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Boko Haram insurgency: a decade of dynamic evolution and struggle for a caliphate

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Abstract

Is Boko Haram consistently motivated by the need for a territorial caliphate? That is, the creation of the Community of Ummah rather than religion as their envisioned motivation. We seek to take this question seriously due to a series of studies that have started drawing conclusions on the territorial goal of most terrorist organisations. One of such body of literature focuses on the relationship between terrorist groups’ proclivity for territory and ungoverned space, or the axiom that politics includes legitimate dominion over a spatial extension. Drawing extensively from the territorial assumptions as well as critical discourse analyses of speeches, we argue that the Community of Ummah in West Africa partly informs Boko Haram’s objective. This assertion found its clearest expression in the administration of Kannama village, the declaring of Gwoza as the Caliphate Headquarters and the use of Sambisa Forest and Lake Chad areas for sanctuaries, planning and executions of attacks and threats. Understanding Boko Haram’s geographical motivation has its merit of adopting a more offensive and proactive counterterrorism that aims at destroying terrorist resources, eliminating safe havens and undertaking actions that improve the retention of liberated spaces.

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Notes

  1. Global Terrorism Index, 2018, p. 21.

  2. Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) (2019a, b). Boko Haram conflict causing misery to millions 10 years on. https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/boko-haram-conflict-causing-misery-millions-10-years accessed 1 August 2019.

  3. Ibid, NRC (2019).

  4. Africa News, 17 May 2016, Boko Haram damage in Nigeria estimated at $9bn. https://www.africanews.com/2016/05/17/boko-haram-wreak-estimated-9bn-damage-in-nigeria//. Accessed 1 August 2019.

  5. Malam Garba Shehu, Senior Special Assistant, Media and Publicity to President Muhammadu Buhari interview on BBC African Focus on 30 August 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p07jbcsl. Accessed 1 August 2019.

  6. Mohammad Yusuf was founder of Boko Haram but was extra-judicially killed by the Nigerian Police after the 27 July 2009 uprising in Bauchi.

  7. Shakau is the current leader of Boko Haram, and he took over after the death of Malam Yusuf.

  8. al-Barnawi is leader of ISWAP, and his group is a breakaway group from the mainstream of Boko Haram and it is alleged that ISWAP is backed by ISIS.

  9. Colin Powell, was a former United State Secretary of State.

  10. John Marburger was George Bush Jr’s Director of Science and Technology, Office of the U.S. President.

  11. Sambisa forest has a land area mass of 518 square kilometres and stretching across seven local government areas in Borno State: Chibok, Askira Uba, Damboa, Gwoza, Konduga, and touching five states—Yobe, Gombe, Bauchi, Jigawa and Kano (Omenma and Hendricks 2018, p. 771).

  12. al-Barnawi’s real name is Habib, and he is the son of Mallam Mohammed Yusuf, the founder of Boko Haram.

  13. Mamman Nur, a native Cameroonian and of Shuwa Arab ethnic group, is the third in command in Abubakar. Shekau led Boko Haram before his breakaway with al-Barnawi to form the ISIS-backed ISWAP (Bodansky 2015, p. 10; Zenn 2014, p. 112).

  14. These countries were Belarus, Brazil, China, Democratic Republic of Korea, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Liberia, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, São Tomé and Principe, Serbia, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the USA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa

    J. Tochukwu Omenma

  2. Department of Political Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

    J. Tochukwu Omenma & Ifeanyichukwu M. Abada

  3. Department of Social Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

    Z. Onyinyechi Omenma

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Tochukwu Omenma, J., Abada, I.M. & Onyinyechi Omenma, Z. Boko Haram insurgency: a decade of dynamic evolution and struggle for a caliphate. Secur J 33, 376–400 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-020-00233-7

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