Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ultrastructural Changes in the Frog Brain in the Presence of High Concentrations of Glutamate and an NO-Generating Compound

  • Cell Biophysics
  • Published:
Biophysics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This review summarizes published data and original findings on the morphology of neurons and glial cells in normal conditions and model conditions that simulate those in the human brain during stroke. Ultrastructural changes that occur in the presence of high concentrations of glutamate (Glu, 0.1–5.0 M) and the NO-generating compound NaNO2 (0.1–5.0 mM) were studied in the cerebella (frog cerebellum), which is one of the simplest circuitries structurally. Such studies and data analyses are important because hyperstimulation of Glu receptors is a leading pathogenetic factor of neuronal damage during a stroke. High Glu concentrations exert a toxic effect and damage cerebellar neurons and glial cells. Mitochondria are de-energized, ionic homeostasis is distorted, the intracellular Ca2+ concentration increases, and constitutive NO synthases are activated in the process. The changes result in an increase in the contents of NO and its transformation products, which are involved in a negative feedback mechanism from postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic cells. Biochemical processes are consequently affected, and morphological changes are induced in neurons and glial cells, leading to their swelling. At the same time, ultrastructural compensatory adaptive mechanisms develop to reduce the damaging effect of high concentrations of Glu and NO-generating compounds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

Glu:

glutamate

SV:

synaptic vesicle

References

  1. S. P. Warlow, M. S. Dennis, J. Vam Gijn, et al., Stroke: A Practical Guide to Management (Blackwell, Oxford, 1996; St. Petersburg, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. A. Mokrushin and L. I. Pavlinova, Hemorrhagic Stroke: Mechanisms of Damage to Neurons and the Possibility of Restoring Their Activity (St. Petersburg, 2012) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  3. A. Kh. Khama-Murad, L. M. Pavlinova, and A. A. Mokrushin, Usp. Fiziol. Nauk 39, 45 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  4. V. P. Reutov, E. G. Sorokina, and V. N. Shvalev, Usp. Fiziol. Nauk 43, 73 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  5. V. P. Reutov, E. G. Sorokina, N. V. Samosudova, and N. V. Zakharchuk, Tikhook. Med. Zh., No. 3, 37 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  6. V. M. Chertok and A. E. Kotsyuba, Tikhook. Med. Zh., No. 2, 17 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  7. M. Ito, Prog. Neurobiol. 78, 272 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. V. P. Reutov, E. G. Sorokina, N. V. Samosudova, et al., Evraz. Nauch. Ob"ed., No. 3 (25), 46 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  9. V. P. Reutov, E. G. Sorokina, N. V. Samosudova, Evraz. Nauch. Ob"ed., No. 4 (26), 73 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  10. V. M. Chertok and A. G. Chertok, Tikhook. Med. Zh., No. 2, 72 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  11. V. P. Reutov, Usp. Biol. Khim. 35, 189 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  12. V. P. Reutov and E. G. Sorokina, Biochemistry (Moscow) 63 (7), 874 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  13. S. G. Kalinichenko, Tikhook. Med. Zh., No. 2, 42 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  14. N. L. Cerminara, J. Neurosci. 30, 16065 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Szentagothai, Theor. Med. 14, 101 (1993).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. V. P. Reutov, E. G. Sorokina, V. E. Okhotin, and N. S. Kositsyn, Cyclic Transformations of Nitric Oxide in Mammals (Moscow, 1997) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  17. A. M. Surin, L. R. Gorbacheva, I. G. Savinkova, et al., Biochemistry (Moscow) 79 (2), 146 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. T. P. Storozhevykh, V. G. Pinelis, and N. P. Vinskata, Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 135 (2), 139 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Z. A. Suslina, Ann. Klin. Eksp. Nevrol. 1 (1), 10 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  20. L. G. Khaspekov, Doctoral Dissertation in Biology (Moscow, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  21. B. I. Khodorov, T. P. Storozhevykh, and A. M. Surin, Biol. Membrany 18, 421 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  22. K. S. Raevskii, V. G. Bashkatova, and A. F. Vanin, Vestn. Ross. Akad. Med. Nauk, No. 4, 1 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  23. E. I. Gusev and V. I. Skvortsova, Brain Ischemia (Moscow, 2001) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  24. V. P. Reutov, Ya. I. Azhipa, and L. P. Kayushin, Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 9, 299 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  25. V. P. Reutov, Ya. I. Azhipa, and L. P. Kayushin, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 241, 1375 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  26. V. P. Reutov, in New Information Technologies in Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, and Ecology: Proc. Int. Conf., Ed. by E. L. Gloriozov (2015), pp. 133–135 [in Russian].

  27. V. P. Reutov, in New Information Technologies in Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, and Ecology: Proc. Int. Conf., Ed. by E. L. Gloriozov (2015), pp. 144–159 [in Russian].

  28. N. P. Larionova, V. P. Reutov, N. V. Samosudova, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 393, 698 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  29. N. P. Larionova, V. P. Reutov, N. V. Samosudova, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 401, 419 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  30. N. P. Larionova, V. P. Reutov, N. V. Samosudova, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Morfologiya 129 (2), 53 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  31. N. P. Larionova, V. P. Reutov, N. V. Samosudova, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 432, 276 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  32. N. P. Larionova, N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 369, 836 (1999).

    Google Scholar 

  33. N. P. Larionova, N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 376, 701 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  34. V. P. Reutov, N. V. Samosudova, N. P. Larionova, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Novosti Med.-Biol. Nauk, No. 1, 57 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  35. V. P. Reutov, N. V. Samosudova, and N. A. Filippova, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 426, 410 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  36. V. P. Reutov, N. V. Samosudova, and N. A. Filippova, Neiroimmunologiya 7 (1), 88 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  37. N. V. Samosudova, N. P. Larionova, V. P. Reutov, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 361, 704 (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  38. N. V. Samosudova and V. P. Reutov, Biochemistry (Moscow), Suppl. Ser. A: Membr. Cell Biol. 7 (2), 157 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. N. V. Samosudova and V. P. Reutov, Morfologiya 148 (5), 32 (2015).

    Google Scholar 

  40. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, A. L. Krushinsky, et al., Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 153 (6), 831 (2012).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, and N. P. Larionova, Tsitologiya 42, 72 (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  42. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, and N. P. Larionova, Izv. TGRU, No. 4, 369 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  43. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, and N. P. Larionova, Morfologiya 129 (2), 84 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  44. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, and N. P. Larionova, Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 146 (7), 9 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, and N. P. Larionova, Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 150 (2), 247 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, N. P. Larionova, Morfologiya 140 (4), 13 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  47. O. Larsell, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. (Chicago) 58, 580 (1937).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. C. Sotelo, in Proc. First Int. Symp. Neurobiology of Cerebellar Evolution and Development, Ed. by R. Llinas (1969), p. 327.

  49. Yu. I. Arshavsky, I. M. Gelfand, and G. N. Orlovsky, The Cerebellum and Control of Rhythmical Movements (Moscow, 1984) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  50. O. I. Bortnik, Nevrol. Neirokhirurg. Belarusi, No. 4, 1 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  51. J. C. Eccles, Brain Res. 127, 327 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. J. C. Eccles and D. S. Faber, Exp. Brain Res. 13, 54 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. J. C. Eccles, R. Llinas, and K. Sasaki, Exp. Brain Res. 8, 82 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  54. J. C. Eccles, R. Llinas, and K. J. Sasaki, J. Physiol. 182 (2), 268 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. M. Ito and M. Yoshida, Exp. Brain Res. 10 (1), 64 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. M. Ito, M. Yoshida, and K. Obata, Experientia, 20 (10), 575 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. S. G. Kalinichenko and P. A. Motavkin, The Cerebellar Cortex (Moscow, 2005) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  58. A. M. Fannon, D. Sherman, and G. Ilyina-Gragerov, J. Cell Biol. 129, 189 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. G. Fellin and G. Carmignot, J. Physiol. 59, 3, (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  60. J. C. Furman, P. Sompol, and S. Kraner, J. Neurosci. 36 (50), 1502 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. L. Herz and H. R. Zielke, Trends Neurosci. 27 (12), 735 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. H. T. Kao, B. Porton, and S. Hilfiker, J. Exp. Zool. 285 (4), 360 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. N. H. Murphy, L. A. Blatter, W. G. Wier, and J. M. Baraban, J. Neurosci. 132, 672 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  64. E. A. Newman, Neuron Glia Biol. 1 (3), 245 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  65. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, and N. P. Larionova, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 336 (3), 406 (1994).

    Google Scholar 

  66. M. Nedergard, Science 263, 1768 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. I. Pasti, A. Volterra, T. Pozzan, and G. Carmignoto, J. Neurosci. 17, 7817 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. M. Simard and M. Nedergaard, Neuroscience 129 (4), 877 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. A. Volterra and J. Meldoltsi, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 626 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. N. G. Wahlgren and N. Ahmed, Cerebrovasc. Dis. 17 (Suppl. 1), 53 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  71. N. V. Samosudova and V. P. Reutov, Biochemistry (Moscow), Suppl. Ser. A: Membr. Cell Biol. 7 (2), 157 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. B. Short, J. Cell Biol. 188, 2 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. V. N. Perfilova and I. N. Tyurenkov, Usp. Fiziol. Nauk 47 (1), 80 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  74. V. N. Perfilova and I. N. Tyurenkov, Usp. Fiziol. Nauk 47 (2), 98 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  75. V. Gallo and C. Ghiani, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1 (7), 252 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. L. Herz and H. R. Zielke, Trends Neurosci. 27 (12), 735 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. N. P. Larionova, V. P. Reutov, and N. V. Savosudova, Glia, Suppl. 1, 684 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  78. O. Larsell, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 58, 580 (1937).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. J. W. Olney, Neurotoxicology 3 (6), 659 (2002).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. J. W. Olney, R. G. Sharpe, and R. D. Fergin, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 31, 464 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, N. P. Larionova, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 378, 417 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

  82. R. D. Fields and B. Stevens-Graham, Science 298, 556 (2002).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. V. Alvarez-Maubecin, F. Garcia-Hernandez, J. Williams, and E. Van Bockstaele, J. Neurosci. 20, 4091 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. C. V. Anderson and R. A. Swanson, Glia, 32, 253 (2000).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. N. H. Murphy, L. A. Blatter, W. G. Wier, and J. M. Baraban, J. Neurosci. 132, 672 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  86. M. Simard and M. Nedergaard, Neuroscience 129 (4), 877 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. A. M. Surin, L. R. Gorbacheva, I. G. Savinkova, et al., Biochemistry (Moscow) 79 (2), 146 (2014).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Y. M. Janumyan, C. Sansem, and A. Chattopadhyay, EMBO J. 22 (20), 5459 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. G. A. Anderson, Stroke 39, 42 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. M. Bacigaluppi and D. Hermann, Sci. World J. 3 (8), 698 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. T. Tacano, N. M. Oberheim, L. Cotrina, and M. Nedergaard, Stroke 40 (Suppl.), S8 (2009).

  92. Y. Ueda, T. Doi, N. Tsuru, et al., Brain Res. 104 (2), 120 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  93. A. Volterra and C. Steinhauser, Glia 47 (3), 249 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, N. P. Larionova, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Tsitologiya 47 (3), 214 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  95. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, N. P. Larionova, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Morfologiya 131 (2), 53 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  96. J. C. Eccles, The Physiology of Synapses (Springer, Berlin, 1964; Moscow, 1966).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  97. V. I. Popov, N. I. Medvedev, V. V. Rogachevskii, et al., Biophysics (Moscow) 48 (2), 272 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  98. D. O. Hebb, The organization of Behavior (New York, 1949).

    Google Scholar 

  99. V. E. Okhotin, S. G. Kalinichenko, and Yu. V. Dudina, Usp. Fiziol. Nauk 33 (2), 21 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

  100. E. L. Dyakonova and V. P. Reutov, Ross. Fiziol. Zh. im. I. M. Sechenova 84 (11), (1998).

    Google Scholar 

  101. O. S. Sotnikov, V. V. Malashko, and G. I. Rybakova, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 410 (1), 130 (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  102. O. S. Sotnikov, V. V. Malashko, and G. I. Rybakova, Morfologiya 131 (2), 7 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  103. O. S. Sotnikov, Syncytial Cytoplasmic Connection and Neuron Fusion (Nauka, St. Petersburg, 2013) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  104. O. S. Sotnikov, L. E. Frumkina, and A. K. Novakovskaya, Morfologiya 136 (2), 18 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  105. O. S. Sotnikov, L. E. Frumkina, and A. A. Laktionova, Usp. Fiziol. Nauk 42 (4), 38 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  106. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, and N. P. Larionova, in Biological Motility: New Trends in Research, Proc. Int. Symp. (Puschino, 2001), p. 126.

    Google Scholar 

  107. A. J. Barker and E. M. Ullian, Scientist 16 (1), 40 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  108. M. A. Bhat, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 13 (5), 552 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. H. Sayan, E. G. Ugurlu, A. Babul, et al., J. Neurosci. 114 (3), 349 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  110. N. V. Samosudova, V. P. Reutov, N. P. Larionova, and L. M. Chailakhyan, Aktual’n. Vopr. Transport. Med. 9 (3), 127 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  111. N. A. Oberheim, X. Wang, S. Goldman, and M. Nedergaard, Trends Neurosci. 29, 547 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. M. A. Salykina, E. G. Sorokina, I. A. Krasilnikova, et al., Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 155 (1), 40 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. E. G. Sorokina, V. P. Reutov, and N. P. Vinskaya, Vesti Nats. Akad. Nauk Belarusi, Ser. Med.-Biol. Nauk, No. 2, 59 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  114. E. G. Sorokina, V. P. Reutov, Ya. E. Senilova, et al., Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 143 (4), 442 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. E. G. Sorokina, V. P. Reutov, and V. G. Pinelis, Aktual’n. Vopr. Transport. Med. 10 (4), 133 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  116. V. B. Koshelev, A. L. Krushinsky, V. S. Kuzenkov, and V. P. Reutov, Novosti Med.-Biol. Nauk, No. 1, 41 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  117. A. L. Krushinsky, V. S. Kuzenkov, V. E. D’yakonova, and V. P. Reutov, Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 150 (1), 32 (2010).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. A. L. Krushinsky, V. S. Kuzenkov, V. E. D’yakonova, and V. P. Reutov, Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. 114 (8), 21 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  119. A. L. Krushinsky, V. S. Kuzenkov, V. P. Reutov, Novosti Med.-Biol. Nauk, No. 1, 61 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  120. A. L. Krushinsky, V. P. Reutov, V. S. Kuzenkov, et al., Biol. Bull. (Moscow) 34 (3), 271 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. A. L. Krushinsky, V. P. Reutov, V. S. Kuzenkov, Aktual’n. Vopr. Transport. Med. 10 (4),117 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  122. E. G. Sorokina, Zh. B. Semenova, and V. V. Alatyrtsev, Allergol. Immunol. 10 (2), 280 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  123. E. G. Sorokina, Zh. B. Semenova, and N. A. Bazarnaya, Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. im. S. S. Korsakova 108 (3), 67 (2008).

    Google Scholar 

  124. E. G. Sorokina, Zh. B. Semenova, and O. K. Granstrem, Zh. Nevrol. Psikhiatr. im. S. S. Korsakova 110 (8), 25 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  125. E. G. Sorokina, Zh. B. Semenova, and O. V. Karaseva, in in New Information Technologies in Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, and Ecology: Proc. Int. Conf., Ed. by E. L. Gloriozov (2015), p. 139 [in Russian].

  126. E. G. Sorokina, M. A. Chernenko, V. P. Reutov, and Zh. B. Semenova, Evraz. Nauch. Ob"ed. 1 (5), 55 (2016).

    Google Scholar 

  127. O. K. Granstrem, E. G. Sorokina, and M. A. Salykina, Neiroimmunologiya 8 (1–2), 34 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  128. D. S. Esipov, O. V. Esipova, and T. V. Zinevich, Vestn. MITKhT 7 (1), 59 (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  129. D. S. Esipov, E. V. Sidorenko, and O. V. Esipova, Vestn. MITKhT 5 (3), 69. (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  130. V. P. Reutov, N. V. Samosudova, N. A. Filippova, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 426 (3), 410 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  131. V. P. Reutov, N. V. Samosudova, and N. A. Filippova, Neiroimmunologiya 7 (1), 88 (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  132. M. Janumyan, C. Sansem, and A. Chattopadhyay, EMBO J. 22 (20), 5459 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. P. M. Balaban and I. S. Zakharov, Education and Development: A Common Basis for Two Phenomena (Moscow, 1992) [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  134. P. M. Balaban and T. A. Korshunova, Usp. Fiziol. Nauk 42 (4), 3 (2011).

    Google Scholar 

  135. A. V. Gurin, Usp. Fiziol. Nauk 28 (1), 53 (1997).

    Google Scholar 

  136. D. J. Taylor, G. W. Stout, and N. P. O. Green, Biological Science, Ed. by R. Soper (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2002; Mir, Moscow, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  137. A. Volterra and J. Meldoltsi, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 626 (2005).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. N. G. Wahlgren and N. Ahmed, Cerebrovasc. Dis. 17 (Suppl. 1), 53 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  139. V. B. Koshelev, A. L. Krushinsky, and V. S. Kuzenkov, Novosti Med.-Biol. Nauk, No. 1, 41 (2004).

    Google Scholar 

  140. E. G. Sorokina, V. P. Reutov, and O. K. Granstrem, Neiroimmunologiya, No. 1 (2), 137 (2003).

    Google Scholar 

  141. J. O. Lundberg, M. T. Gladwin, and A. Ahluwalia, Nat. Chem. Biol. 5 (12), 865 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. V. N. Shvalev, V. P. Reutov, A. N. Rogoza, et al., Tikhook. Med. Zh., No. 1, 10 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  143. V. N. Shvalev, V. P. Reutov, A. N. Rogoza, et al., Morfol. Vedomosti, No. 1, 6 (2014).

    Google Scholar 

  144. A. L. Krushinsky, V. S. Kuzenkov, V. E. Dyakonova, and V. P. Reutov, Biol. Bull. (Moscow) 42 (1), 67 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. V. N. Shvalev, V. P. Reutov, V. B. Sergienko, et al., Kazan. Med. Zh. 97 (4), 598 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. N. V. Samosudova and V. P. Reutov, Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 46 (7), 843 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. V. N. Shvalev, A. N. Rogoza, N. A. Tarskii, et al., Tikhook. Med. Zh., No. 1, 42 (2017).

    Google Scholar 

  148. O. E. Fadyukova, V. S. Kuzenkov, V. P. Reutov, et al., Rass. Fiziol. Zh. im. I. M. Sechenova 90 (1), 89 (2005).

    Google Scholar 

  149. E. G. Sorokina, V. P. Reutov, O. K. Granstrem, et al., Vesti Nats. Akad. Nauk Belarusi, Ser. Med.-Biol. Nauk, No. 1, 18 (2002).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bol’shoi Karetnyi per. 19/1, Moscow, 127051, Russia

    N. V. Samosudova

  2. Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Butlerova 5a, Moscow, 117485, Russia

    V. P. Reutov

Authors
  1. N. V. Samosudova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. P. Reutov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. P. Reutov.

Additional information

Original Russian Text © N.V. Samosudova, V.P. Reutov, 2018, published in Biofizika, 2018, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 528–543.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Samosudova, N.V., Reutov, V.P. Ultrastructural Changes in the Frog Brain in the Presence of High Concentrations of Glutamate and an NO-Generating Compound. BIOPHYSICS 63, 402–415 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006350918030211

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006350918030211

Keywords

Search

Navigation