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Sodium Ions as Regulators of Transcription in Mammalian Cells

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Abstract

The maintenance of an uneven distribution of Na+ and K+ ions between the cytoplasm and extracellular medium is the basis for the functioning of any animal cell. Changes in the intracellular ratio of these cations occur in response to numerous stimuli and are important for the cell activity regulation. Numerous experimental data have shown that gene transcription in mammalian cells can be regulated by changes in the intracellular [Na+]i/[K+]i ratio. Here, we discuss possible mechanisms of such regulation in various cell types, with special attention to the [Ca2+]-independent signaling pathways that suggest the presence of an intracellular sensor of monovalent cations. As such sensor, we propose the secondary structures of nucleic acids called G-quadruplexes. They are widely represented in mammalian genomes and are often found in the promoters of genes encoding transcription factors.

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Abbreviations

CaMKI-IV:

Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases I-IV

cAMP:

cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate

Cd68:

macrophage antigen CD68

CRE:

cAMP response element

Fos:

Fos subunit gene of transcription activator factor 1 (AP-1)

HeLa cells:

human cervical carcinoma cells

Ier2, Ier3, Ier5:

immediate early response genes 2, 3, 5

Il6:

interleukin 6 gene

Jun:

Jun subunit gene of transcription activating factor 1 (AP-1)

Ptgs2:

prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (cyclooxygenase 2) gene

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Funding

This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 19-75-10009).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, 119234, Moscow, Russia

    Olga D. Lopina, Dmitrii A. Fedorov, Svetlana V. Sidorenko, Olesya V. Bukach & Elizaveta A. Klimanova

Authors
  1. Olga D. Lopina
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  2. Dmitrii A. Fedorov
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  3. Svetlana V. Sidorenko
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  4. Olesya V. Bukach
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  5. Elizaveta A. Klimanova
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Contributions

Lopina, Bukach, and Klimanova wrote the original text of the manuscript; Fedorov and Sidorenko preparing illustrations and tables; all authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Olga D. Lopina or Elizaveta A. Klimanova.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest. This article does not describe any research involving humans or animals as subjects performed by any of the authors.

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Lopina, O.D., Fedorov, D.A., Sidorenko, S.V. et al. Sodium Ions as Regulators of Transcription in Mammalian Cells. Biochemistry Moscow 87, 789–799 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297922080107

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297922080107

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