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Revision of the Genera Spinodeflandrella Kozur, 1981, Holdsworthella Kozur, 1981 and Haplodiacanthus Nazarov et Rudenko, 1981 (Early Permian Radiolarians of the Order Albaillellaria) in the South Urals, Russia

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Abstract

Analysis of the morphology of radiolarian skeletons from the Asselian and Sakmarian of the South Urals allowed the taxonomic assignment of seven species of the order Albaillellaria, established by Kozur (1981) and Nazarov (in Isakova and Nazarov, 1986). Spinodeflandrella tetraspinosa is here assigned to the genus Albaillella: A. tetraspinosa (Kozur, 1981). Parafollicucullus nazarovi and P. sakmaraensis as well as Haplodiacanthus levitoflexa and H. levitoflexa fenistrata are assigned to the genus Pseudoalbaillella: P. nazarovi (Kozur, 1981), P. sakmarensis (Kozur, 1981), P. levitoflexa fenistrata (Nazarov in Isakova et Nazarov, 1986) and P. levitoflexa (Nazarov in Isakova et Nazarov, 1986). Holdsworthella permica and H. perforata are assigned to the reinstated valid genus Holdsworthella Kozur, 1981, restituo et emend. Afanasieva nov. The diagnoses of the genera Albaillella Deflandre, 1952 and Pseudoalbaillella Holdsworth et Jones, 1980 are emended. The diagnosis of the reinstated genus Holdsworthella Kozur, 1981, restituo et emend. Afanasieva nov. is provided.

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Notes

  1. A detailed description of the ecozones of the radiolarians of the Asselian and Sakmarian stages of the Lower Permian of the South Urals will be published in a separate work: Afanasieva, M.S., Asselian and Sakmarian (Lower Permian) Radiolarian Ecozones in the South Urals, Russia, Paleontol. J. 2021, vol. 55, no. 8, in press.

  2. A new emended diagnosis of the genus Albaillella is based on the analysis of the morphology of the skeleton (Afanasieva, 2000; Afanasieva and Amon, 2003, 2006; Afanasieva et al., 2005) and with amendments to the diagnoses previously cited by other authors (Won, 1983, p. 123; Nazarov and Ormiston, 1985, p. 44; Isakova and Nazarov, 1986, p. 109; Nazarov, 1988, p. 82; Nestell et al., 2012, p. 229; Nestell and Nestell, 2020, p. 7). Original diagnosis (Deflandre, 1952, p. 873): “La coque de l’organisme, en cône creux très allongé, est bâtie sur un squelette siliceux plein en forme d’H tronqué. Une branche majeure différenciée de ce squelette, peut atteindre l’apex, en formant une columelle détachée de la paroi de la coque à laquelle elle est reliée par un double système trabéculaire. Cette columelle peut disparaître. La coque, également siliceuse, est brunâtre, mince, finement ponctulée, mais non perforée (à l’échelle du microscope optique). Son ouverture porte des épines obliques, toujours dirigées vers la branche majeure du squelette. Ces épines décèlent la symétrie bilatérale de la coque, qui paraît composée de bandes obliques sensiblement d’égale largeur.” English translation of Deflandre’ original diagnosis (Noble et al., 2017, p. 420): “The organism’s shell, a very elongate hollow cone, is built on a filled siliceous skeleton in the form of a truncated H. A major rod, differentiated from this skeleton, may reach the apex to form a columella detached from the wall of the shell to which it is connected by a double trabecular meshwork. This columella may disappear. The shell is also siliceous, brownish, thin, finely punctate, but not perforated (as seen in transmitted light microscopy). Its aperture bears oblique spines, always oriented towards the major rod of the skeleton. These spines discern the bilateral symmetry of the shell, which appears to be composed of oblique bands of roughly approximately equal width.”

  3. A new emended diagnosis of the genus Pseudoalbaillella is composed, based on the analysis of the test morphology (Afanasieva, 2000; Afanasieva and Amon, 2003, 2006, 2015; Afanasieva et al., 2005) and taking into account amendments to the diagnoses of the Pseudoalbaillella, Parafollicucullus and Haplodiacanthus, proposed by previous authors (Nazarov and Rudenko, 1981, p. 133; Nazarov and Ormiston, 1985, p. 47; Isakova and Nazarov, 1986, p. 115; Nazarov, 1988, pp. 82–84; Nestell and Nestell, 2010, p. 17; 2020, p. 10; Nestell et al., 2012, p. 230). Original diagnosis of Pseudoalbaillella (Holdsworth and Jones, 1980, p. 285): “Bilaterally symmetrical, imperforate, siliceous shells of unknown internal structure showing major division into apical cone, more or less swollen, winged ‘pseudothorax’ and ‘pseudoabdomen’; with or without bilobation of pseudothorax.” Original diagnosis of Parafollicucullus (Holdsworth and Jones, 1980, p. 285): “Bilaterally symmetrical, imperforate siliceous shells of unknown internal structure with apical cone, winged pseudothorax and ring-like pre-pseudoabdominal segment interposed between pseudothorax and pseudoabdomen.”

  4. ICZN, Article 24, Recommendation 24A. Action of First Reviser. In acting as First Reviser in the meaning of this Article, an author should select the name, spelling or nomenclatural act that will best serve stability and universality of nomenclature.

  5. ICZN, Article 24.2.1. Statement of the Principle of the First Reviser. When the precedence between names or nomenclatural acts cannot be objectively determined, the precedence is fixed by the action of the first author citing in a published work those names or acts and selecting from them; this author is termed the “First Reviser”.

  6. Lambert et al. (2000) and Nestell and Nestell (2020) attributed this part of the section to the Roadian Stage (Middle Permian).

  7. The new emended diagnosis of the genus Holdsworthella is based on a new study of skeletal morphology and a previous diagnosis by Kozur (1981). Original diagnosis (Kozur, 1981, p. 268): “Schale deutlich in segmentierten Apicalkegel, aufblähten Pseudothorax und z.T. segmentiertes Pseudoabdomen dreigeteilt. Pseudothorax mit zwei kräften Stacheln. Distaler Abschnitt der beiden Columella sehr kräftig ausgebildet, außen mit großen Stacheln. An der Innenseite der ventralen Columella sind noch die kurzen Rudimente zweier Bögen ausgebildet. Übrige Bögen vollständig mit der Schale verschmolzen und nicht mehr erkennbar. Im distalen Dorsalabschnitt der Schale sind beiderseits der Columella stets zwei große Poren vorhanden. Der Pseudothorax kann einen Porenring aufweisen.” English translation of Kozur’s original diagnosis by J.P. Caulet RadWorld database—modified by Jörg Maletz (Noble et al., 2017, p. 429): “Shell differentiated into three part, a segmented apical cone, an inflated pseudothorax and a partly segmented pseudoabdomen. Pseudothorax with two strong spines. Distal ends of both columellae very robust, externally spinose. Two short rudimentary arches on the inner side of the ventral columella. The other arches merged into the shell and no longer recognizable. On the dorsal part of the shell, two large pores always distributed on each side of the columella. The pseudothorax may possess a row of pores.”

  8. “Based on Afanasieva and Amon’s observation, we think that Kozur and Mostler’s (1989) many proposed new genera should be reevaluated” (Nestell, Nestell, 2020, p. 10).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I express my gratitude to G.P. Nestell and V.S. Vishnevskaya for valuable advice and constructive comments, and to S.V. Nikolaeva for translating this paper into English.

This work was supported by the Program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Evolution of the Organic World. The Role and Influence of Planetary Processes”.

Photographs of radiolarians from Kozur, 1980, 1981 and Kozur et Mostler, 1989 are copyright ©Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Geologie and used with the kind permission of Prof. Dr. Diethard Sanders.

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Afanasieva, M.S. Revision of the Genera Spinodeflandrella Kozur, 1981, Holdsworthella Kozur, 1981 and Haplodiacanthus Nazarov et Rudenko, 1981 (Early Permian Radiolarians of the Order Albaillellaria) in the South Urals, Russia. Paleontol. J. 54, 1443–1455 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030120120060

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