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Radiolarians of the Class Stauraxonaria from the Late Carboniferous–Middle Permian: Nazarovispongus Kozur sensu Kozur et Mostler, restituo et emend. nov. and a New Genus Kozurispongus gen. nov.

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Abstract

An analysis of the morphological features of the radiolarian skeletons of the class Stauraxonaria from the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian of the South Urals of Russia and the Western Mugodzhary of Kazakhstan, as well as the Middle Permian of Western Texas in the United States made it possible to reinstate the genus Nazarovispongus Kozur, 1980 and revise the systematic position of the species N. pavlovi and N. permicus established by Kozur (1980). The diagnosis of the reinstated genus Nazarovispongus Kozur, 1980 sensu Kozur et Mostler, 1989, restituo et emend nov. is emended, and the species composition is expanded to include six species: N. pavlovi Kozur, 1980 (type species), N. aequilateralis (Nazarov in Isakova and Nazarov, 1986, comb. nov.), N. delicatus (Nazarov et Ormiston, 1985, part., comb. nov.), N. globosus Nestell et Nestell, 2010, N. inflatus (Nazarov et Ormiston, 1985, comb. nov.), and N. subrotundus (Nazarov in Isakova and Nazarov, 1986, comb. nov.). A new genus Kozurispongus gen. nov. is described, to accommodate six species: K. aktastiensis (Nazarov et Ormiston, 1993, comb. nov.), K. circumfusus (Nazarov et Ormiston, 1985, comb. nov.), K. permicus (Kozur, 1980, comb. nov.), K. semilaminus (Nazarov in Isakova and Nazarov, 1986, part., comb. nov.), and two new species K. concavilatus sp. nov. and K. rotundatus sp. nov. A new scheme of sequential stages of the formation of skeletal spines is proposed.

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Notes

  1. “Markschale unperforiert, beknotet Oder fein bestachelt, mit drei runden Stacheln, an deren Basis drei groBe Poren sitzen” (Kozur, 1980, p. 237, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2).

  2. “… ein mehrschichtiges spongiöses Aüßenskelett (mit einer feinporigen, nicht immer erhaltenen äußeren Deckschicht und größerem innerem Gewebe) aufweisen (in der Familiendiagnose angeführt). Das ist auch an den REM-Aufnahmen klar zu erkennen” (Kozur, Mostler, 1989, p. 157).

  3. “…shell-shaped, ranging from rounded-triangular to clover-leaf. Shell inflated” (Nazarov, Ormiston, 1985, p. 41).

  4. “Internal sphere porous” (Nazarov and Ormiston, 1985, p. 41).

  5. “Umriß in der Aufsicht gerundet subtriangular mit konvexen Außenseiten. 3 breite, aber kurze tricarinate Stacheln in Dreiecksanordnung sind ausgebildet. Ober- und Unterseite schwach bis mäßig gewölbt. Schalenstruktur spongiös. Größter Teil des Gehäuses zwischen dem Innenskelett und der Außenwand mit spongiösen Gewebe gefüllt, nur die Umgebung der unperforierten Markschale ist frei. Das Innenskelett besteht aus einer subsphärischen, ungegitterten beknoteten Markschale, auf der in Dreiecksanordnung in einer Ebene 3 hohle Kegel aufgesetzt sind, die aus kegelförmig angeordneten, miteinander verschmolzenen Stäben aufgebaut sind und jeweils eine Pore aufweisen. Von den Spitzen dieser Kegel verläuft je ein nadelförmiger Stachel bis zu den 3 Außenstacheln. Vom mittleren und distalen Teil dieser Stacheln zweigen Apophysen ab, die mit dem spongiösen Gewebe verbunden sind” (Kozur, Mostler 1989, p. 205).

  6. A new emended diagnosis of the genus Nazarovispongus was compiled based on the new data of the morphology of the skeleton and taking into account Kozur and Mostler’s (1989, p. 205) diagnosis and the additions to the diagnosis made earlier by Nestell and Nestell (2010, p. 56).

  7. H—maximum height, W—width of the inner cavity, D—diameter of the primary microsphere , L—length of the terminal spike, wL—width of the base of the terminal spike, dp—diameter of the pores of the outer shell, wp—width of the rods of the interpore septum of the outer shell, dc—cell diameter of the cover shell, wc—width of the rods of the intercell septum of the cover shell.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is grateful to A.S. Alekseev, V.S. Vishnevskaya and G.P. Nestell for valuable advice and constructive comments; A.F. Bannikov, Ya.M. Kuzmina and M.A. Knorre for help in preparing the manuscript for publication; and to S.V. Nikolaeva for translating this paper into English.

Photographs of radiolarians from Kozur (1980) and Nestell and Nestell (2010) are copyright of “©Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Geologie” and “©Micropaleontology” and used with the kind permission of Prof. Diethard Sanders (Sanders) and Dr. Mike Kaminski.

Funding

This work was carried out within the framework of the program (state assignment) of the PIN RAS and with the support of the program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Evolution of the organic world. The role and influence of planetary processes.”

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  1. Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117647, Moscow, Russia

    M. S. Afanasieva

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Correspondence to M. S. Afanasieva.

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Translated by S. Nikolaeva

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Afanasieva, M.S. Radiolarians of the Class Stauraxonaria from the Late Carboniferous–Middle Permian: Nazarovispongus Kozur sensu Kozur et Mostler, restituo et emend. nov. and a New Genus Kozurispongus gen. nov.. Paleontol. J. 55, 244–258 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030121030023

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