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Devonian Radiolarian Ecozones of Northern Eurasia

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Abstract

This study provides a description of the Devonian radiolarian associations of northern Eurasia and discusses their role in the evolution of Earth’s biosphere. It contributes to evolutionary studies of the Earth and its organic world by reconstructing the diversity dynamics of the Devonian radiolarian biota and the chorology of its components, at the same time revealing the biostratigraphic and paleoecological potential of radiolarians. The taxonomic composition and characteristics of the dominant morphotypes in radiolarian communities are indicators of environmental conditions. Associations of radiolarians vary significantly between different, even neighboring, water areas, so they can be considered as ecozones. Data on the structure of associations of radiolarians at the level of taxa of higher rank (classes) are a kind of “certificate” or “passport” of ecozones of individual paleobasins. Radiolarian ecozones replace each other in time, which allows their use for biostratigraphy. The results of the new and revisional studies of the Devonian radiolarians from 15 regions of northern Eurasia enabled a refined and detailed radiolarian scale of the Devonian system and description of 39 Devonian radiolarian ecozones, 24 of which are described for the first time: 17 ecozones are recognized based on the literature data, while seven ecozones are based on analysis of new data. Of 39 ecozones, 33 are dated based on conodont data, and six are dated using the co-occurring foraminifers, ostracodes, and/or ammonoids. General patterns in the evolution of Devonian radiolarians of northern Eurasia are considered and discussed. Spherical porous Sphaerellaria distinctly dominated in the Devonian. A clear trend towards an eastward increase in the relative abundance of spongy and latticed morphotypes of Spumellaria is shown. Spiny Aculearia of the orders Fasciculata and Triangulata are found to have been widespread. The early evolution of the bilaterally symmetrical Albaillellata is recorded. It is shown that in the Famennian, radiolarians with a pylome, Popofskyellidae and Archocyrtiinae, were common, while the genus Caspiaza first appeared at that time. The habitats and the distribution of the discoidal and ellipsoidal radiolarian morphotypes are analyzed in space and time. The dominance of these morphotypes can be used as an indicator of shallow water settings and a marker of transgression and regression boundaries in the paleobasin. A model of cyclic deposition of Domanik-type rocks in an anoxic basin is proposed, and the ecology of radiolarians in the anoxic environments of the Middle Frasnian Domanik Paleosea is analyzed. The predominance of the spiny morphotypes over spherical radiolarians is proposed as a paleoclimatic coefficient indicating cooling of the seawater in a paleobasin. Devonian radiolarians are represented by indigenous species and migrant species: (1) the value of the settled index exceeds that of the migration index by 3–5 times, (2) radiolarians occupied new ecological niches by emigration of evolutionarily young species representing genera with one–two species in total. Four radiolarian migration episodes are established in the Famennian basins of Laurussia. The monograph is intended for widespread use in paleontology, biostratigraphy, paleoecology, paleobiogeography and for university courses.

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Notes

  1. When analyzing published data, only the illustrated radiolarian species were considered, while lists of taxa were not taken into account.

  2. Phosphorit aus der Petschora im Süd-Ural. Es ist diess eine schwarze im Inneren stark poröse Concretion aus phosphorsaurem Kalke, ziemlich viel Eisen und Kieselsäure bestehend (Rüst, 1892, p. 110).

  3. Unfortunately, illustrations of Givetian radiolarians from the Shuldak River (Nazarov, 1988, Table 9) fully repeat illustrations from a paper on Western Australia (Nazarov et al., 1982).

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author is sincerely grateful to A.Yu. Rozanov, A.S. Alekseev, S.V. Rozhnov, A.V. Lopatin, P.Yu. Parkhaev, and T.B. Leonova, without whose constant assistance this book could not have been written; A.I. Zhamoida for consultations and valuable advice on functional morphology of radiolarians; E.O. Amon for many years and fruitful cooperation; V.S. Vishnevskaya for a comprehensive discussion of radiolarian-related issues and kind permission to re-publish photographs of radiolarians from Poland (Vishnevskaya et al., 2002); L.I. Kononova for consultation on conodonts; David B. Lazarus, Galina P. Nestell and Merlynd K. Nestell for constructive advice and help in preparing the monograph; A.V. Andreev and I.E. Batrak for the kindly provided samples with radiolarians of the Southern Urals; A.L. Anfimov, A.Z. Bikbaev, K.S. Ivanov, G.A. Mizens, and B.I. Chuvashov for consultations on the geology of the Devonian of the Greater Urals and the opportunity to study samples with radiolarians; Ya.M. Gutak and V.N. Lyakhnitsky for consultations on the geology of the Devonian of Rudny Altai and for the kindly provided samples with radiolarians; A.L. Yurina for consultations on the Devonian geology of the Prague Basin and for the kindly provided samples with radiolarians; O.T. Obut and T.A. Shcherbanenko for his kind permission to republish photos of the Altai of the Rudny Altai (Obut and Shcherbanenko 2008); S.V. Nikolaeva for helpful advice and translating the monograph into English; A.F. Bannikov, Y.M. Kuzmina, and M.A. Knorre for recommendations and help in preparing the monograph for publication.

This book could not have been written in full without the kind permission of HR Mag. T. Hofmann Head of Library (“© Publishing Unit Geological Survey of Austria”), Emmanuel Côtez and Claire Margerie (“©Publishing Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris”), A. Nägele (“©Schweizerbart science publishers, journal’s” website: www.schweizerbart.de/journals/njgpa), and RNDr Zuzana Tasáryová, Ph.D. (“©Bulletin of Geosciences”) to reproduce photographs of radiolarians from Germany, Frasnian, and Czech Republic (Schmidt-Effing, 1988; Braun et al., 1992; Kiessling and Tragelehn, 1994; Budil, 1995).

Funding

The book was written in the framework of the budget program (state assignment) of the Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and with the support of fundamental research programs of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences: “The Origin of the biosphere and the evolution of geo-biological systems” (2009–2011), “Problems of the origin of life and the formation of the biosphere” (2012–2014), “The evolution of the organic world and planetary processes” (2015–2017), “The evolution of the organic world. The role and influence of planetary processes ”(2018–2020), and also with partial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, projects: No. 10-04-00143 “Evolution and paleobiogeography of the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic radiolarians” and No. 12-05-91155 “A comparative joint study of the Devonian radiolarians of Russia and China: biodiversity, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography.”

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    M. S. Afanasieva

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Correspondence to M. S. Afanasieva.

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Dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Department of Paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Translated by S. Nikolaeva

Marina Spartakovna Afanasieva

Marina Spartakovna Afanasieva

Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences

Graduated from the Geological Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1971.

PhD Thesis “Late Quaternary benthic foraminifers of the Central and Western parts of the Mediterranean Sea” (1981); DrSci Thesis “Paleozoic radiolarians of the Russian platform: systematics, paleoecology, and stratigraphic significance” (2000).

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (2002).

Member of the Moscow Society of Naturalists (1977), International Association of Paleontologists-Radiolarists (InterRad) (1984), Honorary Member of the Paleontological Society at the Russian Academy of Sciences (2004).

Badge “Excellence in exploration of mineral resources” (1998). Hans Rausing Honors (2001, 2007); diploma of Moscow Institute of Applied Mathematics (2004); medal “For contribution to the development of the Yu.A. Orlov Paleontological Museum” (2010); N.I. Vavilov medal “For contribution to the development of biology and agriculture (RANS)” (2013); A.A. Borissiak medal “For the Development of Paleontology” (2015).

Research interests: Paleozoic radiolarians, morphology, biomineralization, taxonomy, phylogeny, classification, evolution, biodiversity, mass extinctions, paleoecology, paleobiogeography, biostratigraphy.

Author of 340 publications, including five monographs: “Atlas of the Paleozoic radiolarians of the Russian Platform” (Moscow: Scientific World, 2000, 480 pp.); “Radiolarians in the geological annals” (in co-authorship with E.O. Amon, Yu.V. Agarkov, and D.S. Boltovskoy, Paleontological Journal., 2005, vol. 39, suppl. 3, pp. S135–S392); Radiolaria (in co-authorship with E.O. Amon, Moscow: Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2006, 320 pp.); Devonian radiolarians of Russia (in co-authorship with E.O. Amon, Paleontological Journal, 2011, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1313–1532); Biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of Devonian radiolarians of Russia (in co-authorship with E.O. Amon, Moscow: Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2012, 280 pp.).

Address: Russia, 117647, Moscow, Profsoyuznaya ul., 123, Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, e-mail: afanasieva@paleo.ru

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Afanasieva, M.S. Devonian Radiolarian Ecozones of Northern Eurasia. Paleontol. J. 54, 947–1093 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030120090014

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