Abstract
The formation of subjects’ temporal frames of thought and action has long been central to the study of social stratification. However, theorisation of these processes has tended to focus on highly institutionalised environments in the global North. By contrast, the peripheries of Brazilian cities constitute “heterogeneous fields” of subjectivity formation, in which state institutions act in highly uneven ways and coexist with other actors and processes. To account for these contextual differences, this article proposes we reimagine linear processes of social reproduction, characteristic of structuralist models, as processes of “individuation”, whereby subjects emerge through interaction with heterogeneous pre-individual fields. As they individuate, subjects encounter diverse “rhythms”, generating experiences of “eurhythmia” and “arrythmia” that influence individual decisions and shape life trajectories. To illustrate the approach, these analytical tools are applied to case studies of three young people drawn from ethnographic research conducted in the periphery of São Paulo.
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Notes
Though his language is somewhat reminiscent of Lewis’ culture of poverty, Souza justifies this by saying: “It is this social class that in this book we call the structural ‘rabble’, not to ‘offend’ those who are already suffering and humiliated, but to, provocatively, call attention to our greatest social and political conflict: social and political abandonment, ‘consented to by our entire society’, of a whole class of ‘precarised’ individuals who have been reproduced as such for generations” (Souza, 2009, p. 21).
Guilherme explained that in his youth there were few local spaces in the peripheries themselves where young LGBT people could congregate, but that this has subsequently changed. His own collective sought to provide such a space in Sapopemba and he knew of many others in other neighbourhoods. Similar observations about the growth of LGBT spaces in peripheries are made by Reis (2017).
Like many Brazilian public schools, Washington’s has a “meio período”, or half-day, structure that alternates two groups of students who attend lessons either in the morning or afternoon. This leaves them with the other half of the day to fill with other activities.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank all the young people, teachers and social educators from Sapopemba who took the time to speak with me and share their stories. Thank you also to colleagues at the Centro de Estudos da Metrópole (CEM) and the Subjectivity reviewers for their comments on this paper, and to Mylene Mizrahi and Roberto Marques for the opportunity to present it at their session ‘Creativity at the margins’ at the Latin American Studies Association (LASA) Conference, Boston, May 2019. This research was funded by FAPESP, grant no. 2015/14480-0.
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Richmond, M.A. Rhythms of individuation: time, stratification and youth trajectories at the periphery. Subjectivity 14, 19–35 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-021-00114-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41286-021-00114-3