Skip to main content
Log in

Joint forecasting for airline pricing and revenue management

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management Aims and scope

Abstract

We develop three parametric forecasting models that jointly estimate the volume component and the choice component of airline demand. These models—JFM-WPA, JFM-PA, and JFM-WTPU—account for (a) demand volume by considering the average demand of an O–D market, booking curve, seasonality and day-of-the-week indices, and (b) customer behavior by including the maximum willingness-to-pay of the customer and the choice attributes of the available options. We use a mixed logit function to formulate the willingness-to-pay and customer choice behavior. JFM-WPA excludes price from the set of choice attributes. JFM-PA considers price as one of the choice attributes. The utilities of maximum willingness-to-pay and choices are combined in JFM-WTPU. We propose a sequential method to estimate the forecasting models. We utilize the data generated by Airline Planning and Operations Simulator (APOS) from real airline historic data. We compare the models and present the results. These demand models can also be used as an input for optimization models, for joint seat allocation and pricing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Classification models assign an object to a certain class. Maximum likelihood estimation is a classification algorithm

References

  • Barnhart, C., and B. Smith. 2011. Quantitative Problem Solving Methods in the Airline Industry: A Modeling Methodology Handbook. New York: International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belobaba, P. 1987. Air travel demand and airline seat inventory management, PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  • Belobaba, P.P. 1989. Or practice-application of a probabilistic decision model to airline seat inventory control. Operations Research 37 (2): 183–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belobaba, P., and C. Hopperstad. 2004. Algorithms for revenue management in unrestricted fare markets. Presented at the Meeting of the INFORMS section on Revenue Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.

  • Belobaba, P., A. Odoni, and C. Barnhart. 2009. The global airline industry, Chichester, West Sussex. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Akiva, M., and S.R. Lerman. 1985. Discrete choice analysis theory and application to travel demand. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, E.A., and R. Kallesen. 2004. The science of revenue management when passengers purchase the lowest available fare. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 3 (2): 171–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumelle, S.L., and J.I. McGill. 1993. Airline seat allocation with multiple nested fare classes. Operations Research 41 (1): 127–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleophas, C., M. Frank, and N. Kliewer. 2009. Recent developments in demand forecasting for airline revenue management. International Journal of Revenue Management 3 (3): 252–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coldren, G.M., F.S. Koppelman, K. Kasturirangan, and A. Mukherjee. 2003. Modeling aggregate air-travel itinerary shares: Logit model development at a major us airline. Journal of Air Transport Management 9 (6): 361–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curry, R.E. 1990. Optimal airline seat allocation with fare classes nested by origins and destinations. Transportation Science 24 (3): 193–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiig, T., R. Härdling, S. Pölt, and C. Hopperstad. 2014. Demand forecasting and measuring forecast accuracy in general fare structures. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 13 (6): 413–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiig, T., K. Isler, C. Hopperstad, and P. Belobaba. 2010. Optimization of mixed fare structures. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 9 (1): 152–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiig, T., K. Isler, C. Hopperstad, and S. Olsen. 2011. Forecasting and optimization of fare families. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 11: 322–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallego, G., G. Iyengar, R. Phillips, and A. Dubey. 2004. Managing flexible products on a network. CORC Technical Report TR-2004-01. Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research: Columbia University, New York.

  • Garrow, L. 2010. Discrete choice modeling and air travel demand. Burlington: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrow, L.A., S.P. Jones, and R.A. Parker. 2007. How much airline customers are willing to pay: An analysis of price sensitivity in online distribution channels. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 5 (4): 271–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lautenbacher, C.J., and S. Stidham Jr. 1999. The underlying markov decision process in the single-leg airline yield-management problem. Transportation Science 33 (2): 136–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A.O. 1990. Airline reservations forecasting: Probabilistic and statistical models of the booking process. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  • Lee, T.C., and M. Hersh. 1993. A model for dynamic airline seat inventory control with multiple seat bookings. Transportation Science 27 (3): 252–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levenberg, K. 1944. A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 2 (2): 164–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littlewood, K. 2005. Forecasting and control of passenger bookings. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 4 (2): 111–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Q., and G. van Ryzin. 2008. On the choice-based linear programming model for network revenue management. M&SOM 10 (2): 288–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, D. 1963. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 11 (2): 431–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGill, J.I., and G.J. van Ryzin. 1999. Revenue management: Research overview and prospects. Transportation Science 33 (2): 233–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reyes, M.H 2006. Hybrid forecasting for airline revenue management in semi-restricted fare structures., Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  • Robinson, L.W. 1995. Optimal and approximate control policies for airline booking with sequential nonmonotonic fare classes. Operations Research 43 (2): 252–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B.C., J.F. Leimkuhler, and R.M. Darrow. 1992. Yield management at American airlines. Interfaces 22: 8–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A.K., R. Klein, and C. Steinhardt. 2018. A review of choice-based revenue management: Theory and methods. European Journal of Operational Research 271 (2): 375–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, J., S. Stidham, and C.J. Lautenbacher. 1999. Airline yield management with overbooking, cancellations, and no-shows. Transportation Science 33 (2): 147–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talluri, K. 2018. 2018. AGIFORS -Revenue Management SG Meeting: Estimating market size from sales data.

  • Talluri, K., and G. van Ryzin. 2004a. Revenue management under a general discrete choice model of consumer behavior. Management Science 50 (1): 15–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talluri, K., and G. van Ryzin. 2004b. The theory and practice of revenue management. New York: Springer. 978-0-387-27391-4.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Train, K. 2003. Discrete choice methods with simulation. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • van Ryzin, G.J. 2005. Future of revenue management: Models of demand. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 4 (2): 204–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vulcano, G., G. van Ryzin, and W. Chaar. 2010. Om practice-choice-based revenue management: An empirical study of estimation and optimization. M&SOM 12 (3): 371–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherford, L. 2016a. The history of forecasting models in revenue management. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 15 (3): 212–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherford, L. 2016b. The history of unconstraining models in revenue management. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 15 (3): 222–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherford, L.R., and S.E. Bodily. 1992. A taxonomy and research overview of perishable-asset revenue management: Yield management, overbooking and pricing. Operations Research 40 (5): 831–844.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherford, L.R., and S. Pölt. 2002. Better unconstraining of airline demand data in revenue management systems for improved forecast accuracy and greater revenues. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management 1 (3): 234–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wollmer, R.D. 1992. An airline seat management model for a single leg route when lower fare classes book first. Operations Research 40 (1): 26–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaki, H. 2000. Forecasting for airline revenue management. The Journal of Business Forecasting 19: 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, D., and W.L. Cooper. 2005. Revenue management for parallel flights with customer-choice behavior. Operations Research 53 (3): 415–431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. K. Amit.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations'' (in PDF at the end of the article below the references; in XML as a back matter article note).

An in-house simulation tool developed by SABRE Inc.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Balaiyan, K., Amit, R.K., Malik, A.K. et al. Joint forecasting for airline pricing and revenue management. J Revenue Pricing Manag 18, 465–482 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-019-00188-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-019-00188-4

Keywords

Navigation