1082518
Pogodaev, E.G. and Kurenkov, S.I., Naturalization of the kokanee salmon Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi (Suckley) into the Kamchatka lakes, Vopr. Rybolov., 2007, vol. 8, no. 3 (31), pp. 394–406.
Pritchard, A.L., Studies on the age of the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the spring salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) in British Columbia, Proc. Trans. R. Soc. Can. Ser., 1940, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 99–120.
Ricker, W.E. “Residual” and kokanee salmon in Cultus Lake, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 1938, vol. 4, pp. 192–217. https://doi.org/10.1139/f38-018
Ricker, W.E., On the origin of kokanee, a fresh water type of sockeye salmon, Proc. Trans. R. Soc. Can., Ser. 3, 1940, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 121–135.
Romer, J.D. and Monzyk, F.R., Adfluvial life history in spring chinook salmon from Quartzville Creek, Oregon, N. Am. J. Fish. Manage., 2014, vol. 34, pp. 885–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2014.923073
Romine, J.G., Benjamin, J.R., Perry, R.W., et al., Theoretical Life History Responses of Juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss to Changes in Food Availability Using a Dynamic State-Dependent Approach, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1154, Washington, DC: US Dep. Interior, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131154
Semenchenko, A.Yu., Primorskaya sima (The Masu Salmon in Primorye), Vladivostok: Dal’nevost. Otd., Ross. Akad. Nauk, 1989.
Semenchenko, A.Yu., Krupyanko, N.I., and Gavrenkov, Yu.I., Ecological forms of the masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou in river basins of Primorye, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 2003, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 483–489.
Semko, R.S., New data on the masu salmon in Western Kamchatka region, Zool. Zh., 1956, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 1017–1022.
Shapovalov, L. and Taft, A.S., The life history of the steelhead rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) with special reference to Waddell Creek, California, and recommendations regarding their management, Calif. Dep. Fish Game Fish. Bull., 1954, no. 98.
Shershnev, A.P., Chupakhin, V.M., and Rudnev, V.A., Some ecological features of pink salmon juveniles Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) (Salmonidae) near Sakhalin and Iturup islands during marine life period, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1982, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 441–448.
Shuntov, V.P., New data on marine life period of Asian pink salmon, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1994, vol. 116, pp. 3–41.
Simonova, N.A., Efficient spawning of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka Walb.) in the main spawning sites of the Lake Azabach, Izv. Tikhookean. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 1972, vol. 82, pp. 143–151.
Soin, S.G., Respiratory role of carotenoids in eggs of salmon fishes and other members of order Clupeiformes, Zool. Zh., 1956, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 1362–1369.
Stearns, S.C., The Evolution of Life Histories, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1992.
Stygar, V.M., Kovnat, L.S., and Vedishcheva, E.N., Biology of the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch of the northern Kuril Islands, in Promyslovo-biologicheskie issledovaniya ryb v tikhookeanskikh vodakh Kuril’skikh ostrovov i prilezhashchikh raionakh Okhotskogo i Beringova morei (Commercial-Biological Studies of Fishes in Pacific Waters of the Kuril Islands and Adjacent Areas of the Okhotsk and Bering Seas), Moscow: VNIRO, 2000, pp. 161–172.
Tanaka, S., A review of the biological information on masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou), in Salmon of the North Pacific Ocean, Part 9: Coho, Chinook and Masu Salmon in Offshore Waters, Vancouver, BC: Int. North Pac. Fish. Comm., 1965, no. 16-3, pp. 75–135.
Tiller, I.V., Biology of young migratory Salvelinus malma in the Khailyulya River (Kamchatka), in Chteniya pamyati V.Ya. Levanidova (Vladimir Ya. Levanidov’s Biennial Memorial Meetings), Vladivostok: Dal’nauka, 2003, no. 2, pp. 469–477.
Tiller, I.V., Migratory Dolly Varden trout (Salvelinus malma) of Kamchatka, Issled. Vodn. Biol. Resur. Kamchat. Sev.-Zapadn. Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, 2007, no. 7, pp. 79–95.
Tochilina, T.G. and Smirnov, B.P., Mature fingerlings of the pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) in the costal waters of the Iturup Island (southern Kuril Islands), Tr. VNIRO, 2015, vol. 158, pp. 136–142.
Tokranov, A.M., Freshwater forms of salmon in Kamchatka region, Materialy XXXI Krasheninnikovskikh chtenii “Na perekrestke kontinentov” (Proc. XXXI Krasheninnikov’s Biennial Memorial Meetings “On the Cross Road of Continents”), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski: Minist. Kul’t. Kamchat. Kraya, 2014, pp. 342–345.
Tokranov, A.M., Bugaev, V.F., and Pavlov, N.N., Living form of the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch from the Golyginskoe Lake (Southern Kamchatka), Materialy V nauchnoi konferentsii “Sokhranenie bioraznoobraziya Kamchatki i prilegayushchikh morei” (Proc. V Sci. Conf. “Conservation of Biological Diversity of Kamchatka and Adjacent Seas”), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski: Kamchatpress, 2004, pp. 92–95.
Tsygir, V.V., Living masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou from Sedankinskoe Reservoir basin (Southern Primorye), in Biologiya shel’fovykh i prokhodnykh ryb (Biology of Shelf and Migratory Fishes), Vladivostok: Dal’nevost. Otd., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1990, pp. 47–52.
Tsygir, V.V. and Ivankov, V.N., Living masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou from Artemovskoe Reservoir basin (Primorskii krai), Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1987, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 576–583.
Vetsler, N.M., Structural features and dynamics of zooplanktonic community in the pelagial of the Dal’nee Lake (Kamchatka), Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Borok: Papanin Inst. Biol. Inland Waters, Russ. Acad. Sci., 2009.
Volobuev, V.V., systematics and ecology of the neiva Salvelinus neiva Taranetz from the Ueginskoe Lake (Okhota River basin), Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1976, vol. 16, no. 6 (101), pp. 989–999.
Volobuev, V.V., Dwarf form of neiva Salvelinus neiva Taranetz (Salmonidae, Salmoniformes) from the Korral Lake (Okhota River basin), Zool. Zh., 1977, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 405–411.
Volobuev, V.V. and Marchenko, S.L., Tikhookeanskie lososti kontinental’nogo poberezh’ya Okhotskogo morya (biologiya, populyatsionnaya struktura, dinamika chislennosti, promysel) (Pacific Salmon from Continental Coast of the Sea of Okhotsk: Biology, Population Structure and Dynamics, and Fishery), Magadan: Sev.-Vost. Nauchn. Tsentr, Dal’nevost. Otd., Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2011.
Volobuev, V.V. and Rogatnykh, A.Yu., The population structure of the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) of the continental slope of the Sea of Okhotsk, in Biologiya presnovodnykh zhivotnykh Dal’nego Vostoka (Biology of Freshwater Animals of the Far East), Vladivostok: Dal’nevost. Nauchn. Tsentr, Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1982a, pp. 64–68.
Volobuev, V.V. and Rogatnykh, A.Yu., Ecological and morphological characteristic of the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) from continental slope of the Sea of Okhotsk, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1982b, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 974–980.
Volovik, S.P. and Gritsenko, O.F., Effect of raptorial fishes on survival of salmon juveniles in the Sakhalin rivers, Tr. VNIRO, 1970, vol. 71, pp. 193–209.
Vronskii, B.B., The data on reproduction of the chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) from the Kamchatka River, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1972, vol. 12, no. 2 (73), pp. 293–308.
Williams, J.G., Central valley salmon: a perspective on chinook and steelhead in the Central Valley of California, San Francisco Estuary Watershed Sci., 2006, vol. 4, no. 3. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/21v9x1t7.
Yarosh, N.V. and Travina, T.N., Feeding of various-size juveniles of the Dolly Varden trout Salvelinus malma (Walb.) in lower stream of the Bol’shaya River (Western Kamchatka), Issled. Vodn. Biol. Resur. Kamchat. Sev.-Zapadn. Chasti Tikhogo Okeana, 2011, no. 20, pp. 52–57.
Yarzhombek, A.A., Salmon carotenoids and their relationship with the reproduction of these fish, Tr. VNIRO, 1970, vol. 69, pp. 234–267.
Zelenikhina, G.S., El’nikov, A.N., and Tochilina, T.G., Downstream migration of pink and chum salmon fingerlings in the Reidovaya River of the Iturup Island (southern Kuril Islands) in spring-summer 2014, Tr. VNIRO, 2015, vol. 158, pp. 6–15.
Zorbidi, Zh.Kh. Population dynamics of Kamchatka coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and ecology of its juveniles in freshwater, Extended Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Biol.) Dissertation, Vladivostok: Pac. Sci. Res. Inst. Fish. Oceanogr., 1974.
Zorbidi, Zh.Kh., Seasonal races of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, Vopr. Ikhtiol., 1990, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 31–40.
Zorbidi, Zh.Kh., The reserves and structure of herds of the coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch (Salmonidae), in Chteniya pamyati V.Ya. Levanidova (Vladimir Ya. Levanidov’s Biennial Memorial Meetings), Vladivostok: Dal’nauka, 2003, no. 2, pp. 541–549.
Zorbidi, Zh.Kh., Kizhuch aziatskikh stad (The Coho Salmon from Asian Herds), Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski: Kamchat. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2010.
Zorbidi, Zh.Kh., Tolstyak, T.I., and Maslov, A.V., Characteristics of intraspecies forms of Asian coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum (Salmonidae), Tr. Kamchat. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr., 2006, no. 8, pp. 126–141.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We gratefull to E.A. Kirillova (Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences) for valuable comments on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Statement of the welfare of animals. This article does not contain any studies involving animals or human participants performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Translated by D. Pavlov
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Glubokovsky, M.K., Marchenko, S.L. On the Issue of Life Strategy Formation in Pacific Salmon of the Genus Oncorhynchus (Salmonidae). J. Ichthyol. 59, 516–526 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945219040040
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945219040040