Abstract
This article examines how the level of social trust varies between different party supporters in four Nordic countries. We aim to offer new interpretations concerning the associations between party preference and social trust by examining social activity, social status and institutional confidence of political party supporters. Our data are derived from the Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish sections of the European Social Survey including three recent rounds with over 20,000 observations. We found that the level of trust among the supporters of populist parties is relatively low in each country. Differences between parties may not be explained completely by respondents’ perceived social activity or institutional trust. Our results also suggest that higher societal status does not affect social trust similarly across party groups. In country comparison, we found that the supporters of populist parties are not as isolated in Finland as elsewhere. The article concludes with a discussion on interconnectivity between social trust and cultural homology, which is channelled by citizens’ political preference.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The group of populist parties in these four Nordic countries are: The Finns, Progress Party (Norway), Danish People’s Party, Sweden Democrats.
References
Arter, D. 1999. Scandinavian politics today. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Arter, D. 2012. ‘Big Bang’ elections and party systems change in Scandinavia: Farewell to the ‘Enduring Party System’? Parliamentary Affairs 65: 822–844.
Bartels, L.M. 2000. Partisanship and voting behavior, 1952–1996. American Journal of Political Science 44: 35–50.
Bengtsson, Å., K. Hansen, Ó.Þ. Harõarson, H.M. Narud, and H. Oscarsson. 2013. The Nordic voter: Myths of exceptionalism. Cape Town: Ecpr Press.
Berglund, S., and U. Lindström. 1978. The scandinavian party system(s). Lund: Studentlitteratur.
Berning, C., and C. Ziller. 2016. Social trust and radical right-wing populist party preferences. Acta Politica 00: 1–20.
Bianchi, E.C., and K.D. Vohs. 2016. Social class and social worlds income predicts the frequency and nature of social contact. Social Psychological and Personality Science 7 (5): 479–486.
Bjørnskov, C. 2007. Determinants of generalized trust: A cross-country comparison. Public Choice 130 (1–2): 1–21.
Bjørnskov, C. 2012. How does social trust affect economic growth? Southern Economic Journal 78 (4): 1346–1368.
Bloom, P.B.N., and O. Bagno-Moldavsky. 2015. The conditional effect of network diversity and values on tolerance. Political Behavior 37 (3): 623–651.
Bäck, M., and E. Kestilä-Kekkonen. 2014. Owning protest but sharing distrust? Confidence in the political system and anti-political-establishment party choice in the Finnish 2011 parliamentary elections. Research on Finnish Society 7 (1): 21–35.
Canovan, M. 1999. Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies 47 (1): 2–16.
Charron, N., and B. Rothstein. 2016. Does education lead to higher generalized trust? The importance of quality of government. International Journal of Educational Development 50: 59–73.
Christakis, N.A., and J.H. Fowler. 2009. Connected: The surprising power of our social networks and how they shape our lives. New York: Little Brown.
Coleman, J.S. 1988. Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology 94: 95–120.
Dassonneville, R., and M. Hooghe. 2015. Economic indicators and electoral volatility: Economic effects on electoral volatility in Western Europe, 1950–2013. Comparative European Politics. doi:10.1057/cep.2015.3.
De Tocqueville, A. 2003. Democracy in America, vol. 10. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
Delhey, J., and K. Newton. 2003. Who trusts? The origins of social trust in seven societies. European Societies 5 (2): 93–137.
Delhey, J., and K. Newton. 2005. Predicting cross-national levels of social trust: Global pattern or Nordic exceptionalism? European Sociological Review 21 (4): 311–327.
Dieckhoff, M., and V. Gash. 2015. Unemployed and alone? Unemployment and social participation in Europe. International Journal of Sociology and Social policy 35 (1/2): 67–90.
DiMaggio, P., and F. Garip. 2012. Network effects and social inequality. Annual Review of Sociology 38: 93–118.
Dinesen, P.T. 2012. Does generalized (dis) trust travel? Examining the impact of cultural heritage and destination-country environment on trust of immigrants. Political Psychology 33 (4): 495–511.
Dinesen, P.T. 2013. Where you come from or where you live? Examining the cultural and institutional explanation of generalized trust using migration as a natural experiment. European Sociological Review 29 (1): 114–128.
Erlingsson, G.Ó., K. Vernby, and R. Öhrvall. 2014. The single-issue party thesis and the Sweden Democrats. Acta Politica 49 (2): 196–216.
European Social Survey. 2015. ESS round 7 (2014/2015) technical report. London: ESS ERIC.
European Social Survey. 2014. ESS round 7 source questionnaire. London: ESS ERIC Headquarters, Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, City University London.
Eveland Jr., W.P. 2004. The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens: The roles of information, motivation, and elaboration. Political Communication 21 (2): 177–193.
Freitag, M., and R. Traunmüller. 2009. Spheres of trust: An empirical analysis of the foundations of particularised and generalised trust. European Journal of Political Research 48 (6): 782–803.
Glanville, J.L., M.A. Andersson, and P. Paxton. 2013. Do social connections create trust? An examination using new longitudinal data. Social Forces 92 (2): 545–562.
Helliwell, J.F., R.D. Putnam. 2007. Education and Social Capital. Eastern Economic Journal 33 (1): 1–19.
Huckfeldt, R., and J. Sprague. 1987. Networks in context: The social flow of political information. American Political Science Review 81 (4): 1197–1216.
Ikeda, K.I., and S. Richey. 2009. The impact of diversity in informal social networks on tolerance in Japan. British Journal of Political Science 39 (3): 655–668.
Ikeda, K.I., T. Kobayashi, and S. Richey. 2012. Recreation and participation: Testing the political impact of social interaction. Social Science Quarterly 93 (2): 464–481.
Inglehart, R. 1999. Trust, well-being and democracy. In Democracy and trust, ed. Mark E. Warren, 88–120. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Jann, B. 2014. Plotting regression coefficients and other estimates in Stata. The Stata Journal 14 (4): 708–737.
Jesuit, D.K., P.R. Paradowski, and V.A. Mahler. 2009. Electoral support for extreme right-wing parties: A sub-national analysis of western European elections. Electoral Studies 28 (2): 279–290.
Jungar, A.-C., and A.R. Jupskås. 2014. Populist radical right parties in the Nordic region: A new and distinct party family? Scandinavian Political Studies 37 (3): 215–238.
Karvonen, L. 2014. Parties, governments and voters in Finland: Politics under fundamental societal transformation. Cape Town: ECPR Press.
Kemmelmeier, M., C. Danielson, and J. Basten. 2005. What’s in a grade? Academic success and political orientation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31 (10): 1386–1399.
Klofstad, C.A. 2015. Exposure to political discussion in college is associated with higher rates of political participation over time. Political Communication 32 (2): 292–309.
Kotler-Berkowitz, L. 2005. Friends and politics: Linking diverse friendship networks to political participation. In The social logic of politics: Personal networks as contexts for political behaviour, ed. A.S. Zuckerman, 152–170. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Kouvo, A., and P. Räsänen. 2015. Foundations of subjective well-being in turbulent times: A comparison of four European countries. International Journal of Sociology and Social policy 35 (1/2): 2–17.
Knutsen, O. 2001. Social class, sector employment, and gender as party cleavages in the Scandinavian countries: A comparative longitudinal study, 1970–95. Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (4): 311–350.
Kriesi, H. 2010. Restructuration of partisan politics and the emergence of a new cleavage based on values. West European Politics 33 (3): 673–685.
Kuisma, M., and M. Ryner. 2012. Third way decomposition and the rightward shift in Finnish and Swedish politics. Contemporary Politics 18 (3): 325–342.
Levine, J. 2005. Choosing alone? The social network basis of modern political choice. In The social logic of politics: Personal networks as contexts for political behavior, ed. A.S. Zuckerman. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Levinsen, K., and C. Yndigegn. 2015. Political discussions with family and friends: Exploring the impact of political distance. The Sociological Review 63 (S2): 72–91.
Lim, C. 2008. Social networks and political participation: How do networks matter? Social Forces 87 (2): 961–982.
Lupton, R.N., S.P. Singh, and J.R. Thornton. 2015. The moderating impact of social networks on the relationships among core values, partisanship, and candidate evaluations. Political Psychology 36 (4): 399–414.
Lupu, N. 2015. Party polarization and mass partisanship: A comparative perspective. Political Behavior 37 (2): 331–356.
Marx, P., and C. Nguyen. 2016. Are the unemployed less politically involved? A comparative study of internal political efficacy. European Sociological Review 32 (5): 634–648.
McNeish, D., and L.M. Stapleton. 2016. Modeling clustered data with very few clusters. Multivariate Behavioral Research 51 (4): 495–518.
Möllering, G. 2006. Trust: Reason, routine, reflexivity. Emerald Group Publishing.
Nannestad, P. 2008. What have we learned about generalized trust, if anything? Annual Review of Political Science 11: 413–436.
Nannestad, P., G.T. Svendsen, P.T. Dinesen, and K.M. Sønderskov. 2014. Do institutions or culture determine the level of social trust? The natural experiment of migration from non-western to western countries. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (4): 544–565.
Newton, K. 2001. Trust, social capital, civil society, and democracy. International Political Science Review 22 (2): 201–214.
Nieuwelink, H., P. Dekker, F. Geijsel, and G. Ten Dam. 2016. “Adolescents’ experiences with democracy and collective decision-making in everyday life.” In Political engagement of the young in Europe. Youth in the Crucible, eds. P. Thijssen, J. Siongers, J. Van Laer, J. Haers and S. Mels, 174–198. New York: Routledge.
Pattie, C., and R. Johnston. 2016. Talking with one voice? Conversation networks and political polarisation. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 18 (2): 482–497.
Paxton, P., and J.L. Glanville. 2015. Is trust rigid or malleable? A laboratory experiment. Social Psychology Quarterly 78 (2): 194–204.
Petrocik, J.R. 2009. Measuring party support: Leaners are not independents. Electoral Studies 28 (4): 562–572.
Putnam, R.D. 2001. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Quintelier, E., D. Stolle, and A. Harell. 2012. Politics in peer groups: Exploring the causal relationship between network diversity and political participation. Political Research Quarterly 65 (4): 868–881.
Rapp, C., and M. Freitag. 2015. Teaching tolerance? Associational diversity and tolerance formation. Political Studies 63 (5): 1031–1051.
Rico, G., and M.K. Jennings. 2015. The formation of left-right identification: Pathways and correlates of parental influence. Political Psychology 37 (2): 237–253.
Rolfe, M. 2012. Voter turnout: A social theory of political participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rothstein, B. 2005. Social traps and the problem of trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rothstein, B., and E.M. Uslaner. 2005. All for all: Equality, corruption, and social trust. World Politics 58 (01): 41–72.
Rothstein, B., and D. Stolle. 2008. The state and social capital: An institutional theory of generalized trust. Comparative Politics 40 (4): 441–459.
Rydgren, J. 2010. Radical right-wing populism in Denmark and Sweden: Explaining party system change and stability. SAIS Review of International Affairs 30 (1): 57–71.
Rydgren, J. 2011. A legacy of ‘uncivicness’? Social capital and radical right-wing populist voting in Eastern Europe. Acta Politica 46 (2): 132–157.
Rydgren, J. 2009. Social isolation? Social capital and radical right-wing voting in Western Europe. Journal of Civil Society 5 (2): 129–150.
Sinclair, B. 2012. The social citizen: Peer networks and political behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Schmitt-Beck, R., and J. Partheymüller. 2016. A two-stage theory of discussant influence on vote choice in multiparty systems. British Journal of Political Science 46 (02): 321–348.
Sokhey, A.E., and S.D. McClurg. 2012. Social networks and correct voting. The Journal of Politics 74 (03): 751–764.
Sønderskov, K.M., and P.T. Dinesen. 2016. Trusting the state, trusting each other? The effect of institutional trust on social trust. Political Behavior 38 (1): 179–202.
Sullivan, J.L., and J.E. Transue. 1999. The psychological underpinnings of democracy: A selective review of research on political tolerance, interpersonal trust, and social capital. Annual Review of Psychology 50: 625.
Thomassen, J., and R. Martin. 2014. Party identification revisited. In Political parties and partisanship: Social identity and individual attitudes, ed. J. Bartle, and P. Bellucci. Abingdon: Routledge.
Van Biezen, I., and T. Poguntke. 2014. The decline of membership-based politics. Party Politics 20 (2): 205–216.
Van der Eijk, C., H. Schmitt, and T. Binder. 2005. Left–right orientations and party choice. In The European voter: A comparative study of modern democracies, ed. J. Thomassen. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van Ingen, E., and R. Bekkers. 2015. Generalized trust through civic engagement? Evidence from five national panel studies. Political Psychology 36 (3): 277–294.
Van Ingen, E., and T. van der Meer. 2016. Schools or pools of democracy? A longitudinal test of the relation between civic participation and political socialization. Political Behavior 38 (1): 83–103.
Vanhoutte, B., and M. Hooghe. 2013. The influence of social structure, networks and community on party choice in the Flemish region of Belgium: A multilevel analysis. Acta Politica 48 (2): 209–236.
Walczak, A., W. van der Brug, and C.E. de Vries. 2012. Long-and short-term determinants of party preferences: Inter-generational differences in Western and East Central Europe. Electoral Studies 31 (2): 273–284.
Wilkinson, R.G., and K.E. Pickett. 2009. Income inequality and social dysfunction. Annual Review of Sociology 35: 493–511.
Wolak, J. 2009. Explaining change in party identification in adolescence. Electoral Studies 28 (4): 573–583.
Zuckerman, A.S. 2005. The social logic of politics: Personal networks as contexts for political behavior. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
See Table 5.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Koivula, A., Saarinen, A. & Räsänen, P. Political party preference and social trust in four Nordic countries. Comp Eur Polit 15, 1030–1051 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-017-0103-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-017-0103-0